Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Person Perception and Jurors’ Reactions to Defendants

An Equity Theory Interpretation

  • Chapter
The Trial Process

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Law & Psychology ((PILP,volume 2))

  • 167 Accesses

Abstract

Interest in the relationship of the social sciences to the legal field has a fairly long history (Marston, 1924; Munsterberg, 1908; Osborne, 1937, Wigmore, 1909). However, prior to the mid-1960s experimental research concerning the influence of extralegal variables on the social perceptions and verdict decisions of jurors was virtually nonexistent. Generally, extralegal variables are those that should have no bearing on a defendant’s judged guilt or innocence, but which, in fact, can influence that judgment (e.g., race, age, and socioeconomic status). Nagel (1969) pointed out this deficiency and called for a quantitative testing of hypotheses concerning our legal processes.

This chapter was written while the first author was on sabbatical leave from the State University of New York at Oswego as a National Institute of Mental Health Postdoctoral Fellow in Law and Psychology at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, supported by N.I.M.H. Grant #1F32 MH05597-01.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J. Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2 ). New York: Academic Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J., & Rosenbaum, W. The relationship of worker productivity to cognitive dissonance about wage inequity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1962, 46, 161–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswick, E., Levinson, P., & Sanford, T. The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. H. Information integration theory: A brief survey. In D. Krantz, R. Atkinson, R. D. Luce, & P. Suppes (Eds.), Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology (Vol. 2). San Francisco: Freeman, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apodaca v. Oregon, 406 U.S. 404 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Asch, S. Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1946, 41, 258–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, K. Experimental analysis of third party justice behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1974, 30, 307–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. When does a harm-doer compensate a victim? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1967, 6, 435–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boor, M. Effects of victim injury, victim competence, and defendant opportunism on the decisions of simulated jurors. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1976, 100, 315–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, R. The mock trial: Problems and prospects for jury research. Paper presented at the symposium, Innovation in jury research: Concepts, methodology and policy implications. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., September, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J., & Goodman, C. Value and need as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1947, 42, 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, H. A. Significance of the racial factor in the length of prison sentence. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Political Science, 1961, 52, 411–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, D. Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, 62, 713–715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, D. Attitudes and Attraction. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, D., & Clore, G. L. A reinforcement model of evaluative responses. Personality: An International Journal, 1970, 1, 103–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlsmith, J., & Gross, A. Some effects of guilt on compliance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 11, 232–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaikin, A., & Darley, J. Victim or perpetrator: Defensive attribution and the need for order and justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 25, 268–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colgrove v. Battin, 413 U.S. 149 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. H., Kerr, N. L. Atkins, R. S., Holt, R., & Meerk, D. The decision processes of 6 and 12 person mock juries assigned unanimous and two-thirds majority rules. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. H., Bray, R. M., & Holt, R. W. The empirical study of social decision processes in juries. In J. Tapp and F. Levine (Eds.), Law, justice, and the individual in society: Psychological and legal issues. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K., & Jones, E. Changes in interpersonal perception as a means of reducing cognitive dissonance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 1960, 61, 402–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeJong, W., Morris, W., & Hastorf, A. Effect on an escaped accomplice on the punishment assigned to a criminal defendant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1976, 33, 192–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, M. Awakening the sense of injustice. In M. Ross and M. Lerner (Eds.), Social injustice in North America. Toronto, Ont.: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston of Canada, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiBiase, W., & Hjelle, L. Body-image stereotypes and body-type preferences among male college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1968, 27, 1143–1146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dion, K. Physical attractiveness and evaluations of children’s transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 24, 207–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 24, 285–290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Efran, M. The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task. Journal of Research in Personality, 1974, 8, 45–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 2, 726–735.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 1969, 32, 88–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellsworth, P., & Carlsmith, S. Effects of eye contact and verbal content on affective response to a dyadic interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1968, 10, 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elwork, A., Sales, B.,and Suggs, D. The trial: A research review. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Perspectives in law and psychology. Vol. 2: The trial process. New York: Plenum, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exline, R., & Winters, L. Affective relations and mutual glances in dyads. In S. S. Tomkins and C. E. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality. New York: Springer, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 1954, 7, 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, H. Trial by jury: Criteria for convictions, jury size and type I and type II errors. The American Statistician, 1972, 26, 21–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friend, R., & Vinson, M. Leaning over backwards—jurors’ responses to defendants’ attractiveness. Journal of Communication, 1974, 24, 124–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbasi, K., & Zuckerman, M. Experimental investigation of jury biasing factors. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbasi, K. C., Zuckerman, M., & Reis, H. Justice needs a new blindfold: A review of mock jury research. Psychological Bulletin, 1977, 84, 323–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. A study in forensic psychology: Petit jury verdicts as a function of the number of jury members. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffitt, W. Attitude similarity and attraction. In T. L. Huston (Ed.), Foundations of Interpersonal Attraction. New York: Academic Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffitt, W., & Jackson, T. Simulated jury decisions: the influence of jury-defendant attitude similarity-dissimilarity. Social Behavior and Personality,1973, 1, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J. Extra legal attributes and sentencing: An assessment of a sociological viewpoint. Law and Society Review, 1974, 8, 357–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hester, R., & Smith, R. Effects of a mandatory death penalty on the decisions of simulated jurors as a function of heinousness of the crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 1973, 1, 319–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoiberg, B., & Stires, L. The effects of several types of pretrial publicity on the guilt attributions of simulated jurors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1973, 3, 267–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homans, G. Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. Racial discrimination in sentencing. Judicature,1975, 59, 120–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izzett, R. R. Effects of self-praise and self-esteem on interpersonal attraction. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 1976, 7, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izzett, R., & Fishman, L. Defendant sentences as a function of attractiveness and justification for actions. Journal of Social Psychology, 1976, 100, 285–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izzett, R., & Leginski, W. Group discussion and the influence of defendant characteristics in a simulated jury setting. Journal of Social Psychology, 1974, 93, 271–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356 1620, 1628 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R., Thomson, C., & Frincke, G. Word values, word frequency, and visual duration thresholds. Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 279–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalven, H., & Zeisel, H. The American jury. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. Information integration in social judgment: Interaction of judge and informational components. In M. F. Kaplan & S. Schwartz (Eds.), Human judgment and decision processes. New York: Academic Press, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. F. Discussion polarization effects in a modified jury decision paradigm: Informational influences. Sociometry, 1977, 40, 262–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M., & Kemmerick, G. Juror judgment as information integration: Combining evidential and non-evidential information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 30, 493–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M. F., & Schersching, C. Juror deliberation: An information integration analysis. In B. D. Sales (Ed.), Perspectives in law and psychology. Vol. 2: The trial process. New York: Plenum, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, L. The twelve-man jury. Trial, Dec. Jan., 1968–1969, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerper, H. B. Introduction to the Criminal Justice System. St. Paul, Minn.: West, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, N. Beautiful and blameless: Effect of victim attractiveness and responsibility on mock jurors’ verdicts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1978, 4, 479–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, J. An empirical study of six and twelve member jury decision-making processes. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 1973, 6, 712–734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulka, R., & Kessler, J. Is justice really blind?—The influence of physical attractiveness on decisions of simulated jurors. Paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association, New York, November, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landy, D., & Aronson, E. The influence of the character of the criminal and his victim on the decisions of simulated jurors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1969, 5, 141–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laughlin, E., & Izzett, R. Deliberation and sentencing by attitudinality homogenous juries. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, E. Hair color, personality and the observer. Psychological Reports, 1971, 28, 311–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R., Yousem, H., & Arenberg, D. Hunger and perception. Journal of Personality, 1953, 21, 312–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leginski, W., & Izzett, R. Linguistic styles as indices for interpersonal distance. Journal of Social Psychology, 1973, 91, 291–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leginski, W., & Izzett, R. The selection and evaluation of interpersonal distances as a function of linguistic styles. Journal of Social Psychology, 1976, 100, 285–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M. The unjust consequences of the need to believe in a just world. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M., & Matthews, G. Reactions to suffering of others under conditions of indirect responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1967, 5, 319–325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, M., & Simmons, C. Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1966, 4, 203–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, G., & Bergman, J. Self-depriving behavior as a response to unprofitable inequity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,1969, 5, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leventhal, G., Weiss, T., & Long, G. Equity, reciprocity and reallocating rewards in the dyad. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1969, 13, 300–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, L., Chein, I., & Murphy, G. The relation of the intensity of a need to the amount of perceptual distortion: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychology, 1942, 13, 283–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marston, W. M. Studies in testimony. Journal of American Institution of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1924, 15, 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayo, C., & Crockett, W. Cognitive complexity and primary-recency effects in impression formation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,1964, 68,335–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. Orientation behaviors and non-verbal attitude communication. Journal of Communication, 1967, 17, 324–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messick, S., & Kogan, N. Personality consistencies in judgment: Dimension of role constructs. Multivariate Behavioral Research,1966, 1, 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D., & Bishop, G. Discussion effects on racial attitudes. Science, 1970, 169, 778–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D., & Bishop, G. The enhancement of dominant attitudes in group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 20, 386–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D., & Kaplan, M. Group induced polarization in simulated juries. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1976, 2, 63–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, L. Six-member and twelve-member juries: An empirical study of trial results. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 1973, 6, 671–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, H., & Byrne, D. The defendant’s dilemma: Effects of jurors’ attitudes and authoritarianism on judicial decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1973, 25, 123–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovici, S., & Zavalloni, M. The group as a polarizer of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 12, 125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munsterberg, H. On the witness stand. New York: Doubleday, Paget, 1908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H. A. Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, S. Dispositions in criminal procedure. U.C.L.A. Law Review, 1967, 1272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, S. The legal process from a behavioral perspective. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemeth, C., & Sosis, R. A simulated jury study: Characteristics of the defendant and the jurors. Journal of Social Psychology, 1973, 90, 221–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, T. The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1961.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg, G., & Calero, H. How to read a person like a book. Richmond Hill, Ontario: Simon & Schuster of Canada, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, A. S. The mind of the juror as judge of the facts. Albany, N.Y.: Boyd Printing Co., 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, T. M., Werner, C., & Saks, M. J. An integration theory analysis of jurors’ presumptions of guilt or innocence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, 36, 436–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepitone, A., & DiNubile, M. Contrast effects in judgments of crime severity and the punishment of criminal violators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1976, 33, 448–459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Postman, L., & Schneider, B. Personal values, visual recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 1951, 58, 271–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pruitt, D. Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 20, 339–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D., & Sanders, M. The effects of defendant attractiveness,age, and injury on severity of sentence given by simulated jurors. Paper presented at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, April 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenkrantz, P., & Crockett, W. Some factors influencing the assimilation of disparate information in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 2, 397–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M., Thibaut, J., & Evenbeck, S. Some determinants of the intensity of social protest. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,1971, 7, 401–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. Belief in a just world and reactions to another’s lot: A study of participants in the national draft lottery. Journal of Social Issues, 1973, 29, 73–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 1975, 31, 65–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumsey, M. Effects of defendant background and remorse on sentencing judgments. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1976, 6, 64–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rumsey, M., & Castore, C. The effects of defendant description and group discussion on individual sentencing judgments. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, Ill., May, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sales, B. Who should conduct the voir dire? Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, San Francisco, June 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savitsky, J., & Sim, M. Trading emotions: Equity theory of reward and punishment. Journal of Communication, 1974, 24, 140–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, D. Attribution of personality from voice: A cross-cultural study on interpersonal perception. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1971, 6, 351–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Secord, P., Bevan, W., & Katz, B. The Negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1956, 53, 78–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, D., & Taguiri, R. Sex differences in inferring personality traits. Journal of Psychology, 1959, 47, 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J., & McMartin, J. Effects of who suffers in an automobile accident on judgmental strictness. Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1973, 1, 239–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, W., & Stevens, S. The varieties of temperament: A psychology of constitutional differences. New York: Hayes & Brothers, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigall, H., & Ostrove, N. Effects of the physical attractiveness of the defendant and nature of crime on juridic judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 31, 410–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R., & Howes, D. A note on McGinnies’ emotionality and perceptual defense. Psychological Review, 1950, 57, 229–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D., Hardyck, J., & Smith, M. Race and belief: An open and shut case. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1965, 1, 281–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sue, S., Smith, R., & Caldwell, C. Effects of inadmissable evidence on the decisions of simulated jurors: A moral dilemma. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1973, 3, 345–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suggs, D., & Sales, B. The art and science of conducting the voir dire. Professional Psychology, 1978, 9, 367–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suggs, D., & Sales, B. Using communication cues to evaluate prospective jurors during the voir dire. Arizona Law Review, 1979, 20, 629–642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, G., & Matza, D. Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. American Sociological Review, 1957, 22, 664–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, E. A., & Hogue, A. Apparent weight of evidence, decision criteria, and confi- dence ratings in juror decision making. Psychological Review, 1976, 83, 442–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utne, M. Functions of expressions of liking in response to inequity. Cited in E. Walster, G. Walster, and E. Berscheid, Equity Theory and Research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978. Pp. 70–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenti, A., & Downing, L. Differential effects of jury size on verdicts following deliberation as a function of the apparent guilt of a defendant. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1975, 32, 655–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidmar, N. Effects of decision alternatives on the verdicts and social perceptions of simulated jurors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 22, 211–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidmar, N. Group induced shifts in simulated jury decisions. Paper presented at the meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Cleveland, Ohio, May, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walster, E., Berscheid, E., & Walster, G. New directions in equity research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1973, 25, 151–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. Equity theory and research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, H., & Jackson, D. Group and individual regularities in trait inference: A multidimensional scaling analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research,1966, 1, 145–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warr, P., & Sims, A. A study of cojudgment processes. Journal of Personality, 1965, 33, 598–6604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, N., Hoffman, P., & Taber, T. Types of judges and cue utilization in judgments of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1969, 12, 52–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wigmore, J. H. Professor Munsterberg and the psychology of testimony. Illinois Law Review,1909, 3, 399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams v. Flo ri da, 398 U.S. 78 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeisel, H. The waning of the American jury. American Bar Association Journal. 1972, 58, 367–370.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York, 13126, USA

    Richard R. Izzett

  2. Department of Psychology and College of Law, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68508, USA

    Bruce Dennis Sales

Authors
  1. Richard R. Izzett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bruce Dennis Sales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and College of Law, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

    Bruce Dennis Sales

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Izzett, R.R., Sales, B.D. (1981). Person Perception and Jurors’ Reactions to Defendants. In: Sales, B.D. (eds) The Trial Process. Perspectives in Law & Psychology, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3767-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3767-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3769-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3767-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation