Skip to main content

Indole Hallucinogens as Animal Models of Schizophrenia

  • Chapter
Animal Models in Human Psychobiology

Abstract

To say the least, the literature on indole hallucinogens and schizophrenia is confusing. This is because investigators who have access to schizophrenic patients do not have sophisticated gas chromatographic and mass spectrographic facilities, and those chemically sophisticated researchers who have such analytic facilities do not have access to a suitable patient research population. This situation has existed for some time and probably will continue to exist for a long time. The current nature of psychiatric research strategy, funding, social and legal pressures regarding informed consent and commitment of the mentally ill all combine to retard progress. This situation has become so confusing in the State of Michigan in the last two years that most research with mental patients has stopped. In attempting to protect the rights of the mentally ill, their rights to proper diagnoses and better treatments are being discarded.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, R. L. P. Delayed methylation of DNA in developing sea urchin embryos. Nature (New Biol.), 1973, 244:131, 27–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G. K., & Freedman, D. X. Biochemical and morphological aspects of LSD pharmacology. In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Psychopharmacology—A Review of Progress 1957–1967, PHSP #1836. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp. 1185-1193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aghajanian, G. K., Sheard, M. H., & Foote, W. E. LSD and mescaline: comparison of effects on single units in the midhrain raphé. In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Psychotomimetic Drugs, New York: Raven Press, 1970, pp. 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, H. A., Walker, R. W., VandenHeuvel, W. J. A., Rosegay, A., & Mandel, L. R. Studies on the in vivo biosynthesis of N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the rabbit and rat. Fed. Proc. 1973, 32, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, F., Curtis, G. C., III, Sprince, H. & Crosley, A. P., Jr. l-Methionine and l-tryptophan feedings in non-psychotic and schizophrenic patients with and without tranylcypromine. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1963, 137, 135–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appel, J. B. The effects of “psychotomimetic” drugs on animal behavior. In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Pharmacology—A Review of Progress 1957–1967, PHSP #1836, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp. 1211-1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, J. The enzymatic N-methylation of serotonin and other amines. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1962, 138, 28–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ban, T. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, In Psychopharmacology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banarjee, S. P. & Snyder, S. H. Methyltetrahydrofolic acid mediates N- and O-methylation of biogenic amines. Science 1973, 182, 74–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barchas, J. D., Elliott, G. R., DoAmaral, J., Erdelyi, E., O’Connor, S., Bowden, M., Brodie, H. K. H., Berger, P. A., Renson, J., & Wyatt, R. J. Triptolines: Formation from tryptamines and 5-MTHF by human platelets. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 1974, 31, 862–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bidder, T. G., Mandel, L. R., Ahn, H. S., Walker, R. W., & VandenHeuvel, W. J. A. Blood and urinary DMT concentrations in acute psychotic disorders. Lancet, 1974, 1, 165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, P. O., Burke, W., & Hayhow, W. R. Lysergic acid diethylamide block of lateral geniculate synapses and relief by repetitive stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 1959, 1, 556–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, P. O., Field, G., Hennessy, B. L., & Smith, J. R. Actions of d-lysergic acid diethylamide on lateral geniculate synapses. J. Neurophysiol, 1958, 21, 529–549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borella, L., Herr, F., & Wojdan, A. Prolongation of certain effects of amphetamine by chlorpromazine. Canad. J. Physiol and Pharmacol., 1969, 47, 7–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovet, D., & Gatti, G. L. Pharmacology of instrumental avoidance conditioning. In Proceedings of 2nd International Pharmacological Meeting, Prague, 1965, pp. 75-89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, D. F., Oberleas, D., Clancy, J. J., & Praasad, A. A. Behavioral impairment in adult rats following acute zinc deficiency. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1970, 133, 1417–1421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I. & Vogel, W. H. Determination and physiological disposition of dimethyltryptamine in rat brain, liver and plasma. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1972, 21, 1214–1218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coward, J. K., D’Urso-Scott, M.,& Sweet, W. D. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase by S-adenosylhomocysteine and S-adenosylhomocysteine sulfoxide, a potential transition-state analog. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1972, 21, 1200–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi, T., & Barchas, J. Inhibitions of transmethylations of biogenic amines by S-adenosylhomocysteine. J. Biol. Chem., 1972. 246, 3175–3181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., Krause, R. R., & Bowers, J. Various enzymes involved with putative neuro-transmitters —regional distribution in the brain of deceased mentally normal, chronic schizophrenics or organic brain syndrome patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 1973, 29, 195–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., & Krause, R. R. Plasma tryptophan tolerance curves in drug free normal controls, schizophrenic patients and prisoner volunteers. J. Psychiat. Res., 1974a, 10, 247–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., & Krause, R. R. Unpublished observations, 1974b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., & Luby, E. D. Abnormal mental states induced by phencyclidine as a model of schizophrenia. In J. O. Cole, A. Friedhoff, and A. M. Friedman (Eds.), Psychopathology and Psychopharmacology, Proc. 62 Meeting of Amer. Psychopath. Assoc., Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1973, pp. 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., & Lutz, M. F. Unpublished observations, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., & Sampath-Khanna, S. Decreased platelet MAO in chronic schizophrenics. Amer. J. Psychiat, 1975, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evarts, E. V. Effects of a series of indoles on synaptic transmission in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. In H. H. Pennes (Ed.), Progress in Neurobiology, III-Psychopharmacology, New York, Hoeber-Harper, 1958, pp. 173-194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evarts, E. V., Landau, W., Freygang, W., Jr., & Marshall, W. H. Some effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and bufotenine on electrical activity in the cat’s visual system. Am. J. Physiol., 1955. 182, 594–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. Chemistry of the brain. Nature 1968, 220, 411.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzen, Fr., & Gross, H. Tryptamine, N, N-dimethyltryptamine, N, N-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine in human blood and urine. Nature, 1965, 206, 1052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillin, J. C., Cannon, E., Magyar, R., Schwartz, M., & Wyatt, R. J. Failure of DMT to evoke tolerance in cats. Biol. Psychiat., 1973, 7, 213–220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilmour, D. C., Manowitz, P., Frosch, W. A., & Shopsin, B. Association of plasma tryptophan levels with clinical change in female schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiat., 1973, 6, 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, R. N, N-Dimethylated and N, N-diethylated indoleamines in schizophrenia. In H. C. Sabelli (Ed.), Chemical Modulation of Brain Function—A tribute to J. E. P. Toman, New York, Raven Press, 1973, pp. 277–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, V. H., & Franzen, Fr. Zur bestimmung korpereigener amine in biologischen substraten. Zeitschrift für Klinische Chemie, 1965, 3, 99–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, R. G., Vesselhof, W., Bishop, N. P., & Byers, L. W. Behavioral and metabolic changes associated with administration of tetraethylthiuram disulfide. Dis. Nerv. System 1965, 26, 99–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himwich, H. E. (Ed.) Biochemistry, Schizophrenias and Affective Illnesses, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Himwich, H. E., Narashimhachari, N., Heller, B., Spaide, J., Haskovec, L., Fujimori, M., & Tabushi, K. Biochemical approaches to the study of schizophrenia. In H. C. Sabelli (Ed.), Chemical Modulations of Brain Function—A Tribute to J. E. P. Toman, New York: Raven Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer, A., Osmond, H., Callbeck, M. J., & Kahan, I. Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. J. Clin. Exp. Psychopath., 1957, 18, 131–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmstedt, B., & Lindgren, J. B. Chemical constituents and pharmacology of South American snuffs. In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, Publication No. 1645, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C.,1967, pp. 339-382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horita, A., & Hamilton, A. E. Lysergic acid diethylamide: Dissociation of its behavioral and hyperthermic actions by DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Science, 1969, 164, 78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L. L., & Mandell, A. J. Multiple N-methyltransferases for aromatic alkylamines in brain. Life Sci., 1973, 13, 847–868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell, H. Quoted in D. H. Efron (Ed.), Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, Publication No. 1645, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., 1967, p. 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juntunen, J. M., Struck, W. G., Warner, K. A., Frohman, C. E., & Gottlieb, J. S. Effects of tryptophan loading on indole metabolite levels in blood and urine of schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiat., 1974, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, J., Mandel, L. R., Stillman, R., Walker, R. W., VandenHeuvel, W. J. A., Gillin, J. C. & Wyatt, R. J. Blood and urine levels of N, N-dimethyltryptamine following administration of psychoactive dosages to human subjects. Psychopharmacologia, 1974, 38, 239–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S. J. Competing methyltransferase systems. J. Biol. Chem. 1972, 247, 4248–4252.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koella, W. P. Neurophysiological effects of psychotomimetic substances (A supplemental review). In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Psychopharmacology—A Review of Progress 1957–1967, PHSP #1836, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 1968, pp. 1223-1230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koella, W. P., Beaulieu, R. F., & Bergen, J. R. Stereotyped behavior and cyclic changes in response produced by LSD in goats. Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 1964, 3, 397–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacic, B., & Domino, D. F. Effects of various drugs on DMT-induced disruption of rat bar pressing behavior. The Pharmacologist, 1973, 15, 218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacic, B. & Domino, E. F. Tolerance to behavioral effects of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the rat. Fed. Prod., 1974, 33, 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, R. & Domino, E. F. Kinetics of product inhibition of rabbit lung N-methyltransferase. Res. Comm. Chem. Path. and Pharmacol. 1974, 9:2, 399–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, S., & Sourkes, T. L. Effect of various chlorpromazine metabolites in amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat. Europ. J. Pharmacol., 1972. 1 7, 283–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R. L., Narasimhachari, N., & Himwich, H. E. Inhibition of indolethylamine-N-methyl-transferase by S-adenosylhomocysteine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1973, 54, 751–759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipinski, J., Mandel, L. R., Ahn, H. S., VandenHeuvel, W. J. A., & Walker, R. W. Blood dimethyltryptamine concentrations in psychotic disorders. Biol. Psychiat., 1974, 9:1, 89–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, L. W., Wilson, A., Moore, R. H., & Domino, E. F. Correlation between brain N, N- dimethyltryptamine (DMT) levels and bar pressing behavior in rats: Effect of MAO inhibition. The Pharmacologist, 1974, 16, 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, L. R. Dimethyltryptamine: Its biosynthesis and possible role in mental disease. In E. F. Domino and J. M. Dau (Eds.), Neurotransmitters Balances Regulating Behavior. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Edwards Bros., Inc., 1975, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, L. R., Rosegay, A., Walker, R. W., VandenHeuvel, W. J. A., & Rokach, J. 5-Methyl-tetrahydrofolate acid as a mediator in the formation of pyridoindoles. Science, 1974, 186, 741–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, L. R., Ahn, H. S., VandenHeuvel, W. J. A., & Walker, R. W. Indoleamine-N-methyl-transferase in human lung. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1972, 21, 1197–1200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel, L. R., Rosenzweig, S., & Kuehl, F. A., Jr. Purification and properties of indoleamine-N-methyltransferase. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1971, 20, 712–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manowitz, P., Gilmour, D. G., & Racevskis, J. Low plasma tryptophan levels in recently hospitalized schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiat., 1973, 6, 109–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., Christian, S. T., & Clements, T. H. Brain levels of tryptamine. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1972, 24, 331–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. H., Demetriou, S., & Domino, E. F. Effects of iproniazid, chlorpromazine and methiothepin on DMT-induced changes in body temperature, pupil dilatation, blood pressure and EEG in the rabbit. Arch. Int. Pharmacol. et Dynamie., et de Ther., 1975, 213, 64–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphree, H. B., Dippy, R. H., Jenney, E. H., & Pfeiffer, C. C. Effects in normal man of α-methyltryptamine and α-ethyltryptamine. Clin Pharmacol. Ther., 1961, 2, 722–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L., & Wyatt, R. J. Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients. Nature 1972, 238, 225–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narasimhachari, N., Heller, B., Spaide, J., Haskovec, L., Fujimori, M., Tabushi, K., & Himwich, H. E. Urinary studies of schizophrenics and controls. Biol. Psychiat., 1971a, 3, 9–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narasimhachari, N., Heller, B., Spaide, J., Haskovec, L., Meltzer, H., Strahilevitz, M., & Himwich, H. E. N-N-Dimethylated indoleamines in blood. Biol. Psychiat., 1971b. 3, 21–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narasimhachari, N., Plaut, J. M., & Himwich, H. E. Indole ethylamine-N-methyltransferase in serum samples of schizophrenics and normal controls. Life Sci., 1972, 11, 221–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. E. Isbell, H., & Miner, E. J. Comparison of a placebo, N-dimethyltryptamine, and 6-hydroxy-N-dimethyltryptamine in man. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1963, 4, 39–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, D. E., Isbell, H., Miner, E. J., & Logan, C. R. The effect of N, N-dimethyl-tryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1964, 5, 217–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosengarten, H., Szemis, A., Piotrowski, A., Romaszewska, K., Matsumato, H., Stencka, K., & Jus, A. N, N-Dimethyltryptamine and bufotenin in the urine of patients with chronic and acute schizophrenic psychoses. Psychiatria Polska, 1970, 4, 519–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothlin, E. Pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide and some of its related compounds. In S. Garattini and V. Ghetti (Eds.), Psychotropic Drugs, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1957, pp. 36–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra, J. M., & Axelrod, J. Psychotomimetic N-methylated tryptamines: formation in brain in vivo and in vitro. Science, 1972, 172, 1365–1366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra, J., Coyle, J. R., & Axelrod, J. The distribution and properties of the non-specific N-methyltransferase in brain. J. Neurochem., 1973, 20, 743–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sai-Halász, A. The effect of antiserotonin on the experimental psychosis induced by dimethyltryptamine. Experentia (Basel), 1962a, 18, 137–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sai-Halász, A. The role of serotonin antagonism in the model-psychoses. (Hung.) Iddeggyog-Szle, 1962b, 15, 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sai-Halász, A. The effect of MAO inhibition on the experimental psychosis induced by dimethyltryptamine. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1963, 4, 385–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. A., Aikens, A. M., & Wyatt, R. J. Monoamine oxidase activity in brains from schizophrenic and mentally normal individuals. Psychopharmacologia, 1974, 38, 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seevers, M. H., & Deneau, G. A. Physiological aspects of tolerance and physical dependence. In W. S. Root and F. G. Hofmann (Eds.), Physiological Pharmacology, Vol. 1, Part A, New York: Academic Press, 1963, pp. 565–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, S. K., Almenas, A., & Thomson, J. F. Kinetics and mechanism of reaction of S-adenosylmethionine: homocysteine methyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem., 1965, 240, 2512–2518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smythies, J. R. (Ed.). The Mode of Action of Psychotomimetic Drugs. A Report Based On An NRP Work Session. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 1970, 8, 1, 152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sourkes, T. L. Alpha-methyltryptophan and its actions on tryptophan metabolism. Fed. Proc, 1971, 30, 897–903.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprince, H., Parker, C. M., Jameson, D., & Alexander, F. Urinary indoles in schizophrenic and psychoneurotic patients after administration of tranylcypromine (Parnate) and methionine or tryptophan. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1963, 137, 246–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swiatek, K. R., Simon, L. N., & Chao, K.-L. Nicotinamide methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-methionine: 51-methylthioadenosine hydrolase. Control of transfer ribonucleic acid methylation. Biochem., 1973, 12, 4670–4674.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szara, S. Hallucinogenic effects and metabolism of tryptamine derivatives in man. Fed. Proc., 1961, 20, 285–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szara, S., & Axelrod, J. Hydroxylation and N-demethylation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine. Expenentia, 1959, 15, 216–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szara, S., Hearst, E., & Putney, F. Metabolism and behavioral action of psychotropic tryptamine homologues. Int. J. Neuropharmacol., 1962, 1, 111–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, D. H., Tedeschi, R. E., & Fellows, E. J. The effects of tryptamine on the central nervous system, including a pharmacological procedure for the evaluation of iproniazid-like drugs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1959, 126, 223–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenen, S. S. An automated one-way avoidance box for the rat. Psychonom. Sci., 1965, 6, 407–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasko, M., Lutz, M. P., & Domino, E. F. Structure activity relations of some idolealkyamines in comparison to phenethylamines on motor activity and acquisition of avoidance behavior. Psychopharmacologia, 1974, 36, 49–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. W., Ahn, H. S., Albers-Schonberg, G., Mandel, L. R., & VandenHeuvel, W. J. A. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric isotope dilution assay for N, N-dimethyltryptamine in human plasma. Biochem. Med., 1973, 8, 105–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, C. D., Baden, M. M., & Stein, L. Postmortem measurement of enzymes in human brain: Evidence of a central noradrenergic deficit in schizophrenia. In E. F. Domino and J. Davis (Eds.), Neurotransmitter Balances Regulating Behavior, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Edwards Bros, Inc., 1975, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Vaughan, T., Galanter, M., Kaplan, J., & Green, R. Behavioral changes of chronic schizophrenic patients given L-5 hydroxytryptophan. Science, 1972, 177, 1124–1126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Mandel, L. R., Ahn, H. S., Walker, R. W. & VandenHeuvel, W. J. A. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric isotope dilution determination of N, N-dimethyltryptamine concentrations in normals and psychiatric patients. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 1973a, 31, 265-270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Mandel, L. R., Ahn, H. S., Walker, R. W. & VandenHeuvel, W. J. A. DMT—a possible relationship to schizophrenia. Proc. 1st Intl. Serotonin Conference. 1973b, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Murphy, D. L., Belmaker, R., Donnelly, D., Cohen, S., & Pollin, W. Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in platelets: a possible genetic marker for vulnerability to schizophrenia. Science, 1973c, 179, 916-918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, R. J., Saavedra, J. M., & Axelrod, J. A dimethyltrptamine (DMT) forming enzyme in human blood. Amer. J. Psychiat., 1973d, 130, 754–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, H. Y. T., & Neff, N. H. The monoamine oxidases of brain: selective inhibition with drugs and the consequences of the metabolism of the biogenic amines. J. Pharmacol. Esp. Ther., 1974, 189, 3, 733–740.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zappia, V., Zydek-Cwick, C. R., & Schlenk, F. The specificity of S-adenosylmethionine derivatives in methyl transfer reactions. J. Biol. Chem., 1969, 244, 4499–4509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Domino, E.F. (1976). Indole Hallucinogens as Animal Models of Schizophrenia. In: Serban, G., Kling, A. (eds) Animal Models in Human Psychobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2184-2_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2184-2_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2186-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2184-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics