Abstract
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and is currently responsible for over 600,000 deaths per year (1). The average risk of developing a myocardial infarction before age 60 for an apparently healthy man is approximately one in five. In addition the acute mortality following an initial myocardial infarction is about 35% with most of these acute fatalities occurring within 3 hours of onset of symptoms. It is thus evident that strategy in coping with this disease must go beyond treatment and must deal with primary prevention.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Stamler, J., Beard, R.R., Connor, W.E., et al: Report of inter-society commission for heart disease resources: Primary prevention of the atherosclerotic disease. Circulation 42:A–55, 1970.
Kannel, W.B.: Physical exercise and lethal atherosclerotic disease. New. Eng. J. Med. 282: 1153, 1970.
Morris, J.N. and Gardner, M.J.: Epidemiology of ischemic heart disease. Amer. J. Med. 46: 674, 1969.
Risk Factory and Coronary Heart Disease: A Statement for Physicians. New York, American Heart Association, 1968.
Rose, G.: Physical activity and coronary heart disease. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 62: 1183, 1969.
Haskell, W.L. and Fox, S.M., III: Exercise and heart disease. Postgrad. Med. 44: 177, 1968.
Fox, S.M., III and Haskell, W.L.: Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 44: 950, 1968.
Fox, S.M., III and Haskell, W.L.: Population studies. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 806, 1967.
Morris, J.N., Heady, J.A., Raffle, P.A.B., et al: Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Lancet 2: 1053, 1953.
Morris, J.N., Kagan, A., Pattison, D.C., et al: Incidence and prediction of ischemic heart disease in London busmen. Lancet 2: 553, 1966.
Zukel, W.J., Lewis, R.H., Enterline, P.E., et al: A short-term community study of the epidemiology of coronary heart disease. A preliminary report on the North Dakota study. Amer. J. Public Health. 49: 1630, 1959.
Haskell, W.L.: Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease: what type of exercise might be effective. J. So. Carolina Med. Assoc. 65 (Suppl. 1): 41, 1969.
Manelis, G., Eschchar, J., Altman, S., et al: Physical activity at work, liporoteins and the incidence of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and death due to ischemic heart disease. Israel J. Med. Sci. 5: 786, 1969.
McDonough, J., Hames, C., Stulb, S., et al: Coronary heart disease among Negroes and whites in Evans County, Georgia. J. Chronic Dis. 18: 443, 1965.
Karvonen, M.J., Rautaharju, P.M., Orma, E., et al: Heart disease and employment. Cardiovascular studies on lumberjacks. J. Occup. Med. 3: 49, 1961.
Sarvotham, S.G. and Berry, J.N.: Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Northern India. Circulation 37: 939, 1965.
Shapiro, S., Weinblatt, E., Frank, C.W., et al: Incidence of coronary heart disease in a population insured for medical care (HIP). Myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and possible myocardial infarction. Amer. J. Public Health 59 (Suppl. 2): 1, 1969.
Frank, C.W.: The course of coronary heart disease factor relating to prognosis. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 44: 900, 1968.
Shapiro, S., Weinblatt, E., Frank, C.W., et al: The H.I.P. study of incidence and prognosis of coronary heart disease. Preliminary findings on incidence of myocardial infarction and angina. J. Chron. Dis. 18: 526, 1965.
Kannel, W.B.: Habitual level of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 811, 1967.
Brown, R., Davidson, L., McKeown, T., et al: Coronary artery disease - influences affecting its incidence in males in the seventh decade. Lancet 2: 1073, 1957.
Chapman, J., Goerke, L., Dixon, W., et al: The clinical status of a population group in Los Angeles under observation for two to three years. Amer. J. Public Health 47: 33, 1957.
Stamler, J., Lindberg, H.A., Berkson, A.M., et al: Prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease in strata of the labor force of a Chicago industrial corporation. J. Chron. Dis. 11: 405, 1960.
Pell, S. and DT Alonzo, C.A.: A three year study of myocardial infarction in a large employed population. J.A.M.A. 175: 139, 1961.
Paul, O., Lepper, M., II, Phelan, W.H., et al: A longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Circulation 28: 20, 1963.
Acheson, R.M.: The etiology of coronary heart disease. A review from the epidemiological standpoint. Yale J. Biol. Med. 35: 143, 1962.
Taylor, H.L., Blackburn, H., Keys, A., et al: Five year follow-up of employees of selected U.S. railroad companies. Circulation 41 (Suppl. 4): 1 - 20, 1970.
Taylor, H.L., Menotti, A., Puddu, V., et al: Five year follow- up of railroad men in Italy. Circulation 41 (Suppl. 4)1–113, 1970.
Hedley, O.F.: Analysis of 5, 116 deaths reported as due to acute coronary occlusion in Philadelphia, 1933-1937. U.S. Weekly Pub. Health. Rep. 54: 972, 1939.
Kahn, H.A.: The relationship of reported coronary heart disease mortality to physical activity of work. Amer. J. Pub. Health 53: 1058, 1963.
Paffenbarger, R.S., Laughlin, E., Gima, A.S., et al: Work activity of longshoremen as related to death from coronary heart disease and stroke. New Eng. J. Med. 282: 1109, 1970.
Taylor, H.L., Slepetar, E., Keys, A., et al: Death rates among physically active and sedentary employees of the railroad industry. Amer. J. Public Health 52: 1697, 1962.
Breslow, L. and Buell, L.: Mortality from coronary heart disease and physical activity of work in California. J. Chron. Dis. 11: 921, 1960.
Frank, C.W., Weinblatt, E.S., Shapiro, S., et al: Physical inactivity as a lethal factor in myocardial infarction among men. Circulation 34: 1022, 1966.
Hammond, E.C.: Smoking in relationship to morbidity and mortality. Findings in first thirty-four months of follow-up in a prospective study started in 1959. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 32: 1161, 1964.
Montoye, H.J.: Participation in athletics. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 813, 1967.
Montoye, H.J., Van Huss, W.D., Olson, H., et al: Study of longevity and morbidity of college athletes. J.A.M.A. 162: 1132, 1956.
Pomeroy, W.C., and White, P.D.: Coronary heart disease in former football players. J.A.M.A. 167: 711, 1958.
Rook, A.: Investigation into longevity of Cambridge sportsmen. Brit. Med. J. 1: 773, 1954.
Karvonen, M., Kilhberg, J., Maata, J., et al: Longevity of champion skiers. Duodecim. 72: 893, 1956.
Blackburn, H.: Role of exercise in patients with coronary disease. Geriatrics 26: 89, 1971.
Detry, J.M., Rousseau, R., Vanden Broucke, M., et al: Increased arteriovenous oxygen difference after physical training in coronary heart disease. Circulation 44: 109, 1971.
Kattus, A.A. and MacAlpin, R.N.: Role of exercise in discovery, evaluation, and management of ischemic heart disease. In: Coronary Heart Disease. Cardiovascular Clinics Vol. 1, No. 2, A.N. Brest (Ed.), Philadelphia, F.A. Davis, 1969, p. 256.
Brusis, O.A. Rehabilitation of coronary patients through exercise. Postgrad. Med. 44: 131, 1968.
Brunner, D. and Meshulam, N.: Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction by physical exercise. Israel J. Med. Sci. 5: 783, 1969.
Hellerstein, H.K.: Exercise therapy in coronary disease. Bull, N.Y. Acad. Med. 44: 1028, 1968.
Gottheiner, V.: Long-range strenuous sports training for cardiac reconditioning and rehabilitation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 22: 426, 1968.
Clausen, J.P., Larsen, O.A., and Trap-Jensen, J.: Physical training in the management of coronary heart disease. Circulation 40: 143, 1969.
Frick, M.H. and Katila, M.: Hemodynamic consequences of physical training after myocardial infarction. Circulation 37: 192, 1968.
Barry, A.J., Daly, J.W., Pruett, E.D.R., et al: Effects of physical training in patients who have had myocardial infarction. Amer. J. Cardiol. 17: 1, 1966.
Kattus, A.A., Macalpan, R., Longmire, W.P., et al: Coronary angiograms and the study of angina pectoris. Amer. J. Med. 34: 19, 1963.
Spain, D.M. and Bradess, V.A.: Sudden death from coronary atherosclerosis. Age, race, sex, physical activity, and alcohol. Arch. Intern. Med. 100: 228, 1957.
Spain, D.M. and Bradess, V.A.: Occupational physical activity and the degree of coronary atherosclerosis in “normal” men.A postmortem study. Circulation 22: 239, 1960
Morris, J.N. and Crawford, M.D.: Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work. Brit. Med. J. 2: 1485, 1958.
Rose, G., Prineas, R.J., and Mitchell, J.R.A.: Myocardial infarction and the intrinsic calibre of coronary arteries. Brit. Heart J. 29: 548, 1967.
Currens, J.H. and White, P.D.: Half a century of running. Clinical, physiologic, and autopsy findings in the case of Clarence DeMar (“Mr. Marathon”). New Eng. J. Med. 265: 988, 1961.
Detweiler, D.K., Ratcliffe, H.L., and Luginbiihl, H.: The significance of naturally occurring coronary and cerebral arterial disease in animals. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 149: 868, 1968.
Wissler, R.W. and Vesselinovitch, D.: Experimental models of human atherosclerosis. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 149: 907, 1968.
Hill, E.G., Lundberg, W.O. and Titus, J.L.: Experimental atherosclerosis in swine. I. A comparison of menhaden-oil supplements in tallow and coconut oil diets. Mayo Clin. Proc. 46: 613, 1971.
Strong, J.P., Eggen, D.A., Newman, W.P.,111, et al: Naturally occurring and experimental atherosclerosis in primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 149: 882, 1968.
Wolfe, J.B., Digilio, V.A., Dale, A.D., et al; Experimental atheromatosis and athero-hepatosis in ducks and geese: the reversibility and the clinical implication. Amer. Heart J. 38: 467, 1949.
Orma, E.J.: Effect of physical activity on atherogenesis. An experimental study in cockerels. Acta Physiol. Scand. 41 (Suppl. 142): 1, 1957.
Brown, C.E., Huang, T.C., Bortz, E.L., et al: Observations on blood vessels and exercise. J. Geront. 11: 292, 1956.
Kobernick, S.D., Niwayama, G., and Zuchlewski, A.C.: Effect of physical activity on cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbits. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 96: 623, 1957.
Myasnikov, A.L.: Influence of some factor on development of experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis. Circulation 17: 99, 1958.
Warnock, N.H., Clarkson, T.B., and Stevenson, R.: Effect of exercise on blood coagulation time and atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed cockerels. Circ. Res. 5: 478, 1957.
Wong, H.Y.C., Simmons, R.L., and Hawthorne, E.W.: Effects of controlled exercise on experimental atherosclerosis in androgen-treated chicks. Fed. Proc. 15: 203, 1956.
Selye, H.: The role of stress in the production and prevention of experimental cardiomyopathies. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. W. Raab (Ed.), Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p163.
Papadopoulos, N.M., Leon, A.S., and Bloor, C.M.: Effects of exercise on plasma lactate dehydrogenase and isoenzyme activities in trained and untrained rats. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. Med. 129: 232, 1968.
Highman, B. and Altman, P.D.: Effect of exercise and training on serum enzyme and tissue changes in rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 205: 162, 1963.
Hellerstein, H.K., Hornstein, J.R., Baker, R.A., et al: Cardiac performance during postprandial lipemia and heparin-induced lipolysis. Amer. J. Cardiol. 20: 525, 1967.
Exercise and cholesterol catabolism. Nutr. Rev. 28: 211, 1970.
Malinow, M.R., McLaughlin, P. and Perley, A.: Effect of muscular contraction on cholesterol oxidation. J. Appl. Physiol. 25: 733, 1968.
Grell, D. and Mayer, J.: Low blood cholesterol associated with high caloric, high saturated fat intakes in a Swiss Alpine village population. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 10: 471, 1962.
Fulmer, H.S. and Roberts, R.W.: Coronary heart disease among the Navajo Indians. Ann. Intern. Med. 59: 740, 1963.
Mann, G.V., Munoz, J.A., and Scrimshaw, N.S.: Serum lipoprotein and cholesterol concentrations of Central and North Americans with different dietary habits. Amer. J. Med. 19: 25, 1955.
Holloszy, J.O., Skinner, J.S., Toro, G., et al: Effect of a six-month program of endurance exercise on the serum lipids of middle-aged men. Amer. J. Cardiol. 14: 753, 1964.
Shane, S.R.: Relation between serum lipids and physical conditioning. Amer. J. Cardiol. 18: 540, 1966.
Cantone, A.: Physical effort and its effect in reducing alimentary hyperlipidemia. J. Sport Med. 4: 32, 1964.
Nikkila, E.A. and Knoittinen, A.: Effect of physical activity on postprandial levels of fat in serum. Lancet 1: 1151, 1962.
Mann, G.V., Teel, K., Hayes, O., et al: Exercise in the disposition of dietary calories. Regulation of serum lipoprotein and cholesterol levels in human subjects. New Eng. J. Med. 253: 350, 1955.
Cash, J.D.: Effect of moderate exercise on the fibrinolytic system in normal young men and women. Brit. Med. J. 2: 502, 1966.
Guest, M. and Celander, D.: Fibrinolytic activity in exercise. Physiologist, 3: 69, 1960.
Astrup, T. and Brakman, P.: Responder and non-responder in exercise-induced blood fibrinolysis. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness, O.A. Larsen and R.O. Malmberg (Eds.) Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p130.
Keys, A. and Buzina, R.: Blood coagulability effects of meals and differences between populations. Circulation 14: 469, 1956.
DeVries, H.A.: Physiologic effects of exercise training regimen on men aged 52 to 88. J. Geront. 25: 325, 1970.
Frick, M.J.: Coronary implications of hemodynamic changes caused by physical training. Amer. J. Cardiol. 22: 417, 1968.
Mann, G.V., Garrett, H.L., Billings, F.T., et al: Exercise and coronary risk factors: The response. Circulation 36 (Suppl. 2): 67, 1967.
Berkson, D., Whipple, I., Sime, D., et al: Experience with a long-term supervised ergometric exercise program for middle- aged sedentary men. Circulation 36 (Suppl. 2): 67, 1967.
Naughton, J. and Nagle, F.J.: Peak oxygen intake during physical fitness program for middle-aged men. J.A.M.A. 191: 103, 1965.
Frick, M.H., Kioittinen, A., and Sarajas, H.S.S.: Effects of physical training on circulation at rest and during exercise. Amer. J. Cardiol. 22: 142, 1963.
Naughton, J., Shanbour, K., Armstrong, R., et al: Cardio-vascular responses to exercise following myocardial infarction. Arch. Intern. Med. 117: 541, 1966.
Boyer, J.L. and Kasch, F.W.: Exercise therapy in hypertensive men. J.A.M.A. 211: 1668, 1970.
Krai, J., Chrastek, J. and Adamirova, J.: The hypotensive effect of physical activity in hypertensive subjects. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (Ed.), Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p. 359.
Leon, A.S. and Abrams, W.B.: The role of catecholamines in producing arrhythmias. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 262: 9, 1971.
Naughton, J. and Bruhn, J.: Emotional stress, physical activity and ischemic heart disease. DM, July, 1971.
Naughton, J., Bruhn, J.G. and Lategola, M.T.: Effects of physical training on physiologic and behavioral characteristics of cardiac patients. Arch. Phys. Med. 49: 131, 1968.
Kannel, W.B., LeBauer, E.J., Dawber, T.R., et al: Relation of body weight to development of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Circulation 35: 734, 1967.
Pollock, M.L., Cureton, T.K., and Greninger, L.: Effects of training on working capacity, cardiovascular function and body composition of adult men. Med. and Sci. in Sports 1:20, 1969.
Moody, D. L., Kollias, J., and Buskirk, E.R.: The effect of a moderate exercise program on body weight and skinfold thickness in overweight college women. Med. and Sci. in Sports 1:75, 1969.
Mayer, J.N., Marshall, N.B., Vitalae, J.J., et al: Exercise, food intake and body weight in normal rats and genetically obese adult mice. Amer. J. Physiol. 177: 544, 1954.
Stevenson, J.A.F.: Exercise, food intake and health in experimental animals. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 862–867, 1967
Bloor, C.M., Leon, A.S., and Pasyk, S.: The effects of exercise on organ and cellular development in rats. Lab. Invest. 19: 675, 1968.
Bloor, C.M., Pasyk, S., and Leon, A.S.: Interaction of age and exercise on organ and cellular development. Amer. J. Pathol. 58: 185, 1970.
Naughton, J. and Wulff, J.: Effect of physical activity on carbohydrate metabolism. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70: 996, 1967.
Hall, A.P., Barry, P.E., Dawber, T.R., et al: Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia. A Long-term population study. Amer. J. Med. 42: 27, 1967.
Montoye, H.J., Faulkner, J.A., Dodge, H.J. et al: Serum uric acid concentration among business executives. With observations on other coronary heart disease risk factors. Ann. Intern. Med. 66: 838, 1967.
Bosco, J.S., Greenleaf, J.E., Kaye, R.L., et al: Reduction of serum uric acid in young men during physical training. Amer. J. Cardiol. 25: 46, 1969.
Mann, G.V., Garrett, H.L., Farhi, A. et al: Exercise to prevent coronary heart disease. An experimental study of the effects of training on risk factors for coronary heart disease. Amer. J. Med. 46: 12, 1969.
Seyle, H.: Chemical Prevention of Cardiac Necrosis. New York, Ronald, 1958, p143.
Raab, W.J., Chaplin, P. and Bajusz, E.: Myocardial necrosis produced in domesticated rats and in wild rats by sensory and emotional stresses. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 116: 665, 1964.
Groover, M.E., Jr. and Stout, C.: Neurogenic myocardial necrosis. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (ed.) Springfield, C.C. Thomas 1966, p57.
Leon, A.S., White, F.C., Bloor, C.M., et al: Reduced myocardial fibrosis after dimethylsulfoxide treatment of isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 261: 41, 1971.
Rona, G., Chappel, C.I., Balazs, T. et al: An infarct-like myocardial lesion and other toxic manifestations produced by isoproterenol in the rat. A.M.A. Arch. Pathol. 67: 443, 1959.
Michielli, D.W.: Stresses. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Sciences and Medicine. New York, MacMillan, 1970, pp 1367, 1407.
Massie, J.F. and Shepard, R.J.: Physiological and psychological effects of training-a comparison of individual and gymnasium programs with a characterization of the exercise “drop-out”. Med. and Sci. in Sports 3:110, 1971.
Morgan, W.P., Roberts, J.A., Brand, F.R. et al: Physiological effect of chronic physical activity. Med. and Sci. Sports 2: 213, 1970.
Richardson, J.A.: Plasma catecholamines in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (Ed.), Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p96.
Starcich, R.: Plasma catecholamines and coronary vanillyl mandelic acid in clinical ischemic heart disease. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (Ed.) Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p103.
Kaplinsky, E., Hood, W.B., McCarthy, B.,II, et al: Effect of physical training in dogs with coronary artery ligation. Circulation 37: 556, 1968.
Raab, W. and Krzywanek, H.J.: Cardiac sympathetic tone and stress reponse related to personality patterns and exercise habits (a potential cardiac risk and screening test). In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (Ed.) Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p121.
Frick, M.H.: The effect of physical training in manifest ischemic heart disease. Circulation 40: 443, 1969.
Frick, M.H., Elovainio, R.O., and Somer, T.: The mechanism of bradycardia evoked by physical training. Cardiologia 51: 46, 1967.
DeSchryver, C., DeHerdt, P. and Lammerant, J.: Effect of physical training on cardiac catecholamine concentrations. Nature (London) 214: 907, 1967.
DeSchryver, C., Mertens-Strythangen, I., Becsei, I., et al: Effect of training on heart and skeletal muscle catecholamine concentration in rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 217: 1589, 1969.
Östman, I. and Sjöstrand, N.O.: Effect of prolonged physical training on the catecholamine levels of the heart and the adrenals of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 82: 202, 1971.
Folkow, B.: Role of sympathetic nervous system. In: Coronary Heart Diseases and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen and Malmborg (Eds.), Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p68.
Holloszy, J.O.: Morphological and enzymatic adaptation to training: A review. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen, and R.O. Malmborg, (Eds.) Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p147.
Gollnick, P.D. and King, D.W.: Effect of exercise and training on mitochondria of rat skeletal muscle. Amer. J. Physiol. 216: 1502, 1969.
Holloszy, J.O.: Biochemical adaptation in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 242: 2278, 1967.
Kiessling, K.H., Piehl, K. and Lundquist, C-G.: Number and size of skeletal muscle mitochondria in trained sedentary men. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen and R.O. Malmborg (Eds.) Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p143.
Short, F.A., Ross, R., Cobb, L.A. et al: The induction of human muscle mitochondrial proliferation and increased glycogen and trigylceride synthesis by long-term exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 49: 88a, 1970.
Hermansen, L. and Wachtlova, M.: Capillary density in well- trained and untrained men. Acta Physiol. Scand. 79: 16A, 1970.
Saltin, B.: Central circulation after physical conditioning in young and middle-aged men. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen and R.O. Malmborg (Eds.), Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p21.
Petren, T., Sjöstrand, T. and Sylven, B.: Der einfluss der trainings auf die haofigkeit der kapillaren in herz-und skeletmuskulatur: Arbeit Physiologie 9: 376, 1936.
Varnauskas, E., Bergman, H., Houk, P., et al: Haemodynamic effects of physical training in coronary patients. Lancet 2: 8, 1966.
Shappell, S.D., Murray, J.A., Bellingham, A.J., et al: Adaptation to exercise: role of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. J. Appl. Physiol. 30: 827, 1971.
Clausen, J.P. and Trap-Jensen, J.: Regulation and distribution of cardiac output during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease and the effects of training. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen and R.O. Malmborg, (Eds.) Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p74.
Sternberg, J.: Muscle blood flow during exercise. Effects of training. ibid. p. 80.
Eisner, R.W. and Carlson, L.D.: Postexercise hyperemia in trained and untrained subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 436, 1962.
Reeves, T.J. and Sheffield, L.T.: The influence of age and athletic training on maximal heart rate during exercise. In: Coronary Heart Disease and Physical Fitness. O.A. Larsen and R.O. Malmborg (Eds.), Baltimore, University Park Press, 1970, p209.
Lester, M., Sheffield, L.T., Trammel, P., et al: The effect of age and athletic training on maximal heart rate during muscular exercise. Amer. Heart J. 76: 370, 1968.
Clark, A.J.: Comparative Physiology of the Heart. New York, MacMillan, 1927, p71.
Andersen, K.L. and Hermansen, L.: Aerobic work capacity in middle-aged Norwegian men. J. Appl. Physiol. 20: 432, 1965.
Tipton, C.M., Barnard, R.J. and Tcheng, T.K.: Resting heart rate investigations with trained and untrained hypophysectomized rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 585, 1969.
Tipton, C.M.: Training and bradycardia in rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 209: 1089, 1965.
Saltin, B. and Grimby, G.: Physiological analysis of middle-aged and old former athletes. Comparison with still active athletes of the same ages. Circulation 38: 1104, 1968.
Andrew, G.M., Guzman, I.A., and Becklake, M.R.: Effect of athletic training on exercise cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 603, 1966.
Crews, J. and Aldinger, E.E.: Effects of chronic exercise on myocardial function. Amer. Heart J. 74: 536, 1967.
Whitehorn, W.V., and Grimmenga, A.S.: Effect of exercise on properties of the myocardium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 48: 959, 1956.
Penpargul, S. and Scheirer, J.: The effects of physical training upon the mechanical and metabolic performance of the rat heart. J. Clin. Invest. 49: 1859, 1970.
Bhan, A. and Scheuer, J.: Effect of physical conditioning on cardiac actomyosin ATPase. Circulation 44 (Suppl.2): 132, 1971.
Holloszy, J.O., Skinner, J.S., Barry, A.J., et al: Effect of physical conditioning on cardiovascular function. A ballistocardiographic study. Amer. J. Cardiol. 14: 761, 1964.
Jokl, E. and Wells, J.B., Jr.: Exercise training and cardiac stroke force. In: Prevention of Ischemic Heart Disease. Principles and Practice. W. Raab (Ed.), Springfield, C.C. Thomas, 1966, p135.
Whitsett, T.L. and Naughton, J.: The effect of exercise on systolic time intervals in sedentary and active individuals and rehabilitated patients with heart disease. Amer. J. Cardiol. 27: 352, 1971.
Leon, A.S. and Bloor, C.M.: Effects of exercise and its cessation on the heart and its blood supply. J. Appl. Physiol. 24: 485, 1968.
Bloor, C.M. and Leon, A.S.. Interaction of age and exercise on the heart and its blood supply. Lab. Invest. 22: 160, 1970.
Aldinger, E.E.: Effects of digitoxin on the development of cardiac hypertrophy in the rat subjected to chronic exercise. Amer. J. Cardiol. 25: 359, 1970.
Oscai, L.B., Mole, P.A., and Holloszy, J.O.: Effect of exercise on cardiac weight and mitochondria in male and female rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 220: 1944, 1971.
Scheirer, J.L., Kapner, C. Stringfellow, C.L., et al: Glycogen, lipid and high energy phosphate stores in hearts from conditioned rats. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 75: 924, 1970.
Poland, J.L. and Blount, D.H.: The effects of training on myocardial metabolism. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 75: 924, 1970.
Gollnick, P.D., Struck, P.J., and Bogyo, T.P.: Lactic dehydrogenase activities of rat heart and skeletal muscle after exercise and training. J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 623, 1967.
Badeer, H.S.: The stimulus to hypertrophy of the myocardium. Circulation 30: 128, 1964.
Linzbach, A.J.: Heart failure from the point of view of quantitative anatomy. Amer. J. Cardiol. 5: 370, 1960.
Wilkens, S.L., Dische, M.R., and Henderson, D.: The low incidence of terminal myocardial infarctions and the reversibility of cardiac hypertrophy in cachexia. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 253: 651, 1967.
Andrew, G.M., Guzman, C.A., and Becklake, M.R.: Effect of athletic training on exercise cardiac output. J. Appl. Physiol. 21: 603, 1966.
Skinner, J.S., Benson, J., McDonough, J.R., et al: Social status, physical activity, and coronary proneness. J. Chron. Dis. 19: 773, 1966.
Leon, A.S.: The Coronary Circulation. In: The Clinical Pharmacology of Cardiovascular Drugs. Nutley, Hoffmann-LaRoche, 1970, p21.
Scott, J.C.: Physical activity and the coronary circulation. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 853, 1967.
Gregg, D.E., and Fischer, L.D.: Blood supply to the heart. In; Handbook of Physiology, Vol. 2. Section 2., Chap. 44. Baltimore, Amer. Physiologic Soc. 1963. P1517.
Bloor, C.M. and Liebow, A.A.: Coronary collateral circulation. Amer. J. Cardiol. 16: 238, 1965.
Elliot, E.C., Bloor, C.M., Jones, E.L., et al: Effect of controlled coronary occlusion on collateral circulation in conscious dogs. Amer. J. Physiol. 220: 857, 1971.
Elliot, E.C., Jones, E.L., Leon, A.S., et al: Day-to-day changes in coronary hemodynamics secondary to constriction of circumflex branch of left coronary artery in conscious dogs. Circ. Res. 22: 237, 1968.
Schaper, W., Schaper, J., and Xhonneux, R., et al: The morphology of intercoronary anastomoses in chronic coronary artery occlusion. Cardiovasc. Res. 3: 315, 1969.
Eckstein, R.W.: Effect of exercise and coronary artery narrowing on coronary collateral circulation. Circ. Res. 5: 230, 1957.
Zoll, P.M., Wessler, S. and Schlesinger, M.J.: Interarterial coronary anastomoses in the human heart, with particular reference to anemia and relative cardiac anoxia. Circulation 4: 797, 1951.
Baroldi, G. and Scomazzoni, G.: Coronary Circulation in the Normal and the Pathologic Heart. Washington, D.C. Office of the Surgeon General, Dept. of the Army, 1967, p245.
Tepperman, J. and Pearlman, D.: Effects of exercise and anemia on coronary arteries of small animals as revealed by the corrosion-cast technique. Circ. Res. 9: 576, 1961.
Stevenson, J.A.F., Feleki, V., Rechnitzer, P., et al: Effect of exercise on coronary tree size in the rat. Circ. Res. 15: 265, 1965.
Denenberg, D.L.: The effect of exercise on the coronary collateral circulation. J. Sports Med. (Torino) In press, 1971.
Kerr, A., Jr., Diasio, R.B., and Bommer, W.J.: Effects of altitude (hypoxia) on coronary artery size in the white rat. Amer. Heart J. 69: 841, 1965.
Tomanek, R.J.: Effects of age and exercise on the extent of the myocardial capillary bed. Anat. Ree. 167: 55, 1970.
Petren, T. and Sylven, B.: Weitere intersuchungen über den einfluss des trainings auf die kapillarisierung der hermuskulstur. Gegenbaur Morph. Jahrb. 80: 439, 1937.
Wachtlovâ, M., Rakusan, L. and Poupa, O.: The coronary terminal vascular bed in the heart of the hare (Lepus Europeus) and the rabbit (Oryctolacus Domesticus). Physiol. Bohemoslov. 14: 328, 1965.
Rakusan, K. and Poupa, O.: Differences in capillary supply of hypertrophic and hyperplastic hearts. Cardiologia 49: 293, 1966.
Burt, J.J. and Jackson, R.: The effects of physical exercise on the coronary collateral circulation of dogs. J. Sports Med. (Torino) 5: 203, 1965.
Kaplinsky, E., Hood, W.B., Jr., McCarthy, B., et al: Effects of physical training in dogs with coronary artery ligation. Circulation 37: 556, 1968.
Helefant, R.H., Vokonas, P.S., and Gorlin, R.: Functional importance of the human coronary collateral circulation. New Eng. J. Med. 284: 303, 1971.
Helefant, R.H., Kemp, H.C., and Gorlin, R.: Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary collaterals, and their relation to cardiac function. Ann. Intern. Med. 73: 189, 1970.
Bjork, L.: Angiographic demonstration of collaterals to the coronary arteries in patients with angina pectoris. Acta Radiol. (Diagn.)(Stockh) 8: 305, 1969.
Gensini, G.G. and daCosta, B.C.B.: The coronary collateral circulation in living man. Amer. J. Cardiol. 24: 393, 1969.
Hellerstein, H.K., Hornstein, T.R., Goldbarg, A., et al: The influence of active conditioning upon subjects with coronary artery disease: cardiorespiratory changes during training in 67 patients. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 758, 1967.
Kattus, A.A.: Exercise therapy for angina pectoris. Circulation 32 (Suppl. 2): 110, 1965.
Kattus, A.A.: Exercise testing and therapy for ischemic heart disease. J. So. Carolina Med. Assoc. 65 (Suppl. 1): 57, 1969.
Mason, D., Amsterdam, E.A., Miller, R.R., et al: Consideration of the therapeutic roles of pharmacologic agents, collateral circulation and saphenous vein bypass in coronary artery disease. Amer. J. Cardiol. 28: 608, 1971.
Roskamm, H.: Optimum patterns of exercise for healthy adults. Canad. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 895, 1967.
Karvonen, M., Kentalia, E., and Mustala, O.: The effects of training on the heart. Ann. Med. Exper. Biol. Fenniae 35: 307, 1957.
DeVries, H.A.: Exercise intensity threshold for improvement of cardiovascular-respiratory function in older men. Geriatrics 26: 94, 1971.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Plenum Press, New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Leon, A.S. (1972). Comparative Cardiovascular Adaptation to Exercise in Animals and Man and its Relevance to Coronary Heart Disease. In: Bloor, C.M. (eds) Comparative Pathophysiology of Circulatory Disturbances. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 22. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3213-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3213-8_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3215-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3213-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive