Skip to main content

Strepsirhine Basicranial Structures and the Affinities of the Cheirogaleidae

  • Chapter
Book cover Phylogeny of the Primates

Abstract

With a few exceptions, students of primate evolution have always agreed that the Madagascar lemurs are more closely related to the lorises and galagos than any other living primates. During the 19th century, all these strepsirhine prosimians were usually lumped together as “lemurs,” and some workers (e.g., Gray, 1870; Forbes, 1896) erected subfamilies and tribes that mixed Malagasy and African prosimians together in what now seems a haphazard and undiscriminating fashion. Most recent workers have followed Gregory (1915) in distinguishing a loris-galago group (Lorisiformes) from the Madagascar lemurs (Lemuriformes), denying that any member of either group has special affinities with any or all members of the other.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, W. E. 1957. The extracranial carotid rete and carotid fork in Nycticebus coucang. Ann. Zool. (Agra)2:21–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ask-Upmark, E. 1953. On the entrance of the carotid artery into the cranial cavity in Stenops gracilis and Otolicnus crassicaudatus. Acta Anat.19:101–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. A., and J. N. Hayward. 1967. Carotid rete and brain temperature of cat. Nature216:139–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. A., and J. N. Hayward. 1968. The influence of the nasal mucosa and the carotid rete upon hypothalamic temperature in sheep. J. Physiol. (London)198:561–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, C. H., and C. W. Brazenor. 1958. The testicular rete mirabile of marsupials. Austr. J. Zool.6:27–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, L. 1942. Studies on the blood vessels of the human Gasserian ganglion. Anat. Rec.82:609–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, A. 1964. Use of the hand in lower primates, pp. 133–225. In J. Buettner-Janusch, ed., Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bugge, J. 1972. The cephalic arterial system in the insectivores and the primates with special reference to the Macroscelidoidea and Tupaioidea and the insectivore-primate boundary. Z. Anat. Entwickl.135:279–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anat.87(Suppl. 62):1–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P. M. 1956. The skull of Ictops and the classification of the Insectivora. Proc. Zool. Soc. London126:453–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, J. T. 1922. On the structure of the enamel in the primates and some other mammals. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1922:599–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartmill, M. 1971. Ethmoid component in the orbit of primates. Nature232:566–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartmill, M. 1972. Arboreal adaptations and the origin of the order Primates, pp. 97–122. In R. Tuttle, ed., The Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates. Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartmill, M. 1974. Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion, pp. 45–83. In F. A. Jenkins, J., ed., Primate Locomotion. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cave, A.J. E. 1967. Observations on the platyrrhine nasal fossa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.26:277–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapuis, G. 1966. Contribution à l’étude de l’artère carotid interne des Carnivores. Mammalia30:82–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles-Dominique, P. 1971. Éco-éthologie des Prosimiens du Gabon. Biol. Gabonica7:121–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles-Dominique, P., and R. D. Martin. 1970. Evolution of lorises and lemurs. Nature227:257–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crafts, R. C. 1966. A Textbook of Human Anatomy. Ronald Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin, J. E., V. M. Sarich, and Y. Rumpler. 1974. Albumin and transferrin evolution among the Lemuri-formes. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.41: 473–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, P. M., J. D. K. Dawes, and M. M. L. Prichard. 1953. Studies of the carotid rete and its associated arteries. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. (London) Ser. B237:173–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, D. V. 1947. The cardiovascular system of the slow loris. Proc. Zool. Soc. London117:377–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. D. 1964. The giant panda: a morphological study of evolutionary mechanisms. Fieldiana (Zool. Mem.)3:1–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. D., and H. E. Story. 1943. The carotid circulation in the domestic cat. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.28:1–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, P. 1958. Internal reproductive organs. Primatologia3(1):542–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fain, A. 1963a. Galagalges congolensis g. n., sp. n. Un nouvel Acarien psorique du Galago (Sarcoptiformes) Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.67:242–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fain, A. 1963b. Les Acariens produceurs de gale chez les Lémuriens et les Singes, avec une étude des Psoroptidae (Sarcoptiformes). Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg.39(32):1–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, H. O. 1896. A Hand-book to the Primates. Vol. 1. Edward Lloyd, London.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gazin, C. L. 1958. A review of the Middle and Upper Eocene primates of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll.136:1–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genet-Varcin, E. 1963. Les Singes actuels et fossiles. N. Boubée et Cie., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, R. G., R. Brown, P. Herman, S. Vernon, and J. Vernon. 1973. The auditory sensitivity of the lemur. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.38:365–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gingerich, P. D. 1973. Anatomy of the temporal bone in the Oligocene anthropoid Apidium and the origin of Anthropoidea. Folia Primatol. 19:329–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gingerich, P. D. 1974. Cranial Anatomy and Evolution of Early Tertiary Plesiadapidae. Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, E. S. 1930. Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates. 1958 reprint, Dover, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. E. 1870. Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-Eating Bats in the Collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, W. K. 1915. On the classification and phylogeny of the Lemuroidea. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.26:426–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, W. K. 1920. On the structure and relationships of Notharctus, an American Eocene primate. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.3:49–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, D. A. 1963. The carotid circulation in the Rodentia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) 128:455–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, R. W. 1950. The interorbital septum in mammals. J. Linn. Soc. London (Zool.)41:585–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W. 1965. Phylogenetic systematics. Ann. Rev. Entomol.10:97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic Systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz, P. 1974. The ectotympanic bone and origin of higher primates. Folia Primatol. 22:237–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. 1953. Primates: Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy. I. Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O. 1958. External genitalia. Primatologia3(1):630–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W. C. O., and D. V. Davies. 1954. The reproductive organs in Hapalemur and Lepilemur. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Sect. B65:251–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffstetter, R. 1974. Phylogeny and geographical deployment of the primates. J. Hum. Evol.3:327–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hürzeler, J. 1948. Zur Stammesgeschichte der Necrolemuriden. Abh. Schweiz. Palaeont. Ges.66(3):1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewell, P. A. 1952. The anastomoses between internal and external carotid circulations in the dog. J. Anat.86:83–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. W. 1917. The structure of the orbitotemporal region of the skull of Lemur. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1917:323–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. W. 1924. The Mammals of South Australia. Part 2. British Science Guild, Adelaide, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. W. 1929. Man’s Place Among the Mammals. Edward Arnold and Co., London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. W., and V. F. Lambert. 1939. The occurrence of the lemurine form of the ectotympanic in a primitive marsupial. J. Anat.74:72–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouffroy, F. K. 1962. La musculature des membres chez les Lémuriens de Madagascar. Étude descriptive et comparative. Mammalia26(Suppl. 2): 1–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, P. N. van. 1905. Die Tympanalgegend des Säugetierschädels. Gegenbaurs Morphol. Jahrb.34:321–722.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanagasuntheram, R., and A. Krishnamurti. 1965. Observations on the carotid rete in the lesser bush baby (Galago senegalensis senegalensis). J. Anat.99:861–875.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kermack, K. A., and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 1971. Therian and non-therian mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London50(Suppl. 1):103–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaauw, C.J. van der. 1931. The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.62:1–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann, M. 1925. Études sur les Lémuriens. La fosse orbito-temporale et l’os planum. Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie (Caen), Sect. Zool., N.S. 1:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollmann, M., and L. Papin. 1925. Études sur les Lémuriens. Anatomie comparée des fosses nasales et de leurs annexes. Arch. Morphol22:1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krishnamurti, A. 1968. The cerebral arteries of Nycticebus coucang coucang. Folia Primatol.8:159–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeGros Clark, W. E. 1934. On the skull structure of Pronycticebus gaudryi. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1934:19–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeGros Clark, W. E. 1956. A Miocene lemuroid skull from East Africa. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Fossil Mamm. Afr.9:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeGros Clark, W. E. 1959. The Antecedents of Man: An Introduction to the Evolution of the Primates. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeGros Clark, W. E., and D. P. Thomas. 1952. The Miocene lemuroids of East Africa. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Fossil Mamm. Afr.5:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lie, T. A. 1968. Congenital Anomalies of the Carotid Arteries. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Littler, T. S. 1965. The Physics of the Ear. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, C. I. F. 1894. Über die malagassischen Lemuriden-Gattungen Microcebus, Opolemur, und Chirogale. Nwit. Zool.1:2–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, C. I. F. 1899. On the skulls of some Malagasy lemurs. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1899:987–988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Major, C. I. F. 1901. On some characteristics of the skull in the lemurs and monkeys. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1901:129–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, R. D. 1972. Adaptive radiation and behaviour of the Malagasy lemurs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B264:295–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthew, W. D. 1909. The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.9:289–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCoy, H. A., D. R. Swindler, and J. W. Albers. 1966. The external carotid artery of the baboon and the rhesus monkey: Branching pattern and distribution, pp. 151–179. In H. Vagtborg, ed., The Baboon in Medical Research. University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, S. B. 1958. The Greater Antillean insectivores. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.115:113–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, M. C. 1966. Paleontology and the origin of the primates. Folia Primatol.4:1–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. E., G. C. Christensen, and H. E. Evans. 1964. Anatomy of the Dog. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. A. 1943. Functional and morphological adaptations in the forelimbs of the slow lemurs. Am. J. Anat.73:153–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, S. H., and J. E. Heath, 1970. Thermoresponsiveness of thepreoptic region of the brain in house sparrows. Science168:1008–1009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mivart, St. G. 1873. On Lepilemur and Cheirogaleus and on the zoological rank of the Lemuroidea. Proc. Zool. Soc. London1873:484–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Napier, J. R. 1967. Evolutionary aspects of primate locomotion. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.27:333–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petter-Rousseaux, A. 1964. Reproductive physiology and behavior of the Lemuroidea, pp. 91–132. In J. Buettner-Janusch, ed., Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petter-Rousseaux, A., and J.-J. Petter. 1967. Contribution à la systématique des Cheirogaleinae (Lémuriens malgaches). Allocebus, gen. nov., pour Cheirogaleus trichotis Günther, 1875. Mammalia31:574–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piveteau, J. 1957. Traité de paléontologie, Vol. 7. Masson et Cie., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pocock, R. I. 1922. On the external characters of the beaver (Castoridae) and some squirrels (Sciuridae). Proc. Zool. Soc. London1922:1171–1212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanes, G. J., ed. 1964. Cunningham’s textbook of anatomy. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumpler, Y. 1974. Cytogenetic contributions to a new classification of lemurs, pp. 865–869. In R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle, and A. Walker, eds., Prosimian Biology. Duckworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. 1964. Les mammifères Paléocènes d’Europe. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (Paris), Sér. C13:1–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saban, R. 1963. Contribution à l’étude de l’os temporal des Primates. Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (Paris), Sér. A29:1–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, J. H. 1974. Observations on the dentition of the Indriidae. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.41:107–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, E. L. 1961. Notes on Eocene tarsioids and a revision of some Necrolemurinae. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geol.5:45–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, E. L. 1962. A new Eocene primate genus, Cantius, and a revision of some allied European lemuroids. Bull Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geol.7:1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, E. L. 1972. Primate Evolution: An Introduction to Man’s Place in Nature. Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, E. L., and D. E. Russell. 1960. Notes on the cranial anatomy of Necrolemur. Breviora Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard)127:1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. G. 1967. The Tertiary lorisiform primates of Africa. Bull Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard)136:39–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehlin, H. G. 1912. Die Säugetiere des schweitzerischen Eocaens. VII (1): Adapis. Abh. Schweiz. Palaeont. Ges.38:1165–1298 (not successively paginated).

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, H. E. 1951. The carotid arteries in the Procyonidae. Fieldiana (Zool.)32:477–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, W. L., Jr. 1931. The form of the tracheal cartilages of primates, with remarks on their supposed taxonomic importance. J. Mammal.12:281–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S. 1969. Mixodectidae, Microsyopidae, and the insectivore-primate transition. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.140:193–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S. 1971a. Significance of the basicranium of early Tertiary primates for the phylogeny of the order. Am. f. Phys. Anthropol.35:297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S. 1971b. The European adapid primates Agerina and Pronycticebus. Am. Mus. Novit.2466:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S. 1972. Cranial morphology of the early Tertiary Phenacolemur and its bearing on primate phylogeny. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.36:59–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, F. S., and C. C. Katz. 1973. Phylogeny of lemurs, galagos and lorises. Folia Primatol. 19:88–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tandler, J. 1899. Zur Vergleichenden Anatomie der Kopfarterien bei den Mammalia. Denkschr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. (Wien), Math.-Nat. Klasse67:677–784.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall, I. 1969. More on the ecology of Ramapithecus. Nature224:821–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall, I. 1973a. Subfossil lemuroids and the “adaptive radiation” of the Malagasy lemurs. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. 235:314–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall, I. 1973b. Cranial anatomy of the Archaeolemurinae (Lemuroidea, Primates). Anthropol. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.52:1–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonndorf, J., and S. M. Khanna. 1968. The quality of impedance matching by the middle ears of cats. Ann. Otol. Rhinol Laryngol77:154–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torre, E. de la, M. G. Netsky, and I. Meschan. 1959. Intracranial and extracranial circulations in the dog: anatomic and angiographic studies. Am. J. Anat.105:343–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Valen, L. 1965. Tree shrews, primates, and fossils. Evolution19:137–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.135:217–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. C. 1969. New evidence from Uganda regarding the dentition of Miocene Lorisidae. Uganda J. (Kampala)33:90–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. C. 1970. Post-cranial remains of the Miocene Lorisidae of East Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.33:249–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, A. C. 1974. A review of the Miocene Lorisidae of East Africa, pp. 435–447. In R. D. Martin, G. A. Doyle, and A. C. Walker, eds., Prosimian Biology. Duckworth, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. B. 1961. The ear apparatus of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys. Am. J. Anat.108:123–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cartmill, M. (1975). Strepsirhine Basicranial Structures and the Affinities of the Cheirogaleidae. In: Luckett, W.P., Szalay, F.S. (eds) Phylogeny of the Primates. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2168-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2166-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics