Skip to main content

Nerve—Muscle Preparations of the Small Intestine

  • Chapter
Smooth Muscle

Abstract

An isolated segment of small intestine is one of the commonest test preparations used by pharmacologists. Since the integrity of the plexuses of nerve cells within the wall of the intestine is preserved under normal conditions, segments of intestine must always be considered as “nerve-muscle” preparations. The aim of this section is to review, very briefly, the innervation of the small intestine and to draw attention to the difficulties involved in analyzing the action of drugs on this complex system (see also Kosterlitz and Lees, 1964; Daniel, 1968). A useful source of background material can be found in theHandbook of Physiology published by the American Physiological Society (Code, 1968).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ambache, N. and Freeman, M. A. 1968. Atropine resistant spasms due to excitation of non-cholinergic neurones in the guinea pig myenteric plexus. J. Physiol., 198: 92–94P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambache, N., Verney, J., and Zar, M. A. 1970. Evidence for the release of two atropine resistant spasmogens from Auerbach’s plexus. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 207:761–782.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, P. (1968). In vivo electrical activity of the small bowel. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, pp. 2051–2074. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten, H. G., Holstein, A. F., and Owman, Ch. 1970. Auerbach’s plexus of mammals and man: electron microscopic identification of three different types of neuronal processes in myenteric ganglia of the large intestine from’Rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs and man. Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat., 106:376–397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, W. M. and Starling, E. H. 1899. The movements and innervation of the small intestine. J. Physiol, 24:99–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beani, L., Bianchi, C., and Crema, A. 1971. Vagal non-adrenergic inhibition of guinea pig stomach. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 217:259–279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M. R. 1966. Rebound excitation of the smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig taenia coli after stimulation of intramural inhibitory nerves. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 185:124–131.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P. and Perl, E. R. 1966. A movement receptor of the small intestine. J. Physiol, 182:404–426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoff, A. 1965. Electrical transmission of slow waves from longitudinal to circular intestinal muscle. Am. J. Physiol., 209:1254–1260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoff, A. 1972. Digestion: motility. Ann. Rev. Physiol, 34:261–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bortoff, A. and Ghalib, E. 1972. Temporal relationship between electrical and mechanical activity of longitudinal and circular muscle during intestinal peristalsis. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 17:317–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bülbring, E., Crema, A., and Sax by, O. B. 1958a. A method for recording peristalsis in insolated intestine. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 13:440–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bülbring, E., Lin, R. C. Y., and Schofield, G. C. 1958b. An investigation of the of the peristaltic reflex in relation to anatomical observations. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol, 43:26–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnstock, G. 1970. Structure of smooth muscle and its innervation. In: Smooth Muscle, pp. 1–69. Ed. by Bülbring, E., Brading, A., Jones, A., and Tomita, T. Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnstock, G. 1972. Purinergic nerves. Pharmacol Revs., 24:509–581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, G. and Burnstock, G. 1968. Comparative physiology of gastrointestinal motility. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Code, C. F., ed. 1968. Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowcroft, P. J., Holman, M. E., and Szurszewski, J. H. 1972. Excitatory input from the distal colon to the inferior mesenteric ganglion in the guinea pig. J. Physiol, 219:443–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, E. E. 1968. Pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 1969–1984. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, E. E., Duchon, G., and Henderson, R. M. 1972. The ultrastructural basis for coordination of intestinal motility. Am. J. Digest. Dis., 17:289–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, M. D. and Rand, M. J. 1961. Effect of guanethidine in revealing cholinergic sympathetic fibres. Br. J. Pharmacol Chemother., 17:245–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, M. D. and Warren, P. R. 1968. A pharmacological analysis of the responses to transmural stimulation in isolated intestinal preparations. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 32:227–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsen, J. and Arey, L. B. 1966. On spirality in the intestinal wall. Am. J. Anat., 118:11–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. H. L. and Murray, J. G. 1954. Histological and function studies on the fibre composition of the vagus nerve of the rabbit. J. Anat., 88:320–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, J. T. and Zfass, A. M. 1967. Small intestinal motihty. Gastroenterology, 52:1019–1037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkleman, B. 1930. On the nature of inhibition of the intestine. J. Physiol, 70:185–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furness, J. B. and Costa, M. 1973. The nervous release and action of substances which affect intestinal muscle through neither adrenergic nor cholinergic receptors. Phil Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 265:123–133.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabella, G. 1972a. Interceullar junctions between circular and longitudinal intestinal muscle layers. Z. Zellforsch., 125:191–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabella, G. 1972b. Fine structure of the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum. J. Anat., 111:69-97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabella, G. 1973. Morphology of smooth muscle cells: membrane structures, cell-to-cell relationships and relations between muscle and nerve fibres. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond., 265:7–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginzel, K. H. 1959. Investigations concerning the initiation of the peristaltic reflex in the guinea pig ileum. J. Physiol., 148:75–76P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonella, J. and Ginoux, H. 1966. Étude simultanié du I’activité électrique des fibres musculaires lesses longitudinates et circulaires du duodenum de lapin, in vitro. Compt. Rend., 262:570–573.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. A. and Bentley, G. A. 1968. The peristaltic reflex in the isolated guinea pig ileum during drug-induced spasm of the longitudinal muscle. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 46:1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn, M. 1968. Histological and histochemical observations on the myenteric and submucous plexuses of mammals. J. Anat., 102:223–239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haefely, W. 1972. Effects of catecholamines in the cat superior cervical ganglion and their postulated role as physiological modulators of ganglionic transmission. Prog. Brain. Res., 31:61–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harry, J. 1963. The action of drugs on the circular muscle strip from the guinea pig isolated ileum. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 20:399–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidaka, T. and Kuriyama, H. 1969. Responses of the smooth muscle cell membrane of the guinea pig jejunum to the field stimulation. J. gen. Physiol, 53:471–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hightower, N. C. 1968. Motor action of the small bowel. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 2001–2024. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillarp, N.-A. 1958. Peripheral autonomic mechanisms. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, Vol. 2, Neurophysiology, pp. 979–1006. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollands, B. C. S. and Vanov, S. 1965. Localization of catecholamines in visceral organs and ganglia of the rat, guinea pig and rabbit. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother., 25:307–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, M. E. 1968. An introduction to the electrophysiology of smooth muscle. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 1165–1708. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman, M. E. 1970. Junction potentials in smooth muscle. In: Smooth Muscle, pp. 244–288. Ed. by Bülbring, E., Brading, A., Jones, A., and Tomita, T. Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman, M. E. and Hughes, J. R. 1965. Inhibition of intestinal smooth muscle. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 43:277–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman, M. E., Hirst, G. D. S., and Spence, I. 1972. Preliminary studies of the neurones of Auerbach’s plexus using intracellular microelectrodes. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., 50:795–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hukuhara, T. and Fukuda, H. 1965. The motility of the isolated guinea pig small intestine. Jap. J. Physiol., 15:125–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1957. Gastro-intestinal tension receptors with unmyelinated aff’erent fibres in the vagus of the cat. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 42:130–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. 1965. Histochemical studies of the autonomic innervation of the gut. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther., 149:358–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, G. and Martinson, J. 1969. Studies on the ganglionic site of action of sympathetic outflow to the stomach. Acta. Physiol. Scand. (Suppl.), 68:184–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kewenter, J. 1965. The vagal control of the jejunal and ileal motility and blood flow. Acta Physiol. Scand., 65(Suppl. 251): 1–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, M., Nagai, T., and Prosser, C. L. 1966. Electrical interaction between muscle layers of cat intestine. Am. J. Physiol., 211:1281–1291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, N. G. 1959. An experimental analysis of mechanisms engaged in reflex inhibition of intestinal motility. Acta Physiol Scand., 47(Suppl. 164): 1–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosterlitz, H. W. 1968. Intrinsic and extrinsic nervous control of motility of the stomach and the intestines. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 2147–2172. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosterlitz, H. W. and Lees, G. M. 1964. Pharmacological analysis of intrinsic intestinal reflexes. Pharmac. Rev., 16:301–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosterlitz, H. W. and Robinson, J. A. 1959. Reflex contractions of the longitudinal muscle coat of the isolated guinea pig ileum. J. Physiol, 146:369–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosterlitz, H. W., Lydon, R. J., and Watt, A. J. 1970. The effects of adrenaline, noradrenaline and iso- prenaline on inhibitory α- and β-adrenoceptors in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum. Br. J. Pharmacol., 39:398–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosterlitz, H. W., Pirie, V. W., and Robinson, J. A. 1956. The mechanism of the peristaltic reflex in the isolated guinea pig ileum. J. Physiol, 133: 681–694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kottegoda, S. R. 1970. Peristalsis of the small intestine. In Smooth Muscle, pp. 525–541. Ed. by Bübring, E., Brading, A., Jones, A., and Tomita, T. Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, A. 1953. The Autonomic Nervous System. 4th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuntz, A. and Saccomanno, G. 1944. Reflex inhibition of intestinal motihty mediated through decentralized ganglia. J. NeurophysioL, 7:163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuriyama, H., Osa, T., and Toida, N. 1967. Nervous factors influencing the membrane activity of intestinal smooth muscle. J. Physiol, 191:257–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, J. N. 1922. Connections of enteric nerve cells. J. Physiol., 56:39P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, P.-L. 1940. The intramural nervous system of the small intestine with special reference to the innervation of the inner subdivision of its circular muscle. Anat., 74:348–357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, J. 1965. Studies on the efferent vagal control of the stomach. Acta physiol Scand., 65:(Suppl. 255): 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, R. G. and Taylor, G. S. 1973. Studies on the slow waves of isolated longitudinal strips of rabbit small intestine. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, G. A. G. 1953. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System. Livingston, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, A. F. 1951. The effect of adrenaline on the guinea pig intestine. J. Physiol, 112:84–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa, J. and Mito, S. 1967. Electron microscopic observations on the innervation of the smooth muscle. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 91:277–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsen, T. S. and Becker, J. C. 1968. Stimulation of the electrical and mechanical gradient of the small intestine. Am. J. Physiol., 214:749–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norberg, K.-A. 1964. Adrenergic innervation of the intestinal wall studied by fluorescence microscopy. Int. J. Neuropharmacol, 3: 379–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A. S. 1957. Responses from mucosal mechanoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat. J. Physiol., 139:353–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A. S. 1963. Vagal afferent fibres. Ergeb. Physiol., 52:74–156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, W. D. M. 1955. The response of the guinea pig ileum to electrical stimulation by coaxial electrodes. J. Physiol., 127:40–41P.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, W. D. M. 1964. Electron microscopy of the smooth muscle and nerve networks of guinea pig ileum. J. Physiol., 173:20P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton, W. D. M., Vizi, E. S., and Zar, M. A. 1971. The mechanisms of acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerves. J. Physiol, 215:819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pick, J. 1970. The Autonomic Nervous System. Morphological, Comparative, Clinical and Surgical Aspects. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prosser, C. L. and Bortoff, A. 1968. Electrical activity of intestinal muscle under in vitro conditions. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 2025–2050. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. C. 1958. Electronmicroscopic observations on Auerbach’s plexus in the rabbit with special reference to the problem of smooth muscle innervation. Am. J. Anat., 103:99–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K. C. 1960. Studies on the structure of autonomic nerves in the small intestine correlating the silver-impregnated image in the light microscopy with the permanganate fixed ultrastructure in electron microscopy. J. Anat., 94:457–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rintoul, J. R. 1957. The comparative morphology of the myenteric nerve plexus. J. Anat. Lond., 91:607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D. C. and Burnstock, G. 1966. The interstitial cell and its place in the concept of the autonomic ground plexus. J. Comp. Neurol., 126:255–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarna, S. K., Daniel, E. E., and Kingma, Y. J. 1971. Simulation of slow wave electrical activity of the small intestine. Am. J. Physiol, 221:166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarna, S. K., Daniel, E. E., and Kingma, Y. J. 1972. Simulation of the electrical control activity of the stomach by an array of relaxation oscillators. Am. J. Dig. Dis., New Ser., 17:299–310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, G. C. 1960. Experimental studies on the innervation of the mucous membrane of the gut. Brain, 83:490–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, G. C. 1968. Anatomy of muscular and neural tissues in the alimentary canal. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 1579–1627. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Specht, P. C. and Bortoff, A. 1972. Propagation and electrical entrainment of intestinal slow waves. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 17:311–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taxi, J. 1959. Sur la structure des travees due plexus d’Auerbach: confrontation des donnees fouries par le microscope ordinare et par le microscope electronique. Ann. des Sc. nat. Zool., 12:571–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, P. 1917. Physiologische und pharmakologische Versuch über die Dünndarmperistaltik.Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmak., 81:55–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Harn, G. L. 1963. Responses of muscles of cat small intestine to autonomic nerve stimulation. Am. J. Physiol., 204:352–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youmans, W. B. 1949. Nervous and Neurohumoral Regulations of Intestinal Motility. Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youmans, W. B. 1968. Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. In: Handbook of Physiology, Section 6, Vol. 4, Alimentary Canal, pp. 1655–1663. Ed. by Code, C. F. American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Holman, M.E. (1975). Nerve—Muscle Preparations of the Small Intestine. In: Daniel, E.E., Paton, D.M. (eds) Smooth Muscle. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2751-6_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2751-6_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2753-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2751-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics