Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Effects of Hemorrhagic Shock on the Heart

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Comparative Pathophysiology of Circulatory Disturbances

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 22))

Abstract

It has become abundantly clear that shock produced by hemorrhage, as well as by other means, is a multisystem disease involving cells of many organs (1). It is apparent, therefore, that no one organ system need be implicated as the “weak link” which, if strengthened, would prevent irreversibility after transfusion since there are many alternative vicious cycles that can lead to death. However, it is our contention that the heart is significantly damaged during the course of a shock episode, and that this damage is severe enough to lead to a functional defect. There is impressive physiologic and anatomic evidence that this probably is a major contributing factor to irreversibility in most instances.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rothe, C.F.: Heart failure and fluid loss in hemorrhagic shock. Fed. Proc. 29: 1854–1860, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wiggers, C.F.: Physiology of Shock. Commonwealth Fund, N.Y., 1950, Chapter X.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Van Noate, H.F.: Right and left atrial pressures in successive stages of oligemic and normovolemic shock. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med. 76: 155–159, 1951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gomez, O.A. and W.F. Hamilton: Functional cardiac deterioration during development of hemorrhagic circulatory deficiency. Circ. Res. 14: 327–336, 1964.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Crowell, J.W. and A.C. Guyton: Further evidence favoring a cardiac mechanism in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol. 203: 248–252, 1962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cooley, J.C. and M.S. Mcintosh: Myocardial contractile force in experimental hemorrhagic shock. Arcn. Surg. 87: 330–340, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lefer, A.M., G.B. Craddock, R. Cowgill, and E.D. Brand: Performance of papillary muscles isolated from cats in post- oligemic shock. Am. J. Physiol. 211: 687–692, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weidner, M.G., M.A. Albrecht and G.H.A. Clowes: Relationship of myocardial function in survival after oligemic hypotension. Surgery 55: 73–84, 1964.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sarnoff, S.J., R.B. Case, P.E. Waithe and J.P. Isaacs: Insufficient coronary flow and myocardial failure as a complicating factor in late hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol. 176: 439–446, 1954.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Albert, H.M., B.A. Glass and R.L. Carter: The role of the heart in shock. The Am. Surgeon 34: 48–52, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Golden, P.F. and J.A. Jane: Survival following profound hypovolemia: role of heart, lung and brain. J. Trauma 9: 784–798, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ratliff, N.B., D.B. Hackel and E. Mikat: Myocardial carbohydrate metabolism and lesions in hemorrhagic shock. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen. Arch. Pathol. 88: 470–475, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Siegel, H.W. and S.E. Downing: Reduction of left ventricular contractility during acute hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol. 218: 772–779, 1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Siegel, H.W. and S.E. Downing: Contributions of coronary perfusion pressure, metabolic acidosis and adrenergic factors to the reduction of myocardial contractility during hemorrhagic shock in the cat. Circ. Res. 27: 875–889, 1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hackel, D.B. and W.T. Goodale: Effects of hemorrhagic shock on the heart and circulation of intact dogs. Circ. 11: 628–634, 1955.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hackel, D.B., and B.N. Catchpole: Pathological and electrocardiographic effects of hemorrhagic shock in dogs treated with 1-norepinephrine. Lab. Invest. 7: 358–368, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Martin, A.M. and D.B. Hackel: The myocardium of the dog in hemorrhagic shock. A histochemical study. Lab. Invest. 12: 77–91, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Martin, A.M., D.B. Hackel and S.M. Kurtz: The ultrastructure of zonal lesions of the myocardium in hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Pathol. 44: 127–140, 1964.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Hackel, D.B., A.M. Martin, M.S. Spach and H.O. Sieker: Hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Relation of hemodynamic and meta¬bolic changes to myocardial lesions. Arch. Pathol. 77: 575–581, 1964.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Martin, A.M. and D.B. Hackel: An electron microscopic study of the progression of myocardial lesions in the dog after hemorrhagic shock. Lab. Invest. 15: 243–260, 1966.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Entman, M.L., D.B. Hackel, A.M. Martin, E. Mikat and J. Chang: Prevention of myocardial lesions during hemorrhagic shock in dogs by pronethalol. Arch. Pathol. 83: 392–395, 1967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ratliff, N.B., D.B. Hackel and E. Mikat: The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the myocardial lesions of hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Am. J. Pathol. 51: 341–349, 1967.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Martin, A.M., D.B. Hackel, M.L. Entman, M.P. Capp and M.S. Spach: Mechanisms in the development of myocardial lesions in hemorrhagic shock. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 156: 79–90, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ratliff, N.B., D.B. Hackel and E. Mikat: Myocardial oxygen metabolism and myocardial blood flow in dogs in hemorrhagic shock. Circ. Res. 24: 901–909, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chang, J. and D.B. Hackel: Comparative study of the myocardial lesions in hemorrhagic shock. In Preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Martin, A.M., W.B. Green, R.L. Simmons, and H.B. Soloway. Human myocardial zonal lesions. Arch. Pathol. 87: 339–342, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Reichenbach, D.D. and E.P. Benditt: Myofibrillar degeneration. A response of the myocardial cell to injury. Arch. Pathol. 85: 189–199, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Klouda, M.A. and G. Brynjolfsson: Cardiotoxic effects of electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglia. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 156: 271–280, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Szakacs, J.E. and A. Cannon: L-norepinephrine myocarditis. Am. J. Clin. Path. 30: 425–434, 1958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ferrans, V.J., R.G. Hibbs, J.J. Walsh and G.E. Burch: Histochemical and electron microscopical studies on the cardiac necrosis produced by sympathomimetic agents. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 156: 309–332, 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Light, F.W. and S.C. Benbrook: Subendocardial hemorrhages of the left ventricle following trauma in goats. Arch. Pathol. 65: 407–414, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hiott, D.W.: Ultrastructural changes in heart muscle after hemorrhagic shock and isoproterenol infusions. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. et de Ther. 180: 206–216, 1969.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Graham, T.G. and Hackel, D.B.: Unpublished observations.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Martin, A.M., D.B. Hackel, M.S. Spach, M.P. Capp and E. Mikat: Cineangiocardiography in hemorrhagic shock. Am. Heart J. 69: 283–284, 1964.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Hackel, D.B., A.M. Martin, M.P. Capp, M.J. Spach and E. Mikat: Effect of pronethalol on left ventricular volumes of dogs during hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Pathol. 60: 93–101, 1970.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Langer, G.A.: Ion fluxes in cardiac excitation and contraction and their relation to myocardial contractility. Physiol. Rev. 48: 708–757, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ratliff, N.B., P.T. Cruz and D.B. Hackel: Electrolytes and myocardial lesions in hemorrhagic shock. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Luttgau, H.C. and R. Niedergerke: The antagonism between Ca and Na ions on the frog’s heart. J. Physiol. 143: 486–505, 1958.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Manery, J.F.: Water and electrolyte metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 34: 334–417, 1954.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jennings, R.B., H.M. Sommers, P.B. Herdson and J.P. Kaltenbach: Ischemic injury of myocardium. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 156: 61–78 1969.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Trump, B.F. and R.E. Bulger: Studies on cellular injury in isolated flounder tubules. III. Light microscopic and functional observations on laterations in tubules treated with cyanide. Lab. Invest. 18: 721–730, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Caldwell, P.C.: Factors governing movement and distribution of inorganic ions in nerve and muscle. Physiol. Rev. 48: 1–64, 1968.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Nayler, W.G.: Calcium exchange in cardiac muscle: A basic mechanism of drug action. Am. Heart J. 73: 379–394, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Niedergerke, R.: Movements of Ca in beating ventricles of the frog heart. J. Physiol. 167: 551–580, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27706, USA

    Donald B. Hackel M.D., N. B. Ratliff M.D., E. Mikat M.A. & T. Graham D.V.M.

Authors
  1. Donald B. Hackel M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. B. Ratliff M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. Mikat M.A.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. Graham D.V.M.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Colin M. Bloor

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Plenum Press, New York

About this paper

Cite this paper

Hackel, D.B., Ratliff, N.B., Mikat, E., Graham, T. (1972). The Effects of Hemorrhagic Shock on the Heart. In: Bloor, C.M. (eds) Comparative Pathophysiology of Circulatory Disturbances. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 22. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3213-8_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3213-8_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3215-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3213-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation