Abstract
Now that it has been made clear that the earliest protobiont had to possess a genetic mechanism before further evolution could occur, clues to two major questions will be sought as the basis for inheritance is reviewed in this present and the following two chapters. The first of these pertains to the nature of the genetic apparatus that probably existed in the very first forms of life, and the second involves the sequence of events that led to its present state of complexity. Fortunately data are available that indicate a probable series of developments, but to appreciate their significance fully, each aspect of the genetical processes must first be scrutinized. The most logical point for departure is an investigation of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), the central ingredient in prevailing doctrines. Thus, this molecule, its mode of replication, and its organization in living cells are the topics of the present discussion, after some preliminary points have been established.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abelson, P. H. 1957. Some aspects of paleobiochemistry. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 69: 274–285.
Adams, R. L. P. 1974. Newly synthesised DNA is not methylated. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 335: 365–373.
Adams, R. L. P., and Hogarth, C. 1973. DNA methylation in isolated nuclei: Old and new DNAs are methylated. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 331: 214–220.
Adler, K., Beyreuther, K., Fanning, E., Geisler, N., Gronenborn, B., Klemm, A., Muller-Hill, B., Pfahl, M., and Schmitz, A. 1972. How lac. repressor binds to DNA. Nature. 237: 322–327.
Alberts, B., Amodio, F., Jenkins, M., Gutmann, E., and Ferris, F. 1968. DNA-binding proteins from E. coli. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33: 289–305.
Alberts, B., and Frey, L. 1970. T4 bacteriophage gene 32. Nature. 227: 1313–1318.
Andersen, H. A. 1974. Replication of macronuclear DNA in the cytoplasm of Tetrahymena pyriformis. J. Cell Sci. 14: 289–300.
Antonov, A. C., Favorova, O. O., and Belozerskii, A. N. 1962. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 147: 1480.
Aposhian, H. V., and Kornberg, A. 1962. The polymerase formed after T2 bacteriophage infection of E. coli: A new enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 519–525.
Arber, W., and Linn, S. 1969. Messenger RNA. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 38: 647–676.
Arnberg, A. C., and Arwert, F. 1976. DNA-protein complex in circular DNA from Bacillus. bacteriophage GA-1. J. Virol. 18: 783–784.
Arnott, S., and Hukins, D. W. L. 1972. Optimized parameters for A-DNA and B-DNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Corn. 47: 1504–1509.
Arnott, S., and Hukins, D. W. L. 1973. Refinement of the structure of B-DNA and implications for the analysis of X-ray diffraction data from fibers of biopolymers. J. Mol. Biol. 81: 93–105.
Arrighi, F. E., and Hsu, T. C. 1971. Localization of heterochromatin in human chromosomes. Cytogenetics. 10: 81–86.
Auld, D. S., Kawaguchi, H., Livingston, D. M., and Vallee, B. L. 1974. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus: A zinc metalloenzyme. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 2091–2095.
Baase, W. A., and Wang, J. C. 1974. An w protein from Drosophila melanogaster. Biochemistry. 13: 4299–4303.
Bada, J. L. 1972. The dating of fossil bones using the racemization of isoleucine. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 15: 223–231.
Bada, J. L., Luyendyk, B. P., and Maynard, J. B. 1970. Marine sediments: Dating by the racemization of amino acids. Science. 170: 730–732.
Bada, J. L., and Protsch, R. 1973. Racemization reaction of aspartic acid and its use in dating fossil bones. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 1331–1334.
Balhorn, R., Chalkley, R., and Granner, D. 1972. Lysine-rich histone phosphorylation. A positive correlation with cell replication. Biochemistry. 11. :1094–1098.
Balhorn, R., Jackson, V., Granner, D., and Chalkley, R. 1975. Phosphorylation of the lysine-rich histones throughout the cell cycle. Biochemistry. 14: 2504–2511.
Balhorn, R., Rieke, W. O., and Chalkley, R. 1971. A reinvestigation of phosphorylation of lysine-rich histone during rat liver regeneration. Biochemistry. 10: 3952–3958.
Balls, M., and F. S. Billett, eds. 1973. The Cell Cycle in Development and Differentiation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Baltimore, D. 1970. Viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Nature. 226: 1209–1211.
Banks, G. R., and Spanos, A. 1975. The isolation and properties of a DNA unwinding protein from Ustilago maydis. J. Mol. Biol. 93: 63–77.
Baril, E. F., Brown, O. E., Jenkins, M. D., and Laszlo, J. 1971. DNA polymerase with rat liver ribosomes and smooth membranes. Biochemistry. 10: 1981–1992.
Baril, E. F., Jenkins, M. D., Brown, O. E., Laszlo, J., and Morris, H. P. 1973. DNA polymerase I and II in regenerating rat liver and Morris hepatomas. Cancer Res. 33: 1187–1193.
Baril, E. F., and Laszlo, J. 1971. Sub-cellular localization and characterization of DNA polymerases from rat liver and hepatomas. Adv. Enzyme Regulation. 9: 183–204.
Barker, S. T., Kurtz, H., Taylor, B. A., and Ackerman, W. W. 1973. A covalently linked DNA- RNA molecule from human leukemia cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 50: 1068–1074.
Barry, J., Hama-Inaba, H., Moran, L., Alberts, B., and Wilberg, J. 1973. Proteins of the T4 bacteriophage replication apparatus. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., Univ. Park Press, p. 195–214.
Barzilai, R., and Thomas, C. A. 1970. Spontaneous renaturation of newly-synthesized bacteriophage T7 DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 51: 145–156.
Baudy, P., Bram, S., Vastel, D., Lepault, J., and Kitzis, A. 1976. Chromatin subunit small angle neutron scattering. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 72: 176–183.
Bekkaring-Kuylaars, S. A. M., and Campagnari, F. 1974. Characterization and properties of a DNA polymerase partially purified from the nuclei of calf thymus cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 349: 277–295.
Berendes, H. D., and Keyl, H. G. 1967. Distribution of DNA in heterochromatin and euchromatin of polytene nuclei of Drosophila hydei. Genetics. 57: 1–13.
Berezney, R., and Coffey, D. S. 1975. Nuclear protein matrix: Association with newly synthesized DNA. Science. 189: 291–293.
Beridze, T. 1975. DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Brassica: Variation between species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 395: 274–279.
Bernal, J. D. 1967. The Origin of Life., Cleveland, Ohio, World Publishing Co.
Bernard, O., Momparler, R. L., and Brent, T. P. 1974. Effect of DNA polymerase on nuclei from different phases of cell cycle. Eur. J. Biochem. 49: 565–571.
Bersier, D., and Braun, R. 1974. Pools of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates in the mitotic cycle of Physarum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 340: 463–471.
Bianchi, N. O., and Ayres, J. 1971. Polymorphic patterns of heterochromatin distribution in guinea pig chromosomes. Chromosoma. 34: 254–260.
Billen, D. 1968. Methylation of the bacterial chromosome: An event at the “replication point”. J. Mol. Biol. 31: 477–486.
Billett, M. A., and Barry, J. M. 1974. Role of histones in chromatin condensation. Eur. J. Biochem. 49: 477–484.
Bimboim, H. C., and Straus, N. A. 1975. DNA from eukaryotic cells contains unusually long pyrimidine sequences. Can. J. Biochem. 53: 640–643.
Birnstiel, M. L., and Hyde, B. B. 1963. Protein synthesis by isolated pea nucleoli. J. Cell Biol. 18: 41–50.
Bishop, J. M., Faras, A. J., Garapin, A. C., Goodman, H. M., Levinson, W. E., Stavneger, J., Taylor, J. M., and Varmus, H. E. 1973. Characteristics of the transcription of RNA by the DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., Univ. Park Press, p. 341–359.
Blakley, R. L., and Vitols, E. 1968. The control of nucleotide biosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 37: 201–224.
Boffa, L., Saccomani, G., Tamburro, A. M., Scatturin, A., and Vidali, G. 1971. Chromosomal nucleoproteins: C.D. studies on reconstituted nucleohistones from avian erythrocytes. Int. J. Protein Res. 3: 357–363.
Bolotin, M., Coen, D., Deutsch, J., Dujon, B., Netter, P., Petrochilo, E., and Slonimski, P. P. 1971. La recombinaison des mitochondries chez S. cerevisiae. Bull. Inst. Pasteur. 69: 215–239.
Bonner, J., Dahmus, M. E., Fambrough, D., Huang, R. C., Marushige, K., and Tuan, D. Y. H. 1968. The biology of isolated chromatin. Science. 159: 47–56.
Bonner, W. M. 1975. Protein migration into nuclei. J. Cell Biol. 64: 431–437.
Botchan, M. R., 1974. Bovine satellite I DNA consists of repetitive units 1,400 base pairs in length. Nature. 251: 288–292.
Botchan, M. R., Kram, R., Schmid, C., and Hearst, J. E. 1971. Isolation and chromosomal localization of highly repeated DNA sequences in D. melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 1125–1129.
Boyer, H. W., 1971. DNA restriction and modification mechanisms in bacteria. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 25: 153–176.
Bayer, H. W., 1974. Restriction and modification of DNA: Enzymes and substrates. Fed. Proc. 33: 1125–1127.
Bradbury, E. M., Inglis, R. J., Matthews, H. R., and Langan, T. A. 1974. Molecular basis of control of mitotic cell division in eukaryotes. Nature. 249: 553–555.
Brahms, J., and Mommaerts, W. H. F. M. 1964. A study of conformation of nucleic acids in solution by means of circular dichroism. J. Mol. Biol. 10: 73–88.
Bram, S. 1975. A double coil chromatin subunit model. Biochimie. 57: 1301–1306.
Bram, S., Hellio, R., and Kouprach, S. 1975. Études préliminaires des sous-unités de la chromatine par cryodécapage. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris. D281: 847–849.
Brandt, W. F., and von Holt, C. 1976. The occurrence of histone H3 and H4 in yeast. FEBS Lett. 65: 386–390.
Brasch, K., Adams, G. H. M., and Neelin, J. M. 1974. Evidence for erythrocyte-specific histone modification and structural changes in chromatin during goose erythrocyte maturation. J. Cell Sci. 15: 659–677.
Brasch, K., and Setterfield, G. 1974. Structural organization of chromosomes in interphase nuclei. Expt. Cell Res. 83: 175–185.
Brasch, K., Setterfield, G., and Neelin, J. M. 1972. Effects of sequential extraction of histone proteins on structural organization of avian erythrocyte and liver nuclei. Exp. Cell Res. 74: 27–41.
Brewer, E. N. 1972. DNA replication in Physarum polycephalum. J. Mol Biol. 68: 401–412.
Britten, R. J. 1968. Reassociation of nonrepeated DNA. Carnegie Inst. Year Book. 67: 330–332.
Britten, R. J., and Kohne, D. E. 1968. Repeated sequences in DNA. Science. 161: 529–540.
Brown, D. D., and Sugimoto, K. 1973. 5 S DNAs of Xenopus laevis. and Xenopus mulleri: Evolution of a gene family. J. Mol. Biol. 78: 397–415.
Brown, I. R., and Church, R. B. 1971. RNA transcription from nonrepetitive DNA in mouse. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 42: 850–856.
Brown, R. L., Pathak, S., and Hsu, T. C. 1975. The possible role of histones in the mechanism of chromosomal G banding. Science. 189: 1090–1091.
Brown, W. V., and Bertke, E. M. 1974. Textbook of Cytology., 2nd Ed., St. Louis, Missouri, The C. V. Mosby Company.
Brunk, C. F., and Hanawalt, P. C. 1967. Repair of damaged DNA in a eucaryotic cell: Tetrahymena pyriformis. Science. 158: 663–664.
Brutlag, D., and Kornberg, A. 1972. A proofreading function for the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity in DNA polymerases. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 241–248.
Buchowicz, J. 1974. Is the cytoplasm a site of nuclear DNA synthesis? Nature. 249: 350.
Burgoyne, L. A. 1972. DNA synthesis in mammalian systems. Biochem. J. 130: 959–964.
Byrd, E. W., and Kasinsky, H. E. 1973. Histone synthesis during early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Biochemistry. 12: 246–253.
Byrnes, J. J., Downey, K. M., Jurmark, B. S., and So, A. G. 1974a. Reticulocyte DNA polymerase. Nature. 248: 687–689.
Byrnes, J. J., Downey, K. M., and So, A. G. 1974b. Metabolic regulation of cytoplasmic DNA synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 205–208.
Cabradilla, C. D., and Toliver, A. P. 1975. S-phase dependent forms of DNA-nuclear membrane complexes in HeLa cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 402: 188–198.
Cairns, J. 1963a. The bacterial chromosome and its manner of replication as seen by autoradiography. J. Mol. Biol. 6: 208–213.
Cairns, J. 1963b. The chromosome of E. coli. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28: 43–46.
Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1966. The origin of life and the nature of the primitive gene. J. Theoret. Biol. 10: 53–88.
Cairns-Smith, A. G. 1971. The Life Puzzle: On Crystals and Organisms and on the Possibility of a Crystal as an Ancestor., Toronto, University of Toronto Press.
Callan, H. G. 1973. Replication of DNA in eukaryotic organism. Brit. Med. Bull. 29: 192–195.
Cameron, I. L., and Nachtwey, D. S. 1967. DNA synthesis in relation to cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Exp. Cell Res. 46: 385–395.
Capesius, I., Bierweiler, B., Bachmann, K., Rucker, W., and Nagl, W. 1975. An AT-rich satellite DNA in a monocotyledonous plant, Cymbidium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 395: 67–73.
Carlton, B. C., and Smith, M. P. W. 1974. Size distribution of the closed circular DNA molecules of Bacillus megaterium. J. Bact. 117: 1201–1209.
Case, S. T., and Baker, R. F. 1975. Position of regularly spaced single-stranded regions relative to 5-bromodeoxyuridine sensitive areas in sea urchin morula DNA. Nature. 253: 64–66.
Case, S. T., Mongeon, R. L., and Baker, R. F. 1974. Single-stranded regions in DNA isolated from different developmental stages of the sea urchin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 349: 1–12.
Cavalieri, L. F. 1963. Nucleic acids and information transfer. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 62; suppl. 1: 111–122.
Cavalieri, L. F., and Carroll, E. 1970. RNA as a template with E. coli. DNA polymerase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 41: 1055–1060.
Cavalieri, L. F., and Rosenberg, B. H. 1963. Nucleic acids and information transfer. Progr. Neucleic Acid Res. 2: 1–18.
Cech, T. R., and Hearst, J. E. 1976. Organization of highly repeated sequences in mouse main-band DNA. J. Mol. Bio. 100: 227–256.
Champoux, J. J., and Dulbecco, R. 1972. An activity from mammalian cells that untwists super-helical DNA-a possible swivel for DNA replication. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 143146.
Champoux, J. J., and McConaughy, B. L. 1975. Priming of superhelical SV40 DNA by E. coli. RNA polymerase for in vitro. DNA synthesis. Biochemistry. 14: 307–316.
Chandra, H. S., and Brown, S. W. 1975. Chromosome imprinting and the mammalian X chromosome. Nature. 253: 165–168.
Chang, L. M. S., and Bollum, F. J. 1972a. Antigenic relationships in mammalian DNA polymerase. Science. 175: 1116–1117.
Chang, L. M. S., and Bollum, F. J. 1972b. Low molecular weight DNA polymerase from rabbit bone marrow. Biochemistry. 11: 1264–1272.
Chang, L. M. S., and Bollum, F. J. 1972c. Variation of DNA polymerase activities during rat liver regeneration. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 7948–7950.
Chang, L. M. S., Brown, M., and Bollum, F. J. 1973. Induction of DNA polymerase in mouse L cells. J. Mol. Biol. 74: 1–8.
Chapman, G. E., Hartman, P. G., and Bradbury, E. M. 1976. Studies on the role and mode of operation of the very-lysine-rich histone H1 in eukaryote chromatin. Eur. J. Biochem. 61: 69–75.
Chargoff, E. 1950. Chemical specificity of nucleic acids and mechanism of their enzymatic degradation. Experientia. 6: 201–209.
Chargoff, E. 1951. Structure and function of nucleic acids as cell constituents. Fed. Proc. 10: 654–659.
Chiu, J. F., and Hnilica, L. S. 1977. Nuclear nonhistone proteins: Chemistry and function. In: Li, H. J., and R. A. Eckhardt, eds., Chromatin and Chromosome Structure. New York, Academic Press, p. 193–254.
Chin, B., and Bernstein, I. A. 1968. ATP and synchronous mitosis in Physarum polycephalum. J. Bacteriol. 96: 330–337.
Clark, R. J., and Felsenfeld, G. 1974. Chemical probes of chromatin structure. Biochemistry. 13: 3622–3628.
Clark-Walker, G. D., and Miklos, G. L. G. 1974. Localization and quantification of circular DNA in yeast. Eur. J. Biochem. 41: 359–365.
Clowes, R. C. 1972. Molecular structure of bacterial plasmids. Bacteriol. Rev. 36: 361–405.
Comings, D. E., Avelino, E., Okada, T. A., and Wyandt, H. E. 1973. The mechanism of C- and G-banding of chromosomes. Exp. Cell Res. 77: 469–493.
Comings, D. E., and Kakefuda, T. 1968. Initiation of DNA replication at the nuclear membrane in human cells. J. Mol. Biol. 33: 225–229.
Comings, D. E., and Mattoccia, E. 1972. DNA of mammalian and avian heterochromatin. Exp. Cell Res. 71: 113–131.
Comings, D. E., and Okada, T. A. 1976. Fine structure of the heterochromatin of the kangaroo rat Dipodomys ordii. and examination of the possible role of actin and myosin in heterochromatin condensation. J. Cell Sci. 21: 465–477.
Cook, J. S., and McGrath, J. R. 1967. Photoreactivating-enzyme activity in Metazoa. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 58: 1359–1365.
Cooper, J. E. K., and Hsu, T. C. 1972. The C-band and G-band patterns of Microtus agrestis. chromosomes. Cytogenetics. 11: 295–304.
Coulter, M., Flintoff, W., Paetkan, V., Pulleyblank, D., and Morgan, A. R. 1974. In vitro. synthesis and detection of DNAs with co-valently linked complementary sequences. Biochemistry. 13: 1603–1609.
Courtois, Y., Dastugue, B., Kamiyama, M., and Kruk, J. 1975. Binding of chromosomal non-histone proteins to DNA and to nucleohistones. FEBS Lett. 50: 253–256.
Crick, F. H. C., 1971. General model for the chromosomes of higher organisms. Nature. 234: 25–27.
Croes, A. F. 1966. Duplication of DNA during meiosis in baker’s yeast. Exp. Cell Res. 41: 452–468.
Crothers, D. M. 1969. On the mechanism of DNA unwinding. Acc. Chem. Res. 2: 225–232.
Cummins, J. E., and Rusch, H. P. 1966. Limited DNA synthesis in the absence of protein synthesis in Physarum polycephalum. J. Cell Biol. 31: 577–583.
D’Anna, J. A., and Isenberg, I. 1974. A histone cross-complexing pattern. Biochemistry. 13: 4992–4997.
Darlington, C. D. 1942. Chromosome chemistry and gene action. Nature. 149: 66–69.
Davidson, J. N. 1963. Biochemical aspects of normal and malignant growth. Scottish Med. J. 8: 87–96.
Davidson, J. N. 1972. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids. 7th Ed., New York, Academic Press.
Davidson, R. H., Hough, B. R., Chamberlin, M. E., and Butten, R. J. 1974. Sequence repetition in the DNA of Nassaria (Ilyanassa) obsoleta. Dev. Biol. 25: 445–463.
Davies, D. R. 1967. X-ray diffraction studies of macromolecules. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 36: 321–364.
Davis, F. C. 1975. Unique sequence DNA transcripts present in mature oocytes of Urechis canpo. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 390: 33–45.
Dawid, I. B. 1974. 5-methylcytidylic acid: Absence from mitochondrial DNA of frogs and HeLa cells. Science. 184: 80–81.
Day, R. O., Seeman, N. C., Rosenberg, J. M., and Rich, A. 1973. A crystalline fragment of the double helix. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 849–853.
Delius, H., Mantell, N. J., and Alberts, B. 1972. Characterization by electronmicroscopy of the complex formed between T4 bacteriophage gene 32-protein and DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 67: 341–350.
DeLucia, P., and Cairns, J. 1969. Isolation of an E. coli. strain with a mutation affecting DNA polymerase. Nature. 224: 1164–1166.
Deutscher, M. P., and Kornberg, A. 1969a. The pyrophosphate exchange and pyrophosphorolysis reactions of DNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 244: 3019–3028.
Deutscher, M. P., and Komberg, A. 1969b. Hydrolysis of DNA from the 5’-terminus by an exonuclease function of DNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 244: 3029–3027.
De Waard, A., Paul, A. V., and Lehman, I. R. 1965. The structural gene for DNA polymerase in bacteriophages T4 and T5. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 54: 1241–1248.
Dickson, R. C., Abelson, J., Barnes, W. M., and Reznikoff, W. S. 1974. Genetic regulation: The lac control region. Science. 187: 27–35.
Dingman, C. W. 1974. Bidirectional chromosome replication. J. Theor. Biol. 43: 187–195.
Dingman, C. W., Fisher, M. P., and Ishizawa, M. 1974. DNA replication in Escherichia coli: Physical and kinetic studies of the replication point. J. Mol. Biol. 84: 275–295.
Dobner, P., and Flickinger, R. A. 1976. Repetitive DNA transcripts in frog embryo cytoplasm. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 432: 401–403.
Donnelly, G., and Sisken, J. E. 1967. RNA and protein synthesis required for entry of cells into mitosis and during the mitotic cycle. Exp. Cell Res. 46: 93–105.
Drets, M. E., and Shaw, M. W. 1971. Specific banding patterns of human chromosomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 2073–2077.
Dujon, B., Slonimski, P. P., and Weill, L. 1974. A model for recombination and segregation of mitochondria] genomes in S. cerevisiae. Genetics. 78: 415–437.
Dunn, D. B., and Smith, J. D. 1958. The occurrence of 6-methylaminopurine in DNA. Biochem. J. 68: 627–636.
DuPraw, E. J. I965a. The organization of nuclei and chromosomes in honeybee embryonic cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 53: 161–168.
DuPraw, E. J. 1965b. Macromolecular organization of nuclei and chromosomes. Nature. 206: 338–343.
DuPraw, E. J. 1968. Cell and Molecular Biology., New York, Academic Press.
DuPraw, E. J., and Bahr, G. F. 1968. Abstr. Publ. 3rd Intern. Congr. Histochem. Cytochem., New York. ( X II, XVII, XVIII ).
Ehrlich, M., Ehrlich, K., and Mayo, J. A. 1975. Unusual properties of the DNA from Xanthomonas. phage XP-12 in which 5-methylcytosine completely replaces cytosine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 395: 109–119.
Eker, A. P. M., and Fichtinger-Schepman, A. M. J. 1975. Studies on a DNA photoreactivating enzyme from Streptomyces griseus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 378: 54–63.
Elton, R. A. 1973a. The relationship of DNA base composition and individual protein composition in micro-organisms. J. Mol. Evol. 2: 263–276.
Elton, R. A. 1973b. Doublet frequencies in the DNA of genetic code limit organisms. J. Mol. Evol. 2: 293–302.
Engberg, J., Nilsson, J. R., Pearlman, R. E., and Leick, V. 1974. Induction of nucleolar and mitochondrial DNA replication in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 894–898.
Englund, P. T. 1971. The initial step of in vitro. synthesis of DNA by T4 DNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 5684–5687.
Ergle, D. R., and Katterman, F. R. H. 1961. DNA of cotton. Plant Physiol. 36: 811–815.
Ergle, D. R., Katterman, F. R. H., and Richmond, T. R. 1961. Aspects of nucleic acid composition in Gossypium. Plant Physiol. 39: 145–150.
Etkin, W. 1973. A representation of the structure of DNA. BioScience. 23: 652–653.
Fambrough, D. M., Fujimura, F., and Bonner, J. 1968. Quantitative distribution of histone components in the pea plant. Biochemistry. 7: 575–585.
Fasman, G. D., Schaffrausen, B., Goldsmith, L., and Adler, A. 1970. Conformational changes associated with f-1 histone-DNA complexes. Biochemistry. 9: 2814–2822.
Fausler, B. S., and Loeb, L. A. 1974. Sea urchin nuclear DNA polymerase. Methods Enzymol. 29: 53–70.
Fazal, M., and Cole, R. D. 1977. Anomalies encountered in the classification of histones. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 4068–4072.
Felden, R. A., Sanders, M. M., and Morris, N. R. 1976. Presence of histones in Aspergillus nidulans. J. Cell Biol. 68: 430–439.
Flickinger, C. J. 1965. The fine structure of the nuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis. throughout the cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 47: 619–630.
Fournier, M. J., Miller, W. L., and Doctor, B. P. 1974. Clustering of tRNA cistrons in E. coli. DNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 60: 1148–1154.
Fox, S. W., and Dose, K. 1972. Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life., San Francisco, W. H. Freeman and Company.
Franco, L., Johns, E. W., and Navlet, J. M. 1974. Histones from baker’s yeast. Eur. J. Biochem. 45: 83–89.
Freese, E. B., and Freese, E. 1963. The rate of DNA strand separation. Biochemistry. 2: 707–715.
Fridland, A. 1973. DNA precursors in eukaryotic cells. Nature New Biol. 243: 105–107.
Friedberg, E. C., and King, J. J. 1969. Endonucleolytic cleavage of UV-irradiated DNA controlled by the p+ gene in phage T4. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 37: 646–651.
Friedman, D. L. 1974. On the mechanism of DNA replication in isolated nuclei from HeLa cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 353: 447–462.
Fry, K., Poon, R., Whitcome, P., Idriss, J., Salser, W., Mazrimas, J., and Hatch, F. 1973. Nucleotide sequence of HS-ß satellite DNA from kangaroo rat, Dipodomys ordii. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 2642–2646.
Fry, M., and Weissbach, 1973. The utilization of synthetic RNA templates by a new DNA polymerase from cultured murine cells. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2678–2683.
Fujita, H., Imamura, A., and Nogata, C. 1974. A molecular orbital study of stability and the conformation of double-stranded DNA-like polymers. J. Theor. Biol. 45: 411–433.
Fujiwara, Y. 1972. Effect of cycloheximide on regulatory protein for initiating mammalian DNA replication at the nuclear membrane. Cancer Res. 32: 2089–2095.
Fuller, W., Wilkins, M. H. F., Wilson, H. R., and Hamilton, L. D. 1965. The molecular configuration of DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 12: 60–80.
Gall, J. G. 1974. Repetitive DNA in Drosophila. In: Hamkalo, B. A., and J. Papaconstantinou, eds., Molecular Cytogenetics., New York, Plenum Publishing Corp., p. 59–74.
Gall, J. G., and Atherton, D. D. 1974. Satellite DNA sequences in Drosophila virilis. J. Mol. Biol. 85: 633–664.
Gallo, R. C., Sarin, P. S., Smith, R. G., Bobrow, S. N., Sarngadharan, M. G., Reitz, M. S., and Abrell, J. W. 1973. RNA-directed and -primed DNA polymerase activities in tumor viruses and human lymphocytes. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA synthesis in vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Press, p. 250–286.
Gambarini, A. G., and Lara, F. J. S. 1974. Under-replication of ribosomal cistrons in polytene chromosomes of Rhynchosciara. J. Cell Biol. 62: 215–222.
Ganesan, A. T., Laipis, P. J., and Yehle, C. O. 1973. In vitro. DNA synthesis and function of DNA polymerases in Bacillus subtilis. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 405–436.
Garcia-Herdugo, G., Fernandez-Gomez, M. E., Hidalgo, J., and Lopez-Saez, J. F. 1974. Effects of protein synthesis inhibition during plant mitosis. Exp. Cell Res. 89: 336–342.
Garrard, W. T. 1976. Two forms of rat liver histone H3. FEBS Lett. 64: 323–325.
Gautschi, J. R., and Clarkson, J. M. 1975. Discontinuous DNA replication in mouse P-815 cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 50: 403–412.
Gautschi, J. R., and Kern, R. M. 1973. DNA replication in mammalian cells in the presence of cycloheximide. Exp. Cell Res. 80: 15–26.
Gefter, M. L., Hirota, Y., Kornberg, T., Wechsler, J. A., and Barnoux, C. 1971. Analysis of DNA polymerase II and III in mutants of E. coli. thermosensitive for DNA synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 3150–3153.
Gelderman, A. H., Rake, A. V., and Britten, R. J. 1971. Transcription of nonrepeated DNA in neonatal and fetal mice. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 172–176.
Georgiev, G. P., Ilyin, Y. V., Ryskov, A. P., Tehurikov, N. A., Yenikolopov, G. N., Gvozdev, V. A., and Ananiev, E. V. 1977. Isolation of eukaryotic DNA fragments containing structural genes and the adjacent sequences. Science. 195: 394–397.
Geraci, D., Eremenko, T., Cocchiara, R., Granieri, A., Scarano, F., and Volpe, P. 1974. Correlation between synthesis and methylation of DNA in HeLa cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 57: 353–358.
Getz, M. J., Birnie, G. D., and Paul, J. 1974. Transcription of in vitro. polyadenylated RNA with reverse transcriptase. Biochemistry. 13: 2235–2240.
Gierer, A. 1966. Model for DNA and protein interactions and the function of the operator. Nature. 212: 1480–1481.
Gilbert, W., and Maxam, A. 1973. The nucleotide sequence of the lac. operator. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 3581–3584.
Gilmour, R. S., and Paul, J. 1970. Role of non-histone components in determining organ specificity of rabbit chromatins. FEBS Lett. 9: 242–244.
Glickman, B. W. 1974. The role of DNA polymerase I in pyrimidine dimer excision and repair replication in E. coli. K12 following ultraviolet irradiation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 335: 115–122.
Goebel, W. 1974. Studies on the initiation of plasmid DNA replication. Eur. J. Biochem. 41: 51–62.
Goebel, W., Royer-Pokora, B., Lindenmaier, W., and Bujard, H. 1974. Plasmids controlling synthesis of hemolysin in E. coli: Molecular properties. J. Bact. 118: 964–973.
Gold, M., and Hurwitz, J. 1964a. Purification and properties of the DNA-methylating activity of E. coli. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 3858–3865.
Gold, M., and Hurwitz, J. 1964b. Further studies on the properties of the DNA methylation reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 3866–3874.
Gorovsky, M. A., Keevert, J. B., and Pleger, G. L. 1974. Histone F1 of Tetrahymena. macronudei. J. Cell. Biol. 61: 134–145.
Gottesfeld, J. M., Garrard, W. T., Bagi, G., Wilson, R. F., and Bonner, J. 1974. Partial purification of the template-active fraction of chromatin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 2193–2197.
Gough, H. M., and Lederberg, S. 1966. Methylated bases in the host-modified DNA of E. coli. and bacteriophage Jt J. Bact. 91: 1460–1468.
Goulian, M., Lucas, Z. J., and Kornberg, A. 1968. Purification and properties of DNA polymerase induced by infection with phage T4. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 627–638.
Green, G., and Mahler, H. R. 1971. Conformational changes of DNA and polydeoxynucleotides in water and ethylene glycol. Biochemistry. 10: 2200–2216.
Grippo, P., Locorotondo, G., and Caruso, A. 1975. Characterization of the two major DNA polymerase activities in oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis. FEBS Lett. 51: 137–142.
Gronow, M., and Thackrah, T. 1973. The nonhistone nuclear proteins of some rat tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 158: 377–386.
Grossman, L., Garvick, B. M., Ono, H. K., Braun, A. G., Hamilton, L. D. G., and Mahler, I. 1973. Mechanisms of excision-repair. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 27–34.
Gulati, S. C., Kacian, D. L., and Spiegelman, S 1974. Conditions of using DNA polymerase I as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 1035–1039.
Hachmann, H. J., and Lezius, A. G. 1975. High-molecular-weight DNA polymerases from mouse myeloma. Purification and properties of three enzymes. Eur. J. Biochem. 50: 357–366.
Haggis, G. H., Michie, D., Muir, A. R., Roberts, K. B., and Walker, P. B. M. 1964. Introduction to Molecular Biology. London, Longmans.
Hall, R. H. 1971. The Modified Nucleosides in Nucleic Acids. New York, Columbia University Press.
Hamilton, L., Mahler, I., and Grossman, L. 1974. The biochemical and biological repair properties of a DNA polymerase from Micrococcus luteus. Biochemistry. 13: 1886–1896.
Hamilton, R. T., and Wu, R. 1974. Conditions for the incorporation of ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides into single-stranded areas of long double-stranded DNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 2466–2472.
Hand, R., and Tamm, I. 1973. DNA replication. J. Cell Biol. 58: 410–418.
Hand, R., and Tamm, I. 1974. Initiation of DNA replication in mammalian cells and its inhibition by reovirus infection. J. Mol. Biol. 82: 175–183.
Harbers, E., and Vogt, M. 1966. Studies on the properties of nucleohistones. In: Busch, H., ed., The Cell Nucleus., New York, Academic Press, p. 165–177.
Hardin, J. A., Einem, G. E., and Lindsay, D. T. 1967. Simultaneous synthesis of histone and DNA in synchronously dividing Tetrahymena pyriformis. J. Cell Biol. 32: 709–717.
Harris, H. 1974. Nucleus and Cytoplasm. 3rd Ed. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Hayes, W. 1966. Introduction: What are. episomes and plasmids? In: Wolstenholme, G. E. W., and M. O’Connor, Bacterial Episomes and Plasmids., London, J. & A. Churchill, Ltd., p. 4–8.
Hayman, D. L., and Martin, P. G. 1965. Sex chromosome mosaicism in the marsupial genera Isoodon and Perameles. Genetics. 52: 1201–1206.
Heitz, E. 1934. Über a-.und ß-heterochromatin sowie Konstanz und Bau der Chromomeren bei Drosophila. Biol. Zentralbl. 54: 588–609.
Heitz, E. 1942. Über mutative Intersexualität und Sexualität und Geschlecht-sunwandlung bei den Lebermoosen Pellia neesiana. und Sphaerocarpus donnellii. Naturwissenschaften. 30: 751.
Helinski, D. R., and Clewell, D. B. 1971. Circular DNA. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 40: 899–942.
Helinstetter, C. E. 1974. Initiation of chromosome replication in E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 84: 1–19.
Hendler, R. W., Pereira, M., and Scharff, R. 1975. DNA synthesis involving a complexed form of DNA polymerase I in extracts of E. coli. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 72: 2099–2103.
Henneberry, R. C., and Carlton, B. C. 1973. Characterization of the polydisperse closed circular DNA molecules of Bacillus megaterium. J. Bact. 114: 625–631.
Hennig, W. 1972. Highly repetitive DNA sequences in the genome of Drosophila hydei. J. Mol. Biol. 71: 419–432.
Hennig, W., Hennig, I., and Stern, H. 1970. Repeated sequences in DNA of Drosophila. and their localization in giant chromosomes. Chromosoma. 32: 31–63.
Hereford, L. M., and Hartwell, L. H. 1973. Role of protein synthesis in the replication of yeast DNA. Nature New Biol. 244: 129–131.
Hereford, L. M., and Hartwell, L. H. 1974. Sequential gene function in the initiation of S. cerevisiae. DNA synthesis. J. Mol. Biol. 84: 445–461.
Hershfield, M. S., and Nossal, N. G. 1972. Hydrolysis of template and newly synthesized DNA by the 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 3393–3403.
Hewish, D. R., and Burgoyne, L. A. 1973. Chromatin substructure. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 52: 504–510.
Heyden, H. W., and Zachau, H. 1971. Characterization of RNA in fractions of calf thymus chromatin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 232: 651–660.
Hohmann, P., Tobey, R. A., and Gurley, L. R. 1976. Phosphorylation of distinct regions of fl histone. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3685–3692.
Holliday, R., and Pugh, J. E. 1975. DNA modification mechanisms and gene activity during development. Science. 187: 226–232.
Holmes, D. S., Mayfield, J. E., Sander, G., and Bonner, J. 1972. Chromosomal RNA: Its properties. Science. 177: 72–74.
Honda, B. M., Baillie, D. L., and Candido, E. P. M. 1974. The subunit structure of chromatin. FEBS Lett. 48: 156–159.
Hori, T., and Lark, K. G. 1973. Effect of puromycin on DNA replication in Chinese hamster cells. J. Mol. Biol. 77: 391–404.
Howard, A., and Pelc, S. R. 1953. Synthesis of DNA in normal and irradiated cells and its relation to chromosome breakage. Heredity., Suppl. 6: 261–273.
Huang, R. C. 1969. Effect of protein-bound RNA associated with chick embryo chromatin on template specificity of the chromatin. J. Mol. Biol. 39: 365–378.
Huberman, J. A. 1973. Structure of chromosome fibers and chromosomes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 42: 335–378.
Huberman, J. A., Kornberg, A., and Albert, B. 1971. Stimulation of T4 bacteriophage DNA polymerase by the protein product of T4 gene 32. J. Mol. Biol. 62: 39–52.
Huberman, J. A., and Riggs, A. D. 1968. On the mechanism of DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes. J. Mol. Biol. 32: 327–341.
Hurwitz, J., and Wickner, S. 1974. Involvement of two protein factors and ATP in in vitro. DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase III of E. coli. Proc. Nat. Arad. Sci. USA. 71: 6–10.
Huzyk, L., and Clark, D. J. 1971. Nucleoside triphosphate pools in synchronous cultures of E. coli. J. Bact. 108: 74–81.
Hwang, K. M., Murphree, S. A., Shansky, C. W., and Sartorelli, A. C. 1974. Sequential biochemical events related to DNA replication in the regenerating rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 366: 143–148.
Ihler, G., and Kawaii, Y. 1971. Alternate fates of the complementary strands of k DNA after infection of E. coli, J. Mol. Biol. 61: 311–328.
Ilyin, Y. V., Varshaysky, A. Y., Mickelsaar, U. N., and Georgiev, G. P. 1971. Studies on deoxyribonucleoprotein structure. Eur. J. Biochem. 22: 235–245.
Imai, H. T. 1975. Evidence for nonrandom localization of the centromere on mammalian chromosomes, J. Theor. Biol. 49: 111–123.
Jackson, V., Shires, A., Tanphaichitr, N., and Chalkley, R. 1976. Modifications to histones immediately after synthesis. J. Mol. Biol. 104: 471–483.
Jacob, F., and Monod, J. 1961. Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 3: 318–356.
Japha, G. 1939. Die Meiosis bei Oenothera. Zeit. Bot. 34: 321–369.
Jerzmanowski, A., Staron, K., Tyniec, B., Bernhardt-Smigielska, J., and Toczko, K. 1976.
Subunit structure of Physarum polycephalum. chromatin. FEBS Lett. 62:251–254.
Jockusch, B. M., and Walker, I. O. 1974. The preparations and preliminary characterisation of chromatin from the slime mould Physarum polycephalum. Eur. J. Biochem. 48: 417–425.
Jones, D. D. 1975. Amino acid properties and side chain orientation in proteins. J. Theor. Biol. 50: 167–183.
Jones, K. W. 1970. Chromosomal and nuclear location of mouse satellite DNA in individual cells. Nature. 225: 912–915.
Kalf, G. F., and Ch’ih, F. F. 1968. Purification and properties of DNA polymerase from rat liver mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 243: 4904–4916.
Kalt, M. R., and Gall, J. G. 1974. Observations on early germ cell development and premeiotic ribosomal DNA amplification in Xenopus laevis. J. Cell Biol. 62: 460–472.
Kalousek, F., and Morris, N. R. 1968. DNA methylase activity in rat spleen. J. Biol. Chem. 143: 2440–2442.
Kamiyama, M., Dastugue, B., Defer, N., and Kruh, J. 1972. Liver chromatin non-histone proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 277: 576–583.
Kaplan, J. C., Kushner, S. R., and Grossman, L. 1969. Purification of two enzymes involved in the excision of thymine dimers from UV-irradiated DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 63: 144–151.
Kappler, J. W. 1970. The kinetics of DNA methylation in cultures of a mouse adrenal cell line. J. Cell Physiol. 75: 21–32.
Kaye, A. M., Salomon, R., and Fridlender, B. 1967. Base composition and presence of methylated bases in DNA from a blue-green alga Plectronema boryanum. J. Mol. Biol. 24: 479–484.
Keir, H. M. 1965. DNA polymerases from mammalian cells. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. 4: 82–128.
Keir, H. M., Smellie, R. M. S., and Siebert, G. 1962. Intracellular location of DNA nucleotidyltransferase. Nature. 196: 752–754.
Keller, W. 1972. RNA-primed DNA synthesis in vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 1560–1564.
Kelly, R. B., Atkinson, M. R., Huberman, J. A., and Kornberg, A. 1969. Excision of thymine dimers and other mismatched sequences by DNA polymerase of E. coli. Nature. 224: 495–501.
Kelner, A. 1949a. Effect of visible light on the recovery of Streptomyces griseus. conidia from ultraviolet irradiation injury. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 35: 73–79.
Kelner, A. 1949b. Photoreactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated E. coli., with special reference to the dose-reduction principle and to ultraviolet-induced mutation. J. Bact. 58: 511–522.
Kierzenbaum, A. L., and Tres, L. L. 1975. Structural and transcriptional features of the mouse spermatid genome. J. Cell Biol. 65: 258–270.
Kim, J. H., Gelbard, A. S., and Perez, A. G. 1968. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by actinomycin D and cycloheximide in synchronized HeLa cells. Exp. Cell Res. 53: 478–487.
Kirtikar, D. M., Slaughter, J., and Goldthwait, D. A. 1975. Endonuclease II of E. coli: Degradation of y-irradiated DNA. Biochemistry. 14: 1235–1244.
Kit, S. 1961. Equilibrium sedimentation in density gradients of DNA preparations from animal tissues. J. Mol. Biol. 3: 711–716.
Klein, A., and Sauerbier, W. 1965. Role of methylation in host controlled modification of phage Ti. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 18: 440–445.
Klenow, H., and Overgaard-Hansen, K. 1973. Concerted effect of pancreatic DNase and the large fragment of DNA polymerase I. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 13–25.
Klett, R. P., Cerami, A., and Reich, E. 1968. Exonuclease VI, a new nuclease activity associated with E. coli. DNA polymerase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 60: 943–950.
Knippers, R. 1970. DNA polymerase II. Nature. 228: 1050–1053.
Koch. J. 1973. Cytoplasmic DNAs consisting of unique nuclear sequences in hamster cells. FEBS Lett. 32: 22–26.
Koch, J., and Götz, D. 1972. Transport of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm in animal cells. FEBS Lett. 27: 9–12.
Koch, J., and von Pfeil, H. 1972. Transport of nuclear DNA into the cytoplasm in cultured animal cells. FEBS Lett. 24: 53–56.
Koike, K., and Wolstenholme, D. R. 1974. Evidence for discontinuous replication of circular mitochondrial DNA molecules from Novikoff rat ascites hepatoma cells. J. Cell Biol. 61: 14–25.
Kolata, G. B. 1974. Lac system: New research on how a protein binds to DNA. Science. 184: 52–53.
Kornberg, A. 1957. Pyrophosphorylases and phosphorylases in biosynthetic reactions. Adv. Enzymol. 18: 191–240.
Kornberg, A. 1961. The Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA., London, John Wiley & Sons.
Kornberg, A. 1966. The biosynthesis of DNA. In: Koningsberger, V. V., and L. Bosch, eds., Regulation of Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis., Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Co., p. 22–38.
Kornberg, A. 1969. Active center of DNA polymerase. Science., 163: 1410–1418.
Kornberg, R. D. 1974. Chromatin structure: A repeating unit of histones and DNA. Science. 184: 868–871.
Kornberg, R. D., and Thomas, J. O. 1974. Chromatin structure: Oligomers of the histones. Science. 184: 865–868.
Kornberg, T., and Gefter, M. L. 1971. Properties of DNA polymerase III. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 761–764.
Kornberg, T., and Gefter, M. L. 1974. DNA polymerase II (E. coli. K12). Methods Enzymol. 29: 22–26.
Kornberg, T., Lockwood, A., and Worcel, A. 1974. Replication of the E. coli. chromosome with a soluble enzyme system. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 3189–3193.
Koslov, A. V., and Svetlikova, S. B. 1974. Properties and composition of DNP of Escherichia coli. B. J. Mol. Biol. 7: 519–526.
Kössel, H., and Roychoudhury, R. 1974. Proofreading function of DNA polymerase I from E. coli, J. Biol. Chem. 249: 4049–4099.
Kostraba, N. C., Montagna, R. A., and Wang, T. Y. 1975. Study of the loosely bound non-histone chromatin proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 1548–1555.
Kowalski, C. J., and Cheevers, W. P. 1976. Synthesis of high molecular weight DNA strands during S phase. J. Mol. Biol. 104: 603–615.
Kowalski, C. J., Nasjleti, C. E., and Harris, J. E. 1976. Human chromosomes. Evidence for autosomal sexual dimorphism. Exp. Cell Res. 100: 56–62.
Kriegstein, H. J., and Hogness, D. S. 1974. Mechanism of DNA replication in Drosophila. chromosomes: Structure of replication forks and evidence for bidirectionality. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 135–139.
Kuprijanova, N. S., and Timofieva, M. J. 1974. Repeated nucleotide sequences in the loach genome. Eur. J. Biochem. 44: 59–65.
Kurashige, S., and Mitsuhashi, S. 1973. The possible presence of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in the immune response. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 17: 105–109.
LaCour, L. F., and Wells, B. 1974. Fine structure and staining behaviour of heterochromatic segments in two plants. J. Cell Sci. 14: 505–521.
Laland, S. G., Overend, W. G., and Webb, M. 1952. The properties and composition of the DNAs from certain animal, plant, and bacterial sources. J. Chem. Soc. 1952: 3224–3231.
Lange, C. S. 1974. The organization and repair of mammalian DNA. FEBS Lett. 44: 153–156.
Langridge, R., Wilson, H. R., Hooper, C. W., and Wilkins, M. H. F. 1960a. X-ray diffraction study of a crystalline form of the lithium salt. J. Mol. Biol. 2: 19–37.
Langridge, R., Marvin, D. A., Seeds, W. E., Wilson, H. R., Hooper, C. W., Wilkins, M. H. F., and Hamilton, L. D. 1960b. Molecular models and their Fourier transforms. J. Mol. Biol. 2: 38–62.
Lark, C. 1968a. Studies on the in vivo. methylation of DNA in E. coli. 15T- J. Mol. Biol. 31: 389–400.
Lark, C. 1968b. Effects of methionine analogs, ethionine and norleucine, on DNA synthesis in E. coli. 15T-. J. Mol. Biol. 31: 401–414.
Leavitt, R. W., Wohlhieter, J. A., Johnson, E. M., Olson, G. E., and Baron, L. S. 1971. Isolation of circular DNA from Salmonella typhosa. hybrids obtained from matings with E. coli. Hfr donors. J. Bact. 108: 1357–1365.
Ledoux, L., Huart, R., and Jacobs, M. 1974. DNA-mediated genetic correction of thiamineless Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 249: 17–21.
Lee, C. S., and Collins, L. 1977. Q- and C-bands in the metaphase chromosomes of Drosophila nasutoides. Chromosoma. 61: 57–60.
Lehman, I. R. 1974a. T4 DNA polymerase. Methods Enzymol. 29: 46–53.
Lehman, I. R. 1974b. DNA ligase: Structure mechanism, and function. Science. 186: 790–797.
Lehman, I. R., and Stevens, S. 1975. Postreplication repair of DNA in chick cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 402: 179–187.
Leis, J., Berkower, I., and Hurwitz, J. 1973. Characterization of AMV stimulatory protein and RNase H-associated activity. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 287–308.
Lesk, A. M. 1974. A combinatorial study of the effects of admitting non-Watson-Crick base pairings and of base composition on the helix-forming potential-polynucleotides of random sequence, J. Theory Biol. 44: 7–17.
Lett, J. T., Klucis, E. S., and Sun, C. 1970. On the size of the DNA in the mammalian chromosome structural subunits. Biophys. J. 10: 277–292.
Levinthal, C., and Crane, H. R. 1956. On the unwinding of DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 42: 436–438.
Lezius, A. G., and Scheit, K. H. 1967. Enzymatic synthesis of DNA with 4-thio-thymidine triphosphate as substitute for dTTP. Eur. J. Biochem. 3: 85–94.
Li, H. J. 1977. Chromatin subunits. In: Li, H. J., and R. A. Eckhardt, eds., Chromatin and Chromosome Structure., New York, Academic Press, p. 143–166.
Lieberman, M. W., and Poirier, M. C. 1974a. Distribution of deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis among repetitive and unique sequences in the human diploid genome. Biochemistry. 13: 3018–3023.
Lieberman, M. W., and Poirier, M. C. 1974b. Intragenomal distribution of DNA repair synthesis: Repair in satellite and mainband DNA in cultured mouse cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 2461–2465.
Lin, H. J. 1974. Isolation of a short, cytosine-rich repeating unit from the DNA of E. coli, Biochim, Biophys. Acta. 349: 13–22.
Lin, M. S., and Davidson, R. L. 1974. Centric fusion, satellite DNA, and DNA polarity in mouse chromosomes. Science. 185: 1179–1181.
Lindsay, J. G., Berryman, S., and Adams, R. L. P. 1970. Characteristics of DNA polymerase activity in nuclear and supernatant fractions of cultured mouse cells. Biochem. J. 119: 839–848.
Littlefield, J. W., and Jacobs, P. S. 1965. The relation between DNA and protein synthesis in mouse fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 108: 652–658.
Livingston, D. M., Hinkle, D. C., and Richardson, C. C. 1975. DNA polymerase III of E. coli. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 461–469.
Livingston, D. M., and Richardson, C. C. 1975. DNA polymerase III of E. coli. Characterization of associated exonuclease activities. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 470–478.
Lobeer, G. 1961. Struktur and Inhalt der Geschlectschromosomen. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Gesell. 59: 369–375.
Loeb, L. A. Tartof, K. D., and Travaglini, E. C. 1973. Copying natural RNAs with E. coli. DNA polymerase I. Nature New Biol. 242: 66–69.
Lohr, D., and Van Holde, K. E. 1975. Yeast chromatin subunit structure. Science. 188: 165–166.
Longuet-Higgins, H. C., and Zimm, B. H. 1960. Calculation of the rate of uncoiling of the DNA molecule. J. Mol. Biol. 2: 1–4.
Louarn, J.-M., and Bird, R. E. 1974. Size distribution and molecular polarity of newly replicated DNA in E. coli. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 329–333.
Low, R. L., Rashbaum, S. A., and Cozzarelli, N. R. 1976. Purification and characterization of DNA polymerase III from B. subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 1311–1325.
Luria, S. E. 1953. Host-induced modifications of viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 18: 237–244.
Luria, S. E., and Human, M. L. 1952. A nonhereditary, host-induced variation of bacterial viruses. J. Bact. 64: 557–569.
MacGillivray, A. J., and Rickwood, D. 1974. The heterogeneity of mouse-chromatin nonhistone proteins as evidenced by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and ion-exchange chromatography. Eur. J. Biochem. 41: 181–190.
Macgregor, H. C., and Kezer, J. 1971. The chromosomal localization of a heavy satellite DNA in the testis of Plethodon c. cinereus. Chromosoma. 33: 167–82.
Magnusson, G., Pigret, V., Winnacker, E. L., Abrams, R., and Reichard, P. 1973. RNA-linked short DNA fragments during polyoma replication. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci USA. 70: 412–415.
Maniloff, J. 1969. Collision lifetimes and recognition times for macromolecular synthesis. J. Theor. Biol. 25: 339–342.
Marinus, M. G., and Morris, N. R. 1974. Biological function for 6-methyladenine residues in the DNA of E. coli. K12. J. Mol. Biol. 85: 309–322.
Marushige, Y., and Marushige, K. 1974. Properties of chromatin isolated from bull spermatozoa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 340: 498–508.
Marvin, D. A., Spencer, M., Wilkins, M. H. F., and Hamilton, L. D. 1961. The molecular configuration of DNA: X-ray diffraction study of the C form of the lithium salt. J. Mol. Biol. 3: 547–565.
Marzluff, W. F., White, E. L., Benjamin, R., and Huang, R. C. C. 1975. Low molecular weight RNA species from chromatin. Biochemistry. 14: 3715–3724.
Massie, H. R., Thompson, D. S., and Colarusso, L. J. 1975. Discontinuous DNA replication and molecular events preceding DNA replication in B. subtilis. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167: 213–229.
Masters, M., and Broda, P., 1971. Evidence for the bidirectional replication of the E. coli. chromosome. Nature New Biol. 232: 137–140.
Mayer, R. J., Smith, R. G., and Gallo, R. C. 1974. Reverse transcriptase in normal rhesus monkey placenta. Science. 185: 864–867.
Mayfield, J., and Bonner, J. 1972. A partial sequence of nuclear events in regenerating rat liver. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 7–10.
Mazia, D. 1974. The cell cycle. Sci. Am. 230. (I): 54–64.
McGavin, S. 197la. Models of specifically paired like (homologous) nucleic acid structures. J. Mol. Biol. 55: 293–298.
McGavin, S. 1971b. A four strand nucleic acid model with a specific pairing of like Watson-Crick double helices and its properties. First Eur. Biophys. Congr., Baden, Austria., p. 259–262.
McGavin, S. 1973. An attitude to nucleic acid models. Bull. Math. Biol. 35: 407–409.
McGavin, S., Wilson, H. R., and Barr, G. C. 1966. Intercalated nucleic acid double helices: A sterochemical possibility. J. Mol. Biol. 22: 187–191.
McGhee, J. D., and Engel, J. D. 1975. Subunit structure of chromatin is the same in plants and animals. Nature. 254: 449–450.
Meltz, M. L., and Painter, R. B. 1973. Distribution of repair replication in the HeLa cell genome. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 23: 637–640.
Meselson, M., Yuan, R., and Heywood, J. 1972. Restriction and modification of DNA. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 41: 447–466.
Messing, J., Staudenbauer, W. L., and Hofschneider, P. H. 1974. Replication of the minicircular DNA of E. coli 15. Eur. J. Biochem. 44: 293–297.
Metz, C. W. 1938. Chromosome behavior, inheritance, and sex determination in Sciara, Am. Nat. 72: 485–520.
Meynell, E., Meynell, G. G., and Datta, N. 1968. Phylogenetic relationships of drug-resistant factors and other transmissible bacterial plasmids. Bacteriol. Rev. 32: 55–83.
Meynell, G. G. 1973. Bacterial Plasmids. Cambridge, Mass., The M. I. T. Press.
Michalke, H., and Bremer, H. 1969. RNA synthesis in E. coli. after irradiation with ultraviolet light. J. Mol. Biol. 41: 1–23.
Miller, O. J., Schnedl, W., Allen, J., and Erlanger, B. F. 1974. 5-methylcytosine localised in mammalian constitutive heterochromatin. Nature. 251: 636–637.
Miller, S. L., and Orgel, L. E. 1974. The Origins of Life on the Earth., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Minato, S., and Werbin, H. 1971. Spectral properties of the chromophoric material associated with the DNA photoreactivating enzyme isolated from baker’s yeast. Biochemistry. 10: 4503–4508.
Mitchison, J. M. 1971. The Biology of the Cell Cycle., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Mizuno, N. S., Stoop, C. E., and Sinha, A. A. 1971. DNA synthesis associated with the nuclear envelope. Nature New Biol. 229: 22–24.
Moll, R., and Wintersberger, E. 1976. Synthesis of yeast histones in the cell cycle. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 73: 1863–1867.
Momparler, R. L., Rossi, M., and Labitan, A. 1973. Partial purification and properties of two forms of DNA polymerase from calf thymus. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 285–293.
Monahan, J. J., and Hall, R. H. 1973. Chromatin low molecular weight RNA components. Can. J. Biochem. 51: 903–912.
Monahan, J. J., and Hall, R. H. 1974a. Chromatin, and gene regulation in eukaryotic cells at the transcriptional level. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 2: 67–112.
Monahan, J. J., and Hall, R. H. 1974b. An RNA fraction in chromatin of L-929 cells associated with DNA. Nucleic Acid Res. 1: 1421–1437.
Monahan, J. J., and Hall, R. H. 1975. A high molecular weight RNA fraction in chromatin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 383: 40–55.
Monesi, V. 1969. DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis during the mitotic cell cycle. In: Lima-deFaria, A., ed., Handbook of Molecular Cytology., Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co., p. 472–499.
Monty, K. J., Litt, M., Kay, E. R. M., and Dounce, A. L. 1956. Isolation and properties of liver cell nucleoli. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cyt. 2: 127–145.
Moore, D. 1974. Dynamic unwinding of DNA helices: A mechanism of genetic recombination. J. Theor. Biol. 43: 167–186.
Moritz, K. B., and Roth, G. E. 1976. Complexity of germline and somatic DNA in Ascaris. Nature. 259: 55–57.
Moses, R. E. 1974. The isolation and properties of DNA polymerase II from E. coli. Methods Enzymol. 29: 13–22.
Mowbray, S. L., Berbi, S. A., and Landy, A. 1975. Interdigitated repeated sequences in bovine satellite DNA. Nature. 253: 367–370.
Mueller, G. C., Kajiwara, K., Stubblefield, E., and Rueckert, R. R. 1962. The effect of puromycin on the duplication of DNA. Cancer Res. 22: 1084–1090.
Nagl, W. 1974. DNA synthesis in tissue and cell cultures. In: Street, H. E., ed., Tissue Culture and Plant Science., New York, Academic Press, p. 19–42.
Nagl, W. 1975. Organization and replication of the eukaryotic chromosome. Prog. Bot. 37: 186–210.
Nath, K., and Hurwitz, J. 1974. Covalent attachment of polyribonucleotides to polydeoxyribonucleotides catalyzed by DNA ligase. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 3680–3688.
Nes, I. F., and Kleppe, K. 1974. Multiple DNA polymerases in Actinobacter calcoaceticus. FEBS Lett. 43: 180–184.
Neskovié, B. A. 1968. Developmental phases in intermitosis and the preparation for mitosis of mammalian cells in vitro. Int. Rev. Cytol. 24: 71–97.
Neubort, S., and Bases, R. 1974. RNA-DNA covalent complexes in HeLa cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 340: 31–39.
Neuhard, J. 1966. On the regulation of the deoxyadenosine triphosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate pools in E. coli. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 129: 104–115.
Newlon, C. S., Petes, T. D., Hereford, L. M., and Fangman, W. L. 1974. Replication of yeast chromosomal DNA. Nature. 247: 32–35.
Nexe; B. A. 1975. Ribo-and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate pools in synchronized populations of Tetrahymena pyriformis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 378: 12–17.
Nilsson, J. R. 1970. Suggestive structural evidence for macronuclear “subnuclei” in Tetrahymena pyriformis. J. Protozool. 17: 539–548.
Noguti, T., and Kada, T. 1975. A cellular factor acting on y-irradiated DNA and promoting its priming activity for DNA polymerase I. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 395: 284–293.
Noll, M. 1974. Subunit structure of chromatin. Nature. 251: 249–251.
Novick, R. P. 1969. Extrachromosomal inheritance in bacteria. Bact. Rev. 33: 210–263.
Nusslein, V., Otto, B., Bonhoeffer, F., and Schaller, H. 1971. Function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication. Nature New Biol. 234: 285–286.
O’Brien, R. L., Sanyal, A. B., and Stanton, R. H. 1972. Association of DNA with the nuclear membrane of HeLa cells. Exp. Cell Res. 70: 106–112.
Okazaki, R., Okazaki, T., Sakabe, K., Sugimoto, K., Kainuma, R., Sugino, A., and Iwatsuki, N. 1968a. In vivo mechanism of DNA chain growth. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 33: 129–143.
Okazaki, R., Okazaki, T., Sakabe, K., Sugimoto, K., and Sugino, A. 1968b. Possible discontinuity and unusual secondary structure of newly synthesized DNA chains. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 59: 598–605.
Okazaki, T., and Kornberg, A. 1964. Purification and properties of a polymerase from B. subtilis. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 259–268.
Olins, A. L., and Olins, D. E. 1973. Spheroid chromatin units (v bodies). J. Cell Biol. 59: 252a.
Olins, A. L., Senior, M. B., and Olins, D. E. 1976. Ultrastructural features of chromatin v bodies. J. Cell Biol. 68: 787–792.
Olivera, B. M., and Bonhoeffer, F. 1974. Replication of E. coli. requires DNA polymerase I. Nature. 250: 513–514.
Pardon J. F., and Wilkins, M. H. F. 1972. A supercoil model for nucleohistone. J. Mol. Biol. 68: 115–124.
Pardue, M. L., and Gall, J. G. 1970. Chromosomal localization of mouse satellite DNA. Science. 168: 1356–1358.
Pearson, C. K., Davis, P. B., Taylor, A., and Amos, N. A. 1976. The involvement of RNA in the initiation of DNA synthesis in mammalian cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 62: 451–459.
Pearson, G. D., and Hanawalt, P. C. 1971. Isolation of DNA replication complex from uninfected and adenovirus-infected HeLa cells. J. Mol. Biol. 62: 65–80.
Perlgut, L. E., Byers, D. L., Jope, R. S., and Khamvinwathna, V. 1975. Formation of triple-stranded bovine DNA in vitro. Nature. 254: 86–87.
Pettersson, U. 1973. Some unusual properties of replicating adenovirus type 2 DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 81., 521–527.
Pettijohn, D. E., Hecht, R. M., Stonington, O. G., and Stamato, T. D. 1973. Factors stabilizing DNA folding in bacterial chromosomes. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 145–162.
Pflug, H. D., Meinel, W., Neumann, K. H., and Meinel, M. 1969. Entwicklungstendenzen des Frühen Lebens auf der Erde. Naturwissenschaften. 56: 10–14.
Philippsen, P., Streeck, R. E., and Zachau, H. G. 1974. Defined fragments of calf, human, and rat DNA produced by restriction nucleases. Eur. J. Biochem. 45: 479–488.
Piessens, J. P., and Eker, A. P. M. 1975. Photoreactivation of template activity of UV-irradiated DNA in an RNA-polymerase system. FEBS Lett. 50: 125–129.
Pimpinelli, S., Gatti, M., De Marco, A. 1975. Evidence for heterogeneity in heterochromatin of D. melanogaster. Nature. 256: 335–337.
Pivec, L., Horskâ, K., Vítek, A., and Doskoéil, J. 1974. Plurimodal distribution of base composition in DNA of some higher plants. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 340: 199–206.
Platz, R., Stein, G. S., and Kleinsmith, L. J. 1973. Changes in the phosphorylation of nonhistone chromatin proteins during the cell cycle of HeLa S3 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 51: 735–740.
Poiesz, B. J., Seal, G., and Loeb, L. A. 1974. Reverse transcriptase: Correlation of zinc content with activity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 4892–4896.
Pospelor, V. A., Svetlikova, S. B., and Vorob’ev, V. I. 1977. Heterogeneity of chromatin subunits. FEBS Lett. 74: 229–233.
Poulson, R., Krasny, J., and Zbarsky, S. H. 1974. Characterisation of nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA polymerases from rat intestinal mucosa. Can. J. Biochem. 52: 162–169.
Prescott, D. M. 1966. The syntheses of total macronuclear protein, histone, and DNA during the cell cycle in Euplotes eurystomus. J. Cell Biol. 3: 1–9.
Prescott, D. M. 1973. The cell cycle in amoebae. In: Jeon, K. W., ed., The Biology of Amoeba., New York, Academic Press, p. 467–478.
Price, T. D., Darmstadt, R. A., Hinds, H. A., and Zamenhof, S. 1967. Mechanism of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 242: 140–151.
Pulleyblank, D. E., and Morgan, A. R. 1975. The sense of naturally occurring super-helices and the unwinding angle of intercalated ethidium. J. Mol. Biol. 91: 1–13.
Rae, P. M. M. 1966. Whole mount electronmicroscopy of Drosophila. salivary chromosomes. Nature. 212: 139–142.
Rae, R. M. M. 1973. 5-hydroxymethyluracil in the DNA of a dinoflagellate. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 1141–1145.
Rastogi, A. K., and Koch, J. 1974. Generation in vivo of “covalently closed” circular mitochondria) DNA free of superhelical turns. Eur. J. Biochem. 46: 583–588.
Reeves, R., and Jones, A. 1976. Genomic transcriptional activitiy and the structure of chromatin. Nature. 260: 495–500.
Richardson, C. C., Campbell, J. L., Chase, J. W., Hinkle, D. C., Livingston, D. M., Muleahy, H. L., and Shizuya, H. 1973. DNA polymerases of E. coli. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 65–69.
Ris, H. 1955. The submicroscopic structure of chromosomes. In: Hogeboom, G. H. et al., eds., Symposium on the Fine Structure of Cells., New York, Interscience, p. 160–167.
Ris, H. 1959. Microstructure of the nucleus during spermiogenesis. Colloq. Ges. Physiol. Chem. 9: 1–30.
Ris, H. 1966. Fine structure of chromosomes. Proc. Roy, Soc. Lond. B164: 246–257.
Ris, H., and Chandler, B. L. 1963. The ultrastructure of genetic systems in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28: 1–8.
Robbins, E., and Scharff, M. D. 1966. Some macromolecular characteristics of synchronized HeLa cells. In: Cameron, I., and G. Padilla, eds., Cell Synchrony., New York, Academic Press, Inc. p. 353–374.
Robson, B. 1974. Analysis of the code relating sequence to conformation in globular proteins. Biochem. J. 141: 853–867.
Robson, B., and Pain, R. H. 1974a. Analysis of the code relating sequence to conformation in the globular proteins. Development of a stereochemical alphabet on the basis of intra-residue information. Biochem. J. 141: 869–882.
Robson, B., and Pain, R. H. 1974b. An informational analysis of the residue in determining the conformation of its neighbors in the primary sequence. Biochem. J. 141: 883–897.
Robson, B., and Pain, R. H. 1974c. The distribution of residue pairs in turns and kinks in the backbone chain. Biochem. J. 141: 899–904.
Rodriguez, L. V., and Becker, F. F. 1976. Rat liver chromatin. Distribution of histone and nonhistone proteins in eu-and heterochromatin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 173: 438–447.
Rosenberg, E. 1965. D-mannose as a constituent of the DNA of a mutant strain of bacteriophage SP8. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 53: 836–841.
Rosenberg, J. M., Seeman, N. C., Kim, J. J. P., Suddath, F. L., Nicholas, H. B., and Rich, A. 1973. Double helix at atomic resolution. Nature. 243: 150–154.
Roth, R. 1973. Chromosome replication during meiosis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 3087–3091.
Roychoudhury, R. 1973. Transcriptional role in DNA replication. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 84658473.
Rubinow, S. I., and Yen, A. 1972. Quantitation of some DNA precursor data. Nature New Biol. 239: 73–74.
Rudner, R., Karkas, J. D., and Chargaff, E. 1968. Separation of B. subtilis DNA into complementary strands. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 60: 630–635.
Rudner, R., Karkas, I. D., and Chargaff, E. 1969. Separation of microbial DNAs into complementary strands. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 63: 152–159.
Russell, G. J., McGeoch, D. J., Elton, R. A., and Subak-Sharpe, J. H. 1973. Doublet frequency analysis of bacterial DNAs. J. Mol. Evol. 2: 277–292.
Sadowski, P., McGeer, A., and Becker, A. 1974. Terminal cross-linking of DNA catalyzed by an enzyme system containing DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, and exonuclease of bacteriophage T7. Can J. Biochem. 52: 525–535.
Sager, R. 1972. Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles, New York, Academic Press.
Sager, R., and Kitchin, R. 1975. Selective silencing of eukaryotic DNA. Science. 189: 426–433.
Sager, R., and Lane, D. 1972. Molecular basis of maternal inheritance. Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. USA 69: 2410–2413.
Sager, R., and Ramanis, Z. 1974. Mutations that alter the transmission of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:4698-4702.
Saito, N., and Werbin, H. 1970. Purification of a blue-green algal DNA photo-reactivating enzyme. Biochemistry. 9: 2610–2620.
Sakamaki, T., Fukuei, K., Takahashi, N., and Tanifuji, S. 1975. Rapidly labeled intermediates in DNA replication in higher plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 395: 314–321.
Salser, W., Fry, K., Brunk, C., and Poon, R. 1972. Nucleotide sequencing of DNA: Preliminary characterization of the products of specific cleavages at guanine, cytosine, or adenine residues. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 238–242.
Salser, W., Fry, K., Wesley, R. D., and Simpson, L. 1973. Use of nucleic acid fingerprints to estimate the complexity of minicircle DNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 319: 267–280.
Salzman, N., Moore, D., and Mendelsohn, J. 1966. Isolation and characterization of human metaphase chromosomes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 56: 1449–1456.
Sato, S., Ariake, S., Saito, M., and Sugimura, T. 1972. RNA bound to nascent DNA in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 49: 827–834.
Saunders, G. F., Shirakawa, S., Saunders, P. P., Arrighi, F. E., and Hsu, T. C. 1972. Populations of repeated DNA sequences in the human genome. J. Mol. Biol. 63: 323–334.
Scarano, E. 1969. Ann. Embryol. Morphogén. Suppl. 1: 51–61.
Scarano, E., Iaccarino, M., Grippo, P., and Winckelmans, D. 1965. On methylation of DNA during development of the sea urchin embryo. J. Mol. Biol. 14: 603–607.
Schachman, H. K., Adler, J., Radding, C. M., Lehman, I. R., and Kornberg, A. 1960. Enzymatic synthesis of dexoyribonucleic acid J. Biol. Chem. 235: 3242–3249.
Scharff, M. D., and Robbins, E. 1965. Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in synchronized HeLa cells. Nature., 208: 464–466.
Scharff, M. D., and Robbins, E. 1966. Polyribosome disaggregation during metaphase. Science. 151: 992–995.
Schekman, R., Wickner, W., Westergaard, O., Brutlag, D., Geider, K., Bertsch, L. L., and Kornberg, A. 1972. Synthesis of 4X174 replicative form requires RNA synthesis resistant to rifampicin. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 2691–2695.
Schekman, R., Wickner, W., Westergaard, O., Brutlag, D., Geider K., Bertsch, L. L., and Kornberg, A. 1973. Initiation of DNA synthesis. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro., Baltimore, Md., University Park Press, p. 175–183.
Schekman, R., Weiner, A., and Kornberg, A. 1974. Multienzyme systems of DNA replication. Science. 186: 987–993.
Schweizer, D. 1973. Differential staining of plant chromosomes with Giemsa. Chromosoma. 40: 307–320.
Scolnick, E. M., Aaronson, S. A., Todaro, G. J., and Parks, W. P. 1971. RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity in mammalian cells. Nature. 229: 318–321.
Sedgwick, W. D., Wang, T. S., and Korn, D. 1972. Purification and properties of nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA polymerases from human KB cells. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 5026–5033.
Seki, S. and Mueller, G. C. 1975. A requirement for RNA protein and DNA synthesis in the establishment of DNA replicase activity in synchronized HeLa cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 378: 354–362.
Sen, A., and Levine, A. J. 1974. SV40 nucleoprotein complex activity unwinds superhelical turns in S V40 DNA. Nature. 249: 343–344.
Senior, M. B., Olins, A. L., and Olins, D. E. 1975. Chromatin fragments resembling y bodies. Science. 181: 173–175.
Setlow, P. 1974. DNA polymerase I from E. coli. Methods Enzymol. 29: 3–12.
Setlow, R. B. 1970. The photochemistry, photobidlogy, and repair of polynucleotides. Progr. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 8: 257–295.
Shea, M., and Kleinsmith, L. J. 1973. Template specific stimulation of RNA synthesis by phosphorylated nonhistone chromatin proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 50: 473–477.
Sheehans, D. M., and Olins, D. E. 1974. The binding of nuclear nonhistone protein to DNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 353: 438–446.
Sheid, B., Srinivasan, P. R., and Borek, E. 1968. DNA methylase of mammalian tissues. Biochemistry. 7: 280–285.
Shenkin, A., and Burdon, R. H. 1974. Deoxyadenylate-rich and deoxyguanylate-rich regions in mammalian DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 85: 19–39.
Shih, T. Y., and Fasman, G. D. 1971. C.D. studies of DNA complexes with arginine-rich histone IV. Biochemistry. 10: 1675–1683.
Shiosaka, T., Aoki, M., and Tujii, S. 1974. Decrease in molecular weight of cytoplasmic DNA polymerase on treatment with bromelain plus RNase and DNase. J. Biochem. 75: 1399–1401.
Shires, A., Carpenter, M. P., and Chalkley, R. 1975. New histones found in mature mammalian testes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 72: 2714–2718.
Sinclair, J., Wells, R., Deumling, B., and Ingle, J. 1975. The complexity of satellite DNA in a higher plant. Biochem. J. 149: 31–38.
Sinonaglu, O. 1968. Solvent effects on molecular associations. In: Pullman, B., ed., Molecular Associations in Biology., New York, Academic Press, p. 427–445.
Sinsheimer, R. L. 1959. A single-stranded DNA from bacteriophage 4X174. J. Mol. Biol. 1: 43–53.
Skinner, D. M., and Beattie, W. G. 1973. Cs2SO4 gradients containing both Hg2+ and Ag+ effect the complete separation of satellite DNAs having identical densities in neutral CsCl gradients. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 3108–3110.
Skinner, D. M., Beattie, W. G., Blattner, F. R., Stark, B. P., and Dahlberg, J. E. 1974. The repeat sequence of a hermit crab satellite DNA is (TAGG), (ATCC)n. Biochemistry. 13: 3930–3937.
Skinner, D. M., Beattie, W. G., Kerr, M. S., and Graham, D. E. 1970. Satellite DNAs in Crustacea: Two different satellites with the same density in neutral CsC1 gradients. Nature. 227: 837–839.
Smith, D. W., Schaller, H. E., and Bonhoeffer, F. J. 1970. DNA synthesis in vitro. Nature. 226: 711–713.
Smith, H. W., and Halls, S. 1967. The transmissible nature of the genetic factor in E. coli. that controls haemolysin production. J. Gen. Microbiol. 47: 153–161.
Smith-Sonneborn, J., and Klass, M. 1974. Changes in the DNA synthesis pattern of Paramecium. with increased clonal age and interfission time. J. Cell Biol. 61: 591–598.
Smythies, J. R., Benington, F., Bradley, R. J., Morin, R. D., and Romine, W. O. 1974a. On the mechanism of interaction between histone I and DNA and histone III and DNA. J. Theor. Biol. 47: 309–315.
Smythies, J. R., Benington, F., Bradley, R. J., Morin, R. D., and Romine, W. O. 1974b. On the mechanisms of interaction between histone IIB1 and DNA and histone IIB2 and DNA. J. Theor. Biol. 47: 383–395.
Söderhäll, S., and Lindahl, T. 1976. DNA ligases of eukaryotes. FEBS Lett. 67: 1–8.
Sotelo, J. R., 1969. Ultrastructure of the chromosomes at meiosis. In: Lima-de-Faria, A., ed., Handbook of Molecular Cytology., Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Co., p. 412–434.
Southern, E. M. 1970. Base sequence and evolution of guinea-pig a-satellite DNA. Nature. 227: 794–798.
Spadafora, C., and Geraci, G. 1975. The subunit structure of sea urchin sperm chromatin: A kinetic approach. FEBS Lett. 57: 79–82.
Spear, B. B., and Gall, J. G. 1973. Independent control of ribosomal gene replication in polytene chromosomes of D. melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 70: 1359–1363.
Sperling, R., and Bustin, M. 1974. Self assembly of histone F2a1. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 71: 4625–4629.
Spiegelman, S. 1971. DNA and the RNA viruses. Proc. Roy. Soc. London., B177: 87–108.
Spiegelman, S., Burny, A., Das, M. R., Kaydar, J., Schlom, J., Travnicek, M., and Watson, K. 1970a. Characterization of the products of RNA-directed DNA polymerases in oncogenic RNA viruses. Nature. 227: 563–567.
Spiegelman, S., Burny, A., Das, M. R., Kaydar, J., Schlom, J., Travnicek, M. and Watson, K. 1970b. Synthetic DNA-RNA hybrids and RNA-RNA duplexes as templates for the polymerases of the oncogenic RNA viruses. Nature. 228: 430–432.
Spiegelman, S., Watson, K. B., and Kacian, D. L. 1971. Synthesis of DNA complements of natural RNAs: A general approach. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 2843–2845.
Spiker, S. 1975. An evolutionary comparison of plant histones. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 400: 461–467.
Srinivasan, P. R., and Borek, E. 1966. Enzymatic alteration of macromolecular structure. Progr. Nucl. Acid Res. 5: 157–189.
Srivastava, B. I. S. 1974. Deoxynucleotide-polymerizing enzymes in normal and malignant human cells. Cancer Res. 34: 1015–1026.
Srivastava, B. I. S., and Bardos, T. J. 1973. Inhibition of some DNA polymerase activities from cultured Burkitt cells by thiolated RNAs. Life Sci. 13: 47–53.
Srivastava, B. I. S., and Minowada, J. 1972. Ribonuclease-sensitive endogenous DNA polymerase activity and DNA-directed DNA polymerase in human tissue culture cell lines. Cancer Res. 32: 2481–2486.
Stack, S. M. 1975. Differential Giemsa staining of kinetochores in meiotic chromosomes of two higher plants. Chromosoma. 51: 357–363.
Stack, S. M., and Clarke, C. R. I973a. Pericentromeric chromosome banding in higher plants. Can. J. Genet. Cyt. 15: 367–369.
Stack, S. M., and Clarke, C. R. 1973b. Differential Giemsa staining of the telomeres of Allium cepa. chromosomes. Can. J. Genet. Cyt. 15: 619–624.
Stack, S. M., Clarke, C. R., Cary, W. E., and Muffly, J. T. 1974. Different kinds of heterochromatin in higher plant chromosomes. J. Cell Sci. 14: 499–504.
Stein, G. S., and Baserga, R. B. 1970. The synthesis of acidic nuclear proteins in the prereplicative phase of the isoproterenol-stimulated salivary gland. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 6097–6105.
Stein, G. S., and Baserga, R. B. 1972. Nuclear proteins and the cell cycle. Adv. Cancer Res. 15: 287–319.
Stein, G. S., and Borun, T. W. 1972. The synthesis of acidic chromosomal proteins during the cell cycle of HeLa S-3 cells. J. Cell Biol. 52: 292–307.
Stein, G. S., and Farber, J. L. 1972. Role of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in the restriction of mitotic chromatin template activity. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 69: 2918–2921.
Stein, G. S., and Matthews, D. E. 1973. Nonhistone chromosomal protein synthesis: Utilization of preexisting and newly transcribed mRNAs. Science. 181: 71–73.
Stein, G. S., and Stein, J. 1976. Chromosomal proteins and their role in the regulation of gene expression. BioScience. 26: 488–498.
Stern, H., and Hotta, Y. 1973. Biochemical controls of meiosis. Ann. Rev. Gen. 7: 37–66.
Sternglanz, H., and Bugg, C. E. 1973. Conformation of N6-methyladenine, a base involved in DNA modification: restriction processes. Science. 182: 833–834.
Sternglanz, R., Wang, H. F., and Donegan, J. J. 1976. Evidence that both growing DNA chains at a replication fork are synthesized discontinuously. Biochemistry. 15: 1838–1843.
Stevens, L. 1970. The biochemical role of naturally occurring polyamines in nucleic acid synthesis. Biol. Rev. 45: 1–27.
Stone, L. B., Scolnick, E., Takemoto, K. K., and Aaronson, S. A. 1971. Visna virus: A slow virus with an RNA dependent DNA polymerase. Nature. 229: 257–258.
Stonington, O. G., and Pettijohn. D. E., 1971. The folded genome of E. coli. isolated in a proteinDNA-RNA complex. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 68: 6–9.
Strauss, B. S. 1968. DNA repair mechanisms and their relation to mutation and recombination. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 44: 1–85.
Sueoka, N. 1961. Variation and heterogeneity of base composition of DNAs: A compilation of old and new data. J. Mol. Biol. 3: 31–40.
Sundaralingam, M. 1969. Stereochemistry of nucleic acids and their constituents. IV. Allowed and preferred conformations of nucleosides, nucleoside mono-, di-, tri-, tetraphosphates, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides. Biopolymers. 7: 821–860.
Sutherland, B. M., Chamberlin, M. J., and Sutherland, J. C. 1973. DNA photoreactivating enzyme from E. coli. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 4200–4205.
Sutherland, B. M., Runge, P., and Sutherland, J. C. 1974. DNA photoactivating enzyme from placental mammals. Biochemistry. 13: 4710–4715.
Tait, R. C., Harris, A. L., and Smith, D. W. 1974. DNA repair in E. coli mutants deficient in DNA polymerases I, II, and/or III. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 675–679.
Tait, R. C., and Smith, D. W. 1974. Roles for E. coli polymerases I, II, and III in DNA replication. Nature. 249: 116–120.
Tavitian, A., Hamelin, R., Tchen, P., Olofsson, B., and Boiron, M. 1974. Extent of transcription of mouse sarcoma-leukemia virus by RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 71: 755–759.
Taylor, J. H., 1974. Units of DNA replication in chromosomes of eukaryotes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 37: 1–20.
Temin, H. M., and Mizutani, S. 1970. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature. 226: 1211–1213.
Temussi, P. A. 1975. Automatic comparison of the sequences of calf thymus histones. J. Theor. Biol. 50: 25–33.
Thomas, A. J., and Sherratt, H. S. A. 1956. The isolation of nucleic acid fractions from plant leaves and their purine and pyrimidine composition. Biochem. J. 62: 1–4.
Thrall, C. L., Park, W. D., Rashba, H. W., Stein, J. L., Mans, R. J., and Stein, G. S. 1974. In vitro. synthesis of DNA complementary to polyadenylated histone messenger RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 61: 1443–1449.
Tobin, R. S., and Seligy, V. L. 1975. Characterization of chromatin-bound erythrocyte histone V (f2c). J. Biol. Chem. 250: 358–364.
Tolstoshev, P., and Wells, J. R. E. 1974. Nature and origin of chromatin-associated RNA of avian reticulocytes. Biochemistry. 13: 103–111.
Tomilin, N. V., and Svetlova, M. P. 1974. On the mechanism of postreplication repair in E. coli cells. FEBS Lett. 43: 185–188.
Travaglini, E. C., and Loeb, L. A. 1974. RNA dependent DNA synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase I. Biochemistry. 13: 3010–3017.
Tsuruo, T., and Ukita, T. 1974. Purification and further characterization of three DNA polymerases of rat ascites hepatoma cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 353: 146–159.
Tunis, M. J. B., and Hearst, J. E. 1968. On the hydration of DNA. Biopolymers. 6: 1325–1344.
Tunis-Schneider, M. J. B., and Maestre, M. F. 1970. C.D. spectra of oriented and unoriented DNA films. J. Mol. Biol. 52: 521–541.
Vallentyne, J. R. 1956. Thermal degradation of amino acids. Cam. Inst. Year Book. 56: 185–186.
Vandergrift, V., Serra, M., Moore, D. S., and Wagner, T. E. 1974. The role of the arginine-rich histones in the maintenance of DNA conformation in chromatin. Biochemistry. 13: 5087–5092.
van de Sande, J. H., Lin, C. C., and Jorgenson, K. F. 1977. Reverse banding on chromosomes produced by a guanosine-cytosine specific DNA binding antibiotic. Science. 195: 400–402.
van der Vleiet, P. C., and Sussenbach, G. S. 1972. The mechanism of adenovirus DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Eur. J. Biochem. 33: 584–592.
van Holde, K. E., Sahasrabuddhe, C. G., Shaw, B. R., Van Bruggen, E. F. J., and Amberg, A. C. 1974. Electron microscopy of chromatin subunit particles. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 60: 1365–1370.
Vanyushin, B. F., and Belozerskii, A. N. 1959. A comparative study of the composition of RNA in higher plants. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 127: 196–199.
Vincent, W. S. 1952. The isolation and chemical properties of the nucleoli of starfish oocytes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 38: 139–145.
Viola, M. V. 1973. Reverse transcriptase and 70 S RNA in supernatant from a human cell line. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 50: 1175–1178.
Voet, D., and Rich, A. 1970. The crystal structures of purines, pyrimidines and their intermolecular complexes. Prog. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 10: 183–265.
Volpe, P., and Eremenko, T. 1974. Preferential methylation of regulatory genes in HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 44: 121–126.
Vorob’ev, V. I., and Kosjuk, G. N. 1974. Distribution of repetitive and non-repetitive nucleotide sequences in the DNA of sea urchin. FEBS Lett. 47: 43–46.
Vosa, C. G., and Marchi, P. 1972. Quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa staining in plants. Nature New Biol. 237: 191–192.
Votavovâ, H., and Sponar, J. 1974. Satellite components of calf thymus DNA. Chromatographic isolation of the native components and characterization of their sequence heterogeneity. Col. Czechoslov. Chem. Comm. 39: 2312–2324.
Votavovâ, H., and Sponar, J. 1975a. Reassociation kinetics of three satellite components of calf thymus DNA. Nucl. Acid Res. 2: 185–196.
Votavovâ, H., and Sponar, J. 1975b. Identification and separation of components of calf thymus DNA using a CsCl-netrospsin density gradient. Nucl. Acid. Res. 2: 431–446.
Wainfan, E., Srinivasan, P. R., and Borek, E. 1965. Alterations in tRNA methylases after bacteriophage infection or induction. Biochemistry. 4: 2845–2848.
Walker, P. M. B. 1969. The specificity of molecular hybridization in relation to studies on higher organisms. Progr. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 9: 301–328.
Walker, P. M. B. 1971. “Repetitive” DNA in higher organisms. Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 23: 145–190.
Wallace, P. G., Hewish, D. R., Yenning, M. M., and Burgoyne, L. A. 1971. Multiple forms of mammalian DNA polymerase. Biochem. J. 125: 47–54.
Wallace, R. D., and Kates, J. 1972. State of adenovirus 2 DNA in the nucleus and its mode of transcription. J. Virol. 9: 627–635.
Walton, S. W., 1971. Sex-chromosome mosaicism in pouch young of marsupials Peraméles and Isoodon. Cytogenetics. 10: 115–120.
Wang, H. F., and Popenoe, E. A. 1977. Variation of DNA polymerase activities during avian erythropoiesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 474: 98–108.
Wang, H. F., and Sternglanz, R. 1974. Thymine-labelled deoxyoligonucleotide involved in DNA chain growth in B. subtilis. Nature. 248: 147–150.
Wang, J. C. 1971. Interaction between DNA and an E. coli. protein ce. J. Mol. Biol. 55: 523–534.
Wang, J. C. 1973. Protein w: A DNA. In: Wells, R. D., and R. B. Inman, eds., DNA Synthesis in Vitro, Baltimore, Md., University Park Press., p. 163–174.
Waqar, M. A., and Huberman, J. A. 1973. Evidence for attachment of RNA to pulse-labeled DNA in slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 51. :174–181.
Ward, D. C., Humphries, D. C., and Weinstein, I. B. 1972. Synthetic RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in normal rat liver and hepatomas. Nature. 237: 499–503.
Warnecke, P., Kruse, K., and Harbers, E. 1973. Isolation and characterization of nonhistone proteins from euchromatic and heterochromatic deoxyribonucleo-protein of rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 331: 295–304.
Warner, H. P., and Barnes, J. E. 1966a. DNA synthesis in E. coli infected with some DNA polymerase-less mutants of bacteriophage T4. Virology. 28: 100–107.
Warner, H. R., and Barnes, J. E. 1966b. Evidence for a dual role for the bacteriophage T4-induced deoxycytidine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 56: 1233–1240.
Watson, J. D., and Crick, F. H. C. 1953a. A structure for DNA. Nature. 171: 736–738.
Watson, J. D., and Crick, F. H. C. 1953b. Genetic implications of the structure of DNA. Nature. 171: 964–967.
Weintraub, H., and Holtzer, H. 1972. Fine control of DNA synthesis in developing chick red blood cells. J. Mol. Biol. 66: 13–35.
Weisbach, A., Schlabach, A., Friedlender, R. and Bolden, A. 1971. DNA polymerases from human cells. Nature New Biol. 231: 167–170.
Werner, R. 1971a. Mechanism of DNA replication. Nature. 230: 570–572.
Werner, R. 1971b. Nature of DNA precursors. Nature New Biol. 233: 99–103.
West, E. S., and Todd, W. R. 1961. Textbook of Biochemistry. 3rd Ed., New York, The Macmillan Company.
Westergaard, O., Brutlag, D., and Kornberg, A. 1973. Incorporation of RNA primer into the phage replicative form. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 1361–1364.
Whitlock, J P., and Simpson, R. T. 1976. Removal of histone HI exposes a fifty base pair DNA segment between nucleosomes. Biochemistry. 15:3307–3314.
Williams, C. A., and Ockey, C. H. 1970. Distribution of DNA replicator sites in mammalian nuclei after different methods of cell synchronization. Exp. Cell Res. 63: 365–372.
Wintersberger, E. 1974. DNA polymerases from yeast. Further purification and characterization of DNA-dependent DNA polymerases A and B. Eur. J. Biochem. 50: 41–47.
Wintersberger, U. 1974. Absence of a low-molecular-weight DNA polymerase from nuclei of the yeast S. cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 50: 197–202.
Woese, C. R. 1967. The Genetic Code., New York, Harper and Row.
Woese, C. R. 1970a. Concerning the accuracy of codon recognition. The allosteric ribosome model. J. Theor. Biol. 26: 83–88.
Woese, C. R. 1970b. The problem of evolving a genetic code. BioScience. 20: 471–485.
Woese, C. R., and Bleyman, M. A. 1972. Genetic code limit organisms-do they exist? J. Mol. Evol. 1: 223–229.
Wolstenholme, D. R., Koike, K., and Cochran-Fouts, P. 1973. Replication of mitochondrial DNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38: 267–280.
Wouters-Tyrou, D., Sautiere, P., and Biserte, G. 1976. Covalent structure of the sea urchin histone H4. FEBS Lett. 65: 225–228.
Wu, A. M., and Gallo, R. C. 1975. Reverse transcriptase. Crit. Rev. Biochem. 3: 289–347.
Wyatt, G. R. 1951. The purine and pyrimidine composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids. Biochem. J. 48: 584–590.
Yamada, M., and Hanaoka, F. 1973. Periodic changes in the association of mamalian DNA with the membrane during the cell cycle. Nature New Biol. 243: 227–230.
Yamagishi, H. 1970. Nucleotide distribution in the DNA of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 49: 603–608.
Yamagishi, H. 1974. Nucleotide distribution in bacterial DNAs differing in G + C content. J. Mol. Evol. 3: 239–242.
Yamagishi, H., and Takahashi, I. 1971. Heterogeneity in nucleotide composition of B. subtilis. DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 57: 369–372.
Yamashita, T., and Shimojo, H. 1973. Replication of adenovirus 12 DNA in association with the nuclear membrane. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 17: 419–423.
Yang, J. T., and Samejima, T. 1969. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of nucleic acids. Progr. Nucl. Acid. Res. Mol. Biol. 9: 223–300.
Yoshida, S., Kondo, T., and Ando, T. 1974. Multiple molecular species of cytoplasmic DNA polymerase from calf thymus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 353: 463–474.
Young, C. W., Hendler, F. J., and Karnofsky, D. A. 1969. Synthesis of protein for DNA replication and cleavage events in the sand dollar embryo. Exp. Cell. Res. 58: 15–26.
Yudelevich, A., Ginsberg, B., and Hurwitz, J. 1968. Discontinuous synthesis of DNA during replication. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 61: 1129–1136.
Zimmerman, S. B., Cohen, G. H., and Davies, D. R. 1975. X-ray fiber diffraction and modelbuilding study of polyguanylic acid and polyinosinic acid. J. Mol. Biol. 92: 181–192.
Zusman, D. R., Carbonell, A., and Haga, J. Y. 1973. Nucleoid condensation and cell division in E. coli. MX74T2ts52 after inhibition of protein synthesis. J. Bact. 115: 1167–1178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dillon, L.S. (1978). The Genetic Mechanism: I DNA, Nucleoids, and Chromatin. In: The Genetic Mechanism and the Origin of Life. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2436-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2436-2_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2438-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2436-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive