Abstract
Louse-borne or epidemic typhus fever is without doubt one of the great epidemic diseases of mankind whose ebb and flow through the centuries has been important in the molding of human destiny (1). Much of our knowledge about typhus fever has come from experience in the unique setting of the temperate north of Europe (1–16) where its relative importance has declined as living conditions have improved over many years. Indeed, in recent times the epidemic potential of typhus in Europe has been realized primarily in the wake of the catastrophic disruptions caused by wars. Our attitude about relative importance, epidemiology, approaches to control and level of research support has been influenced strongly by the trends in modern, advanced Europe.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
ZINSSER, H. Rats, Lice and History. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1934.
BIRAUD, Y. League of Nations Bull. Health Org. 10:1, 1943.
NICOLLE, C., COMTE, C. S., CONSEIL, E. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 149:486, 1909.
RICKETTS, H.T. & WILDER, R.M. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 54:1373, 1910.
WOLBACH, S.B., TODD, J.L. & PALFREY, F.W. The Etiology and Pathology of Typhus. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1922.
BRILL, N.E. Am. J. Med. Sci. 139:484, 1910.
ZINSSER, H. Am. J. Hyg. 20:513, 1934.
MOOSER, H. Path. u. Bakt. 16:802, 1953.
MOSING, H. Office Internationale d’Hygiéne Public, Paris, Bull. Mensuel 30:1715, 1938.
KOSTRZEWSKI, J. & WOJCIECHOWSKI, E. Arch. Inst. Pasteur. Tunis 36:379, 1959.
KOSTRZEWSKI, J. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis 43:337, 1966.
COMBIESCO, D., ZARNEA, G., BUZDUGAN, I. & IONESCO, H. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis 36:401, 1959.
ZDRODOVSKIJ, P.F. Bull. World Health Org. 31:33, 1964.
GAON, J.A. & MURRAY, E.S. Bull. World Health Org. 35:133, 1966.
MILOSOVICOVA, A., TARABCÑK, M., WERNISCH, Z., KRATOCHVIL, I. & LUKACSOVA, V. J. Hyg., Epidemiol., Microbiol. & Immunol. 14:393, 1970.
SNYDER, J.C. Calif. Med. 66:3, 1947.
PHILIP, C.B. Zentralbl. f. Bakt., Parasitenk., Infektionskr. u. Hyg. 206:343, 1968.
League of Nations. Bull. Health Org. L. o. N. 6:205, 1937.
MONTOYA, J. A., JORDAN, M.E., KVAMME, L., QUIROS S. C., & FOX, J.P. Am. J. Hyg. 62:255, 1955.
FREEMAN, G., CASTILLO SOLOGUREN, F. & ESPINOSA, H. Am. J. Trop. Med. 29:71, 1949.
VIENTEMILLAS, F. Tratado sobre las Rickettsiasis y las Fiebres Exantemáticas el Tifo Altiplanico. Escuela Tip. Salesiana, La Paz, Bolivia, 1944.
FREEMAN, G., VÑRELA, G., PLOTZ, H. & ORTIZ-MARIOTTE, C. Am. J. Trop. Med. 29:63, 1949.
OLIVERA TORO, R. & ORTIZ-MARIOTTE, C. Boletín Epidemiol. (Mexico) 28(1):5, 1964.
OLIVERA TORO, R. Boletín Epidemiol. (Mexico) 28(1):11, 1964.
ORTIZ-MARIOTTE, C., MALO-JUVERA, F. & PAYNE, G.C. Am. J. Pub. Health 35:1191, 1945.
ORTIZ-MARIOTTE, C. Boletín Epidemiol. (Mexico) 3:9, 1945.
MARINO VELASQUEZ, F. & BERMEJO ORTEGA, R. Revista Medica de Puno Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec. 1954.
ORTIZ-MARIOTTE, C. Pan Am. Sanitary Bur. Boletin 34:236, 1953.
RISTORI, C., BOCCARDO, H., PINO, F., BORGONO, J. MANUEL & FRIZ, A. Pan Am. Sanitary Bur. Boletín 43:443, 1957.
ROJO, R. My Friend Che. (Translated by J. Cas art). pp. 27–28, Dial Press, Inc., N.Y., 1968.
DAVIS, W.A., MALO JUVERA, F. & HERNANDEZ LIRA, P. Am. J. Hyg. 39:177, 1944.
SOPER, F.L., DAVIS, W.A., MARKHAM, F.S., RIEHL, L.A., & BUCK, P. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Algerie 23:183, 1945.
SOPER, F.L., DAVIS, W.A., MARKHAM, F.S. & RIEHL, L.A. Am. J. Hyg. 45:305, 1947.
DAVIS, W.A. Am. J. Hyg. 46:66, 1947.
World Health Organization. World Health Org. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 443, 1970.
MILLER, R.N., WISSEMAN, C.L., JR., VERSCHUEREN, A. & FABRIKANT, I.B.(To be published.)
MURGATROYD, F. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34:1, 1940.
LONG, A.P. The Army Immunization Program. Ch. VIII in: Preventive Medicine in World War II. Vol. III. Personal Health Measures and Immunization, pp. 319–323. Medical Department, U.S. Army, 1955.
WISSEMAN, C.L. JR. Paho/Who First International Conf. on Vaccines against Viral and Rickettsial Dis. of Man. Pan Am. Health Org. Scientific Pub. No. 147, pp. 523–527, 1967.
WISSEMAN, C.L. JR. Proc. of the International Conf. on the Application of Vaccines against Viral, Rickettsial, and Bacterial Dis. of Man, 14–18 Dec. 1970. Pan Am. Health Org. Scientific Pub. No. 226, pp. 289–298, Wash., D.C. 1971.
WOODWARD, T.E., BLANC, G. & BALTAZARD, M. Unpublished data, personal communication.
DING, E. Zeitsohr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskr. 124:670, 1943.
ECKE, R.S., GILLIAM, A.G., SNYDER, J.C., YEOMANS, A., ZARAFONETIS, C.J. & MURRAY, E.S. Am. J. Trop. Med. 25: 447, 1945.
SADUSK, J.F. JR. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 133:1192, 1947.
GILLIAM, A.G. Am. J. Hyg. 44:401, 1946.
DAVIS, W.A. Ann. Int. Med. 34:448, 1951.
LEVKOVICH. Zh. Mikrobiol. Moscow 1:36, 1943.
WOHLRAB, R. & PATZER, G. Münch. Med. Wchnschr. 91(5/6):57, 1944.
TOPPING, N.H. Am. J. Trop. Med. 24:37, 1944.
MOOSER, H. Schweiz. Med. Wchnschr. 76:877, 1946.
SNYDER, J.C., MURRAY, E.S., YEOMANS, A., ZARAFONETIS, C.J.D. & WHEELER, C.M. Am. J. Hyg. 49:340, 1949.
CLAVERO, G. & PEREZ GALLARDO, F. Rev. de Sanidad e Hig. Pub. 17:1, 1943.
CLAVERO, G. S., PEREZ GALLARDO, F. Rev. de Sanidad e Hig. Pub. 18:1, 1944.
FOX, J.P., EVERRITT, M.G. & ROBINSON, T.A. Atti del VI Cong. Internazionale di Microbiol. Roma, 6–12 Sept. 1953, Vol. 4, Section XI, pp. 51–65.
EVERRITT, M.G., BHATT, P.N. & FOX, J.P. Am. J. Hyg. 59:60, 1954.
FOX, J.P., EVERRITT, M.G., ROBINSON, T.A. & CONWELL, D.P. Am. J. Hyg. 59:74, 1954.
FOX, J.P. Am. J. Publ. Health 45:1036, 1955.
FOX, J.P., MONTOYA, J.A., JORDAN, M.E. & ESPINOSA M. Am. J. Hyg. 61:183, 1955.
FOX, J.P. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 5:464, 1956.
FOX, J.P., JORDAN, M.E. & GELFAND, H.M. (Abstract) Fed. Proa. 16:63, 1957.
FOX, J.P., JORDAN, M.E. & GELFAND, H.M. J. Immunol. 79:348, 1957.
FOX, J.P. S., JORDAN, M.E. Bol. Oficina Sanitaria Panam. 44:191, 1958.
MONTOYA, J.A., JORDAN, M.E., FOX, J.P. & GELFAND, H.M. Proc. 6th Int. Congr. Trop. Med. & Malar. 5:612, 1959.
FOX, J.P., MONTOYA, J.A., JORDAN, M.E., CORREJO UBILLUS, J.R., GARCIA, J.L., ESTRADA, M.A. & GELFAND, H.M. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis 36:449, 1959.
ZDRODOWSKI, P. Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis 36:301, 1959.
ZDRODOWSKI, P., GOLINEVITCH, H., HENIG, V., KEKTCHEEVA, N. & YABLONSKAYA, V. Revue d’Immunolog., Paris 30:97, 1966.
ZDRODOWSKI, P. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 56:822, 1963.
ZDRODOVSKII, P.F. Profrl. Virol. 3:141, 1958.
PSHENICHNOV, V.A., LEVASHOV, A.A., & NIKOLENKO, V. IA. Probl. Virol. 4:64, 1959.
GOLINEVICH, E.M. & IABLONSKAIA, V.A. Live exanthematous typhus vaccine from Strain E. of R. prowazekii. In: Zdrodovskii, P.F. (ed): Voprosy Infektsionnoi Patologii i Immunologii, pp. 199–211, Medgiz, Moscow, 1963.
GOLINEVICH, E.M. & IABLONSKAIA, V. IA. Immunization of people with live vaccine from Strain E of Rickettsia prowazekii. In: Adrodovskii, P.F. (ed.): Voprosy Infektsionnoi Patologii i Immunologii, pp. 211–220, Medgiz, Moscow, 1963.
GOLINEVICH, E.M. & YABLONSKAYA, V.A. J. Hyg., Epidemiol., Microbiol., & Immunol. 7:290, 1963.
URAKOV, N.N., PSHENICHNOV, V.A., SHCHETININ, V.P. & TERESHCHENKO, M.O. Zh. Mikrobiol., Epidemiol, i Immunobiol. 34(7): 40, 1963.
IABLONSKAIA, V.A. Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR 19:61, 1964.
IABLONSKAIA, V.A. et al. Vopr. Virusol. 6:680, 1965.
IMAM, I.Z.E., ALFY LABIB, EL RAI F. & HOSNY, A. J. Egypt. Publ. Health Assoc. 39:33, 1964.
IMAM, I.Z.E., ALFY, LABIB, SHOUKRY, B. EL, RAI, F., HEGAB, S. & HOSNY, A. J. Egypt. Publ.’Health Assoc. 40:483, 1965.
IMAM, I.Z.E., EL BATAWI, Y. AND ALFY, LABIB, J. Egypt. Publ. Health Assoc. 42:47, 1967.
WISSEMAN, C.L., JR. ET AL. (To be published.)
WISSEMAN, C.L., JR., VERSCHUEREN, M., MILLER, R.N., FABRIKANT, I.B., & SWEENEY, G.W. (To be published.)
WISSEMAN, C.L., JR., VERSCHUEREN, A., MILLER, R.N., FABRIKANT, I.B. & SWEENEY, G.W. (To be published.)
PSHENICHNOV, V.A., LEVASHOV, A.A. & NIKOLENKO, V. IA. Probt. of Virol. 4:64, 1959.
GENIG, V.A. Probl. of Virol. 4(1):83, 1959.
WEISS, E. & DRESSLER, H.R. J. Bact. 75:544, 1958.
FABRIKANT, IRENE B. The influence of prior irradiation on host susceptibility to infection with the attenuated E strain of Rickettsia prowazekii. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Maryland, 1966.
PSHENICHNOV, V.A. Probl. of Virol. 6:788, 1961.
GOLENIVICH, E.M. [Production, standardization, and control of live vaccine from Strain E, Rickettsia prowazekii]. In: Zdrodovskii, P.F. (ed.). Voprosy Infektsionnoi Patologii i Immunologii, pp. 187–195. Medgiz, Moscow, 1963.
SHKOLNIK, L. YA., & ZATULOVSKY, B.G. Acta Virol. 15:102, 1971.
GAON, J. Attempts at virulence modification of “E” strain R. prowazeki by passage through body lice. Folia Medica Facultatis Medicinae Universitatis Saraeviensis, pp. 73–84, 1966.
BALAYEVA, N.W. Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR 24:51, 1969.
BALAYEVA, N.M. & NIKOLSKAYA, V.N. Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR 25:17, 1970.
BALAYEVA, N.M. & NIKOLSKAYA. Zh. Mikrobiol., Epidemiol, i Immunobiol. 47:36, 1970.
BALAYEVA, N.M. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 14:341, 1970.
PEREZ GALLARDO, F. & FOX, J.P. Am. J. Hyg. 48:6, 1948.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wisseman, C.L. (1972). Concepts of Louse-Borne Typhus Control in Developing Countries: The Use of the Living Attenuated E Strain Typhus Vaccine in Epidemic and Endemic Situations. In: Kohn, A., Klingberg, M.A. (eds) Immunity in Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 31. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3225-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3225-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3227-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3225-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive