Abstract
The first application of radiography to gathering primary data in soil mechanics can be credited to Emil Gerber (1929) as part of a doctoral dissertation at Zurich. His testing was described and illustrated by Tschebotarioff (1950) in a discussion of related work done by Berdan and Bernhard (1950). Essentially, Gerber succeeded in tracing the movement of lead pellets in a sand that was subjected to plate loading. His film imagery was not clear enough to be reproduced but it served for measurements of pellet displacements. Apparently no further work was done until Davis and Woodward (1949) reported tests with footings on sands. In the same year, J. J. O’Dea, Jr., used radiography in studies of vibratory characteristics of sands. Shortly afterwards, Berdan and Bernhard (1950) applied radiography in compaction studies to analyze soil densification processes in silt and in sand. Bergfelt (1956) traced lead-shot displacements with footing tests on blocks of clay, and Watkins (1957) used radiography to trace the movements of lead shot around models of flexible culverts buried in loess.
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Krinitzsky, E.L. (1970). Soil Mechanics. In: Radiography in the Earth Sciences and Soil Mechanics. Monographs in Geoscience. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1803-3_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1803-3_9
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