Abstract
I beg your indulgence if I begin my presentation with a brief review of toxicological principles. Toxicology covers the entire range of harmful interactions of chemical substances with the biota. This therefore expands the range from studying very acute effects down to the study of exceedingly subtle changes in behavior and function after long-term exposure for the determination of safety. The studies of functional deficits, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity are well established in toxicological investigations, at least for the safety evaluation of drugs, pesticides, and food additives for man. Studies on subtle behavioral changes and mutagenicity are gaining increasing acceptance. The types of measurements which have been noted most frequently for the study of heavy metals in water are lethality, growth, and reproduction. Behavioral changes and alterations in community structure are not normally investigated, even though they might have sizeable repercussions on the sustained survival of any species.
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Hartung, R. (1973). Biological Effects of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Water. In: Dhar, S.K. (eds) Metal Ions in Biological Systems. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 40. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3240-4_8
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