Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Elemental Carbon

  • Chapter
Particulate Carbon

Abstract

Elemental carbon particles contain many defects—dislocations in their graphitic structure — which constitute the active sites. Carbon atoms located at these sites show strong tendencies to react with other molecules because of residual valencies. The interaction of oxygen and water occurs in air, resulting in the incorporation of oxygen and hydrogen with carbon particles. Nearly every type of oxygen-containing functional group known in organic chemistry has been postulated in the carbon particle. The nature of these oxygen functional groups can affect the chemical reactivity of carbon particles. Very little is known about the surface nitrogen functional groups on carbon particles, however. We will discuss the interaction of elemental carbon with NH3, leading to the formation of nitrogenous functional groups. The possible environmental influence of these nitrogenous functional groups will be presented.

Carbon particles can also play an important role as catalyst for many chemical reactions in the atmosphere. The assessment of the impact of these carbon-catalyzed reactions on air quality is difficult because the kinetics and mechanisms of these reactions have not been well studied. We have recently completed a kinetic study on the catalytic oxidation of SO2 on carbon particles in an aqueous suspension. A rate law and a mechanism for this reaction will be presented. We will assess the relative importance of this carbon-catalyzed oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere with respect to competing reactions in liquid water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. S. G. Chang and T. Novakov, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9 (1975), p. 495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. H. Rosen, A. D. A. Hansen, L. Gundel, and T. Novakov, Appl. Opt., Vol. 17 (1978), p. 3859.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. U. Hofmann and D. Wilm, Z. Elektrochem. angew. physik. Chem., Vol. 42 (1936), p. 504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. V. A. Garten and D. E. Weiss, Rev. Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 7 (1957), p. 69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. H. P. Boehm, Advan. Catalysis, Vol. 16 (1966), p. 179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. R. W. Coughlin and F. S. Ezra, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 2 (1968), p. 291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. B. R. Puri, in Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, New York, Dekker, Vol. VI (1970), p. 191.

    Google Scholar 

  8. B. R. Puri, Carbon, Vol. 4 (1966), p. 391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. R. N. Smith, Quarterly Rev., Vol. 13 (1959), p. 287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. A. Zary’yanz, V. F. Kiselev, N. N. Lezhnev, and D. V. Nikitina, Carbon, Vol. 5 (1967), p. 127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. V. A. Garten, D. E. Weiss, and J. B. Willis, Aust. J. Chemi., Vol. 10 (1957), p. 295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. H.P. Boehm E. Diehl W. Heck and R. Sappok Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. Vol. 3 (1964) p. 669.

    Google Scholar 

  13. B. R. Puri, in, Proceedings, Conference on Carbon, 5th, Oxford, Pergamon, Vol. 1 (1962), p. 165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. P. J. Hart, F. J. Vastola, and P. L. Walker, Jr., Carbon, Vol. 5 (1967), p. 363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. N. R. Laine, F. J. Vastola, and P. L. Walker, Jr., J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 67 (1963), p. 2030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. H. B. Palmer and C. F. Cullis in Chemistry and Physics of Carbon New York Dekker Vol. 1(19) p.265.

    Google Scholar 

  17. S. W. Weller and T. F. Young, J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 70, (1948), p. 4155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. P. H. Emmett, Chem. Rev., Vol. 43 (1948), p. 69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. E. C. Larsen and J. H. Walton, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 44 (1940), p. 70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. T. Novakov, P. Mueller, A. E. Alcocer, and J. W. Otvos, J. Colloid Interface Sci. Vol. 39, (1972), p. 225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. L. A. Gundel, S. G. Chang, M. S. Clemenson, S. S. Markowitz, and T. Novakov, In: Nitrogenous Air Pollutants, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Science, (1979), p. 211.

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. Brosset paper presented at the Chemical Institute of Canada Annual Meeting Ottawa Ontario June 8–11 1980 sessions on acid precipitation.

    Google Scholar 

  23. T. Novakov and S. G. Chang, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-6323, (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  24. F. Tuinstra and J. L. Koenig, J. Chemi. Phys., Vol. 53 (1970), p. 1126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. R. A. Friedel and L. J. E. Hofer, J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 74 (1970), p. 2921.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. S. G. Chang and T. Novakov, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-4446, (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  27. N. Shilov and K. Chmutov, Z. Phys. Chem., (Leipzig), Vol. A149 (1930), p. 211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. V. A. Garten and D. E. Weiss, Aust. J. Appl. Sci. Vol. 7, (1956), p. 148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. D. Rivin, in Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Carbon, Vol. II New York, Perga-mon, (1963), p. 199.

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Frumkin, R. Burstein, and P. Lewin, Z. Phys. Chem., Vol. A157 (1931), p. 442.

    Google Scholar 

  31. B. Steenberg, Adsorption and Exchange of Ions on Activiated Charcoal, ( Uppsala, Almquist and Wiksells, 1944 ).

    Google Scholar 

  32. J. S. Mattson and H. B. Mark, Jr., Activated Carbon, Ch. 6 New York, Marcel Dekker, (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  33. R. W. Coughlin, I88888EC Product Res. Develop. Vol. 8 (1969), p. 12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. T. Novakov, S. G. Chang, and A. B. Harker, Science, Vol. 186 (1974), p. 259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. S. G. Chang, R. Brodzinsky, R. Toossi,S. S. Markowitz, and T. Novakov, in Proceedings, Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-9037, (1979), p. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R. Brodzinsky, S. G. Chang, S. S. Markowitz, and T. Novakov, J. Phys. Chem. Vol. 84 (1980), p. 3354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. G. Chang, R. Toossi, and T. Novakov, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL11380; accepted for publication in Atmos. Environ., (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  38. W. R. Cofer III, D. R. Schryer, and R. S. Rogowski, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 14 (1980), p. 571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. L. G. Britton and A. G. Clarke, Atmos. Environ. Vol. 14 (1980), p. 829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. W. R. Cofer III, D. R. Schryer, and R. S. Rogowski, submitted for publication in Atmos. Environ., (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  41. M. N. Rao and O. H. Hougen, Chem. Eng. Progr. Symp. Series, Vol. 48, (1952), p. 110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. P. F. Bente and J. H. Walton, J. Phys. Chem. Vol. 47 (1943), p. 133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. R. Dulou, Chim. Ind. (Paris), Vol. 54 (1945), p. 396.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. E. Z. Stumpp, Anorg. allgem. Chem., VI. 337 (1965), p. 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. L. Gundel, private communication, (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  46. W. H. Benner, private communication, (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  47. A. Clark, The Theory of Adsorption and Catalysis, New York, Academic, (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. Siedlewski, Int. Chem. Eng., Vol. 5 (1965), p. 297.

    Google Scholar 

  49. S. B. Oblath, S. S. Markowitz, T. Novakov, and S. G. Chang, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-10504; accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem. (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  50. S. Beilke, D. Lamb, and J. MĂĽller, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9 (1975), p. 1083.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. E. Erickson, L. M. Yates, R. L. Clark, and D. McEwen, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 11 (1977), p. 813.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. J. Freiberg, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9 (1975), p. 661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. M. J. Matteson, W. Stober, and H. Luther, Ind. 88888 Eng. Chem. Fundam., Vol. 8 (1969), p. 677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. G. E. Gordon, D. D. Davis, G. W. Israel, H. E. Landserberg, and T. C. O’Haver, Report NSF/RA/E-73/189 (1975); available from NTIS as PB 262 574 ).

    Google Scholar 

  55. N. C. Lau and R. J. Charlson, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 11 (1977), p. 475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. S. Beilke and G. Gravenhorst, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 14 (1978), p. 463.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA

    S. G. Chang, R. Brodzinsky, L. A. Gundel & T. Novakov

Authors
  1. S. G. Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Brodzinsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. A. Gundel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Novakov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. General Motors Research Laboratories, USA

    George T. Wolff  & Richard L. Klimisch  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chang, S.G., Brodzinsky, R., Gundel, L.A., Novakov, T. (1982). Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Elemental Carbon. In: Wolff, G.T., Klimisch, R.L. (eds) Particulate Carbon. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4154-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4154-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4156-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4154-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation