Abstract
In reviewing the dramatic discrepancy between the many favorable clinical reports on meprobamate and a number of negative laboratory studies on this drug, Gerard (1957), in his usual elegant and succinct manner, summarized the situation as follows: “On the one hand, laboratory studies indicate that meprobamate is quite inert; on the other hand, a great number of takers seem to experience some benefit, and clinical reports included in these pages—many seemingly well controlled and convincing enough as reported—indicate a definite action. From this, one must conclude either that the experimenters have not yet found the right thing to test—which would not be surprising, since we are dealing with agents active on the nuances of complex human behavior for which it is difficult to find electrical or chemical indicators, either in the laboratory or in the patient—or else the clinical impressions are wrong. ... I doubt that the latter is the case, especially because of the genuine awareness of the problem of controls that exists today among the better clinicians and laboratory workers handling these problems.”
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, C. Early brain injury and behavior. J. Amer. Med. Wom. Ass., 1956, 11, 113–119.
Andreasen, N. J. C., Peters, J. F., and Knott, J. R. CNVs in hyperactive children: effects of chemotherapy. In W. C. McCallum and J. R. Knott (Eds.), Proceedings of Third International Congress on Event Related Slow Potentials of the Brain, Bristol, 1975.
Anokhin, P. K. Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role in Adaptive Behavior. S. A. Corson, Scientific and Translation Editor. International Series of Monographs on Cerebrovisceral and Behavioral Physiology and Conditioned Reflexes (Vol. 3), Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1974.
Arnold, L. E. Is this label necessary? Journal of School Health, 1973, 23(8), 510–514.
Arnold, L. E., Kirilcuk, V., Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O’Leary. Levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine: differential effect on aggression and hyperkinesis in children and dogs. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1973, 130(2), 165–170.
Arnold, L. E., Wender, P. H., McCloskey, K., & Snyder, S. Comparative efficacy in the hyperkinetic syndrome; assessment by target symptoms. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1972, 27, 35–41.
Axelrod, J. Noradrenaline: fate and control of its biosynthesis. Science, 1971, 173, 598–606.
Barbeau, A. (1969). L-Dopa therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: a critical review of nine years’ experience. Can. Med. Ass. J., 1969, 101, 971–800.
Barbeau, A. Dopamine and disease. Can. Med. Ass. J., 1970, 103, 824–832.
Barbeau, A. Functions of the striatum. In De Ajuriaguerra (Ed.), The Fourth Bel-Air Symposium, Geneva: Masson, 1971.
Barbeau, A. Role of Dopamine in the nervous system. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Neuro-Genetics and Neuro-Ophthalmology, Brussels, 1970. Basel: S. Karger, 1972, pp. 114–136.
Bender, L. Psychological problems of children with organic brain disease. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1949, 19, 404–415.
Bradley, C. The behavior of children receiving benzedrine. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1937, 94, 577–585.
Bradley, C. Benzedrine and Dexedrine in the treatment of children’s behavior disorders. Pediatrics, 1950, 5, 24–36.
Bradley, C. Management of behavior problems in children. Med. Clin. N. Amer., 1953, 37, 565–577.
Braun, J. J., Meyer, P. M., & Meyer, D. R. Sparing of a brightness habit in rats following visual decortication. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1966, 61, 79–82.
Burks, H. F. Effects of amphetamine therapy on hyperkinetic children. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1964, 11, 604–609.
Cannon, W. B. The Wisdom of the Body. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1932.
Carlsson, A., Fuxe, K., Hamberger, B., & Lindqvist, M. Biochemical and histochemical studies of the effects of imipramine-like drugs and (+)-amphetamine on central and peripheral catecholamine neurons. Acta physiol. Scand., 1966, 67, 481–497.
Clements, S. D., & Peters, J. E. Minimal brain dysfunctions in the school-age child. Diagnosis and treatment. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1962, 6, 185–197.
Conners, C. K., & Eisenberg, L. The effects of methylphenidate on symptomatology and learning in disturbed children. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1963, 120, 458–464.
Conners, C. K., Eisenberg, L., & Barcai, A. Effect of dextroamphetamine on children. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1967, 17, 478–485.
Conners, C. K., Eisenberg, L., & Sharpe, L. Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on paired-associate learning and Porteus maze performance in emotionally disturbed children. J. Consult. Psychol., 1964, 28(1), 14–22.
Conrad, W. G., & Insel, J. Anticipating the response to amphetamine therapy in the treatment of hyperkinetic children. Pediatrics, 1967, 40(1), 96–99.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’Leary, & England, S. J. M. The influence of meprobamate on conditioned and unconditioned visceral and motor defense responses. In Psychopharmacological Methods, London: Pergamon Press, 1963, pp. 244–255.
Corson, S. A. Conditioning of water and electrolyte excretion. In Endocrines and the Central Nervous System. Res. Publ., Ass. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1966a, 43, 140–199.
Corson, S. A. Neuroendocrine and behavioral response patterns to psychologic stress and the problem of the target tissue in cerebrovisceral pathology. Proceedings of the Conference on Psychophysiological Aspects of Cancer, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 125, 1966b (Article 3), 890-918.
Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O’Leary. Pavlovian conditioning as a method for studying the mechanisms of action of minor tranquilizers. In H. Brill, (Ed.), Neuropsychopharmacology. Exerpta Med. Found., Int. Congr. Ser., 1967, no. 129, 857-881.
Corson, S. A. Physiologic responses to avoidable and unavoidable psychologic stress in relation to genetic differences. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1969, 164, 526.
Corson, S. A. Pavlovian and operant conditioning techniques in the study of psychosocial and biological relationships. In L. Levi (Ed.), Society, Stress and Disease (Vol. 1), The Psychosocial Environment and Psychosomatic Diseases, London: The Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 7–21.
Corson, S. A., & Corson, E. O’L. (1971): Psychosocial influences on renal function—implications for human pathophysiology. In L. Levi (Ed.), Society, Stress and Disease (Vol. 1), The Psychosocial Environment and Psychosomatic Diseases, London: The Oxford University Press, 1971, pp. 338–351.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’L., & Kirilcuk, V. Individual differences in respiratory responses of dogs to psychologic stress and Anokhin’s formulation of the functional system as a unit of biological adaptation. Int. J. Psychobiol., 1970, 1, 1–16.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’L., Kirilcuk, V., & Arnold, L. E. Tranquilizing effects of d-amphetamine on hyperkinetic untrainable dogs. Fed. Proc., 1971, 30, 206.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’L., Kirilcuk, V., Knopp, W., & Arnold, L. E. Differential interaction of amphetamines and psychosocial factors in the modification of violent and hyperkinetic behavior and learning disability. Fed. Proc., 1972a, 31, 820.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’L., Kirilcuk, V., Arnold, L. E., & Knopp, W. Bridging the gap between psychobiology and medical practice—development of an animal model for the study of the hyperkinetic syndrome. In H. Goldman (Ed.), Research in Comprehensive Psychiatry: A Festschrift for Ralph Patterson, Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press, 1972b.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’Leary, Kirilcuk, V., Kirilcuk, J., Knopp, W., and Arnold, L. E. Differential effects of amphetamines on clinically relevant dog models of hyperkinesis and stereotypy: Relevance to Huntington’s chorea. In A. Barbeau, T. N. Chase, & G. W. Paulson (Eds.), Advances in Neurology (Vol. 1), Huntington’s Chorea, 1872–1972, New York: Raven Press, 1973, pp. 681–697.
Corson, S. A., Corson, E. O’L., Kirilcuk, V., Arnold, L. E., Knopp, W., & Kirilcuk, J. Experimental control of hyperkinetic and violent behavior in dogs. (16 mm B/W sound film, 38 minutes. Distributed by the Psychological Cinema Register, The Pennsylvania State University, Audio-Visual Services, 6 Willard Building, University Park, Pa. 16802) 1974.
Coyle, J. T., & Snyder, S. H. Catecholamine uptake by synaptosomes in homogenates of rat brain: Stereospecificity in different areas. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther., 1969, 170, 221–231.
Creager, R. O., & Van Riper, C. The effect of methylphenidate on the verbal productivity of children with cerebral dysfunction. J. Speech Hearing Res., 1967, 10(3 ), 623–628.
de 1a Cruz, F. F., Fox, B. H., & Roberts, R. H. (Eds.). Minimal brain dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1973, Vol. 205, 396 pp.
Eisenberg, L. Psychiatric implications of brain damage in children. Psychiat. Quart., 1957, 31(1), 72–92.
Eisenberg, L. Possibilities for a preventive psychiatry. Pediatrics, 1962, 30(5), 815–828.
Eisenberg, L. The management of the hyperkinetic child. Develop. Med. Child Neurol., 1966, 8, 593–598.
Eisenberg, L., Conners, C. K., & Sharpe, L. A controlled study of the differential application of outpatient psychiatric treatment for children. Jap. J. Child Psychiat., 1965, 6(3), 125–132.
Eisenberg, L., Lachman, R., Molling, P. A., Lockner, A., Mizelle, J. D., & Conners, C. K. A psychopharmacologic experiment in a training school for delinquent boys: Methods, problems, findings. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1963, 33, 431–447.
Ellinwood, E. H., Jr. Amphetamine psychosis: a multi-dimensional process. Seminars Psychiat., 1969, 1, 208–226.
Engel, J. Neurochemistry and Behavior. A Correlative Study with Special Reference to Central Catecholamines. Göteborg: University of Göteborg, 1972.
Epstein, L. C., Lasagna, L., Conners, C. K., & Rodriguez, A. Correlation of dextroamphetamine excretion and drug response in hyperkinetic children. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1968, 146(2), 136–146.
Ferris, R. M., Tang, F., & Maxwell, R. (1972). A comparison of the capacities of isomers of amphetamine, deoxypipradrol and methylphenidate to inhibit the uptake of tritiated catecholamines into rat cerebral cortex slices, synaptosomal preparations of rat cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and striatum and into adrenergic nerves of rabbit aorta. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther., 1972, 181, 407–416.
Fish, B. The “One Child, One Drug” myth of stimulants in hyperkinesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1971, 25, 193–203.
Freedman, Alfred M. & Kaplan, Harold I. Comparative Textbook of Psychiatry, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1967, p. 1666.
Freedman, Daniel X. Report of the conference on the use of stimulant drugs in the treatment of behaviorally disturbed young school children. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 1971, 7(3), 23–29.
Gerard, R. W. Concluding remarks: Meprobamate and other agents used in mental disturbances. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 67(10), 885.
Harris, J. E., & Baldessarini, R. J. Uptake of [3H]-catecholamines by homogenates of rat corpus striatum and cerebral cortex: effects of amphetamine analogues. Neuropharmacology, 1973, 12, 669–679.
Huessy, H. R. Study of the prevalence and therapy of the choreatiform syndrome or hyperkinesis in rural Vermont. Acta Paedopsychiat., 1967, 34, 130–135.
Jasper, H. H., Solomon, P., & Bradley, C. Electroencephalographic analyses of behavior problem children. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1938, 95, 641–658.
Jenkins, R. Diagnostic classification in child psychiatry. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1970, 127(5), 680–681.
Jonason, K. R., Lauber, S. M., Robbins, M. J., Meyer, P. M., & Meyer, D. R. Effects of amphetamine upon relearning pattern and black-white discriminations following neocortical lesions in rats. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1970, 73, 47–55.
Knights, R. M., & Hinton, G. G. The effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on the motor skills and behavior of children with learning problems. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1969, 148(6), 643–653.
Knopp, W., Arnold, L. E., Smeltzer, D. J., & Andras, R. L. Pupillary light reaction as a predictor of amphetamine response in hyperkinetic children. Psychopharmacologia, 1972, 26, 53.
Knopp, W., Arnold, L. E., & Messiha, F. S. Tourette’s disease: Implications for research in Huntington’s disease. In A. Barbeau, T. N. Chase, & G. W. Paulson (Eds.), Advances in Neurology (Vol. 1), Huntington’s Chorea, 1872–1972, New York: Raven Press, 1973, pp. 135–145.
Kornetsky, C. Psychoactive drugs in the immature organism. Psychopharmacologia (Berlin), 1970, 17(2), 105–136.
Ladisich, W., Volbehr, H., & Matussek, N. Paradoxical amphetamine effect in hyperactive rats in relation to norepinephrine metabolism. Neuropharmacology, 1970a, 9(4), 303–310.
Ladisich, W., Volbehr, H., & Matussek, N. Paradoxical effect of amphetamine on hyperactive states in correlation with catecholamine-metabolism in brain. In E. Costa and S. Garattini (Eds.), Amphetamines and Related Compounds, New York: Raven Press, 1970b, pp. 487–492.
Laufer, M. W. Cerebral dysfunction and behavior disorders in adolescents. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 1962, 32, 501–506.
Laufer, M. W., & Denhoff, E. Hyperkinetic behavior syndrome in children. J. Pediat., 1957, 50, 463–473.
Laufer, M. W., Denhoff, E., & Solomons, G. Hyperkinetic impulse disorder in children’s behavior problems. Psychosomat. Med., 1957, 19(1), 38–49.
Masland, R. Testimony before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations. House of Representatives, 89th Congress, First Session, part 3, Wash., D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1965.
Meyer, D. R. Personal communication.
Millichap, J. G. Drugs in the management of hyperkinetic and perceptually handicapped children. J. Amer. Med. Ass., 1968, 206(7), 1527–1530.
Millichap, J. G., Aymat, F., Sturgis, L. H., Larsen, K. W., & Egan, R. A. Hyperkinetic behavior and learning disorders. III. Battery of neuropsychological tests in controlled trial of methylphenidate. Amer. J. Dis. Child, 1968, 116, 235–244.
Millichap, J. G., & Fowler, G. W. Treatment of “minimal brain dysfunction” syndrome. Pediat. Clin. N. Amer., 1967, 14(4), 767–777.
Molitch, M., & Eccles, A. K. The effect of benzedrine sulfate on the intelligence scores of children. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1967, 94, 587–590.
Nichamin, S. J., & Barahal, G. D. Faulty neurologic integration with perceptual disorders in children. Mich. Med., 1968, 67(17), 1071–1075.
Patil, P. N., Miller, D. D., & Trendelenburg, U. Molecular geometry and adrenergic drug activity. Pharmacol Rev. 1974, 26(4), 323–392.
Patil, P. N., LaPidus, J. B., & Tye, A. Steric aspects of adrenergic drugs. I. Comparative effects of dl isomers and desoxy derivatives. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1967, 1–12.
Randrup, A., & Munkvad, I. Stereotyped activities produced by amphetamine in several animal species and man. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1967, 11, 300–310.
Randrup, A., & Munkvad, I. Biochemical, anatomical and psychological investigations of stereotyped behaviour induced by amphetamines. In E. Costa, & S. Garattini, (Eds.), Amphetamines and Related Compounds, New York: Raven Press, 1970, pp. 695–713.
Randrup, A., & Scheel-Krüger, J. Diethyldithiocarbamate and amphetamine stereotype behaviour. J. Pharm. Pharmac, 1966, 18, 752.
Satterfield, J. H. EEG issues in children with minimal brain dysfunction. Seminars in Psychiatry 1973, 5(1), 35–46. Also reprinted in S. Walzer & P. H. Wolff (Eds.), Minimal Cerebral Dysfunction in Children, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1973.
Satterfield, James H., & Dawson, M. E. Electrodermal correlates of hyperactivity in children. Psychophysiology, 1971, 8, 191–197.
Scheel-Krüger, J. Behavioural and biochemical comparison of amphetamine derivatives, cocaine, benztropine and tricyclic anti-depressant drugs. Eur. J. Pharmac., 1972, 18, 63–73.
Scott, J. P., & Fuller, J. L. Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
Snyder, S. H., Taylor, K. M., Coyle, J. T., & Meyerhoff, J. L. The role of brain dopamine in behavioral regulation and the actions of psychotropic drugs. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1970, 127(2), 199–207.
Stockard, C. R., Anderson, O. D., & James, W. T. The genetic and endocrinic basis for differences in form and behavior. In American Anatomical Memoirs, No. 19, Philadelphia: Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1941.
Svensson, T. H. Functional and biochemical effects of d-and l-amphetamine on central catecholamine neurons. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmak., 1971, 271, 170–180.
Taylor, K. M., & Snyder, S. H. Amphetamine: differentiation by d and l isomers of behavior involving brain norepinephrine or dopamine. Science, 1970, 168, 1487–1489.
Thornburg, J. E. & Moore, K. E. Dopamine and norepinephrine uptake by rat brain synaptosomes: relative inhibitory potencies of 1-and d-amphetamine and amantadine. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 1973, 5 (1), 81-89.
Twitchell, T. E. A behavioral syndrome. Science, 1971, 174, 135–136.
Voeller, K. K. S., & Kempf, John. Personal communication.
Wallach, M. B., & Gershon, S. (1972). The induction and antagonism of central nervous system stimulation-induced stereotyped behavior in the cat. Eur. J. Pharmac., 1972, 18, 22–26.
Walter, W. Grey, Cooper, R., Aldridge, V. J., McCallum, W. C., & Winter, A. L. Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature, 1964, 203(4943), 380–384.
Walter, W. Grey, Cooper, R., Crow, H. J., McCallum, W. C., Warren, W. J., Aldridge, V. J., Storm van Leeuwen, W., & Kamp, A. Contingent negative variation and evoked responses recorded by radio-telemetry in free-ranging subjects. Electroencephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1967, 23(3), 197–206.
Wender, P. H. Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1971.
Wikler, A., Dixon, J. F., & Parker, J. B., Jr. (1970). Brain function in problem children and controls: psychometric, neurological, and electroencephalographic comparisons. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1970, 127(5), 634–645.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Corson, S.A., Corson, E.O., Arnold, L.E., Knopp, W. (1976). Animal Models of Violence and Hyperkinesis. In: Serban, G., Kling, A. (eds) Animal Models in Human Psychobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2184-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2184-2_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2186-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2184-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive