Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Natural Resources and Methods of Producing Refractory Metals

  • Chapter
Book cover Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys

  • 492 Accesses

Abstract

To date there has been no generally accepted definition in scientific literature of those metals which should be regarded as refractory. In this book, refractory metals are considered to be those whose melting point is higher than that of iron (1535°C). They all belong to the group of transition metals having an unfilled d-shell and occurring mainly in the first, second, and third large periods from group IVa to group VIII of the periodic system of elements. The most refractory of them are tungsten (melting point 3380°C), rhenium (3180°C), tantalum (3000°C), and osmium (3045°C).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature Cited

  1. A. P. Vinogradov, Geochemistry of Rare and Dispersed Chemical Elements in Soils [in Russian] (2nd ed.), Izd. Akad. Nauk (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. A. Saukov, Geochemistry [in Russian], Gosgeolizdat (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  3. V. Noddak and I. Noddak, Basic Ideas of Geochemistry [in Russian], Vol. 2, Goskhim-tekhizdat, Leningrad (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  4. K. B. Lebedev and S. A. Ageev, Izv. Akad. Nauk Kaz.SSR, Seriya Metallurgii, No. 1 (10), p. 48 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. V. Rodzaevskii, Metallurgicheskaya i Kimicheskaya Promyshlennost’ Kazakhstana, No. 3 (7), p. 49 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. B. Lebedev, Rhenium [in Russian], Metallurgizdat (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  7. R. I. Jaffee, D. J. Maykuth, and R. W. Douglass, Rhenium and Refractory Metals of the Platinum Group [Russian translation], IL (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  8. S. K. Kalinin, Vestnik Akad. Nauk. Kaz.SSR, No. 9 (18), p. 40 (1946),

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. A. Satpaeva, Mineralogical Features of Deposits of the Type of Copper-Bearing Sandstones [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk Kaz.SSR, Alma Ata (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  10. K. B. Lebedev. Vestnik Akad. Nauk Kaz.SSR, No. 8, p. 58 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  11. R. G. Petersen, J. C. Hamilton, and A. T. Myers, Econ. Geol., 54(2):254 (1959)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. V. A. Kuznetsova and A. A. Saukov, Geokhimiya, No. 9, p. 750 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  13. I. I. Chernyaev and A. M. Rubinshtein, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 48(5):353 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  14. O. E. Zvyagintseva, Zh. Prikl. Khimiya, 32(9):1889 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  15. P. Grainger, Mining J. Annual Rev., 55 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  16. E. M. Savitskii, G. S. Birkhanov, and Ch. V. Kopetskii, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Metallurgie i Gornos Delo, No. 6, p. 12 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  17. K. Agte and I. Vatsek, Tungsten and Molybdenum [in Russian], Izd. “Energiya” (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  18. C. J. Smithells, Tungsten: A Treatise on its Metallurgy, Properties and Applications (3rd ed.), Chemical Publishing Co., New York (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  19. A. N. Zelikan, Metallurgy of Tungsten and Molybdenum [in Russian], Metallurgizdat (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  20. G. I. Abashin and G. M. Pogosyan, Technology of Tungsten and Molybdenum Production, Metallurgizdat (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  21. L. Northcott, Molybdenum, Academic Press, New York (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  22. V. Espe, Technology of Electrovacuum Materials, Vol. 1, Gosenergoizdat (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. M. Savitskii and G. L. Tsarev, Vestnik Akad. Nauk BSSR, Ser. Fiz.-tekhn. Nauk, No. 2, p. 84 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  24. “Pure tungsten granules made by gas reduction,” Steel, 153(19):102 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. S. Eme’yanov, A. I. Evstyukhin, G. A. Leont’ev, and A. N. Semenikhin, in: Metallurgy and Metallography of Pure Metals [in Russian], No. 4, Atomizdat (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  26. G. S. Savchenko and I. V. Tananaev, Zh.Prikl. Khim., No. 5, p. 385 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  27. G. A. Meerson, G. L. Zverev, and F. M. Zubkova, Tsvetnye Metally, No. 8, p. 97 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. M. Chernoborov and N. P. Kolonina, in: Chromatography, Its Theory and Application [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  29. L. A. Nisel’son, Zh. Neorg. Khim., 3(12):2603 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  30. T. R. Ingraham and B. S. P. Whalley, Canad. J. Chem. Engng., 41(6):265–268 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. N. P. Sazhin and E. A. Pepelyaeva, in: Researches in the Field of Geology, Chemistry and Metallurgy [in Russian], Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, p. 152 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  32. F. Hadsuel and J. K. Hatchen, in: Chemistry of Nuclear Fuel, Metallurgizdat, p. 533 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  33. L. A. Nisepson, in: Separation of Rare Metals of Similar Properties [in Russian], Metallurgizdat, p. 168 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  34. “Automatisme à l’usine et au bureau, 9(6): 15 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Semicond. Prod, and Solid State Technol., 7(9):2 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  36. V. E. Ivanov, I. I. Papirov, G. F. Tikhyinskii, and V. M. Amonenko, Pure and Ultrapure Metals [in Russian], Izd. “Metallurgiya” (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Express Information “Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya,” No. 29 (Abstract 113) (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  38. V. V. Marychev, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 159(2):416 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  39. A. N. Zelikman, O. E. Krein, and G. V. Samsonov, Metallurgy of the Rare Metals [in Russian], Izd. “Metallurgiya” (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  40. I. D. Kulagin and A. V. Nikolaev, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, OTN, Metallurgiya i Toplivo, No. 2, p. 78 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  41. N. N. Rykalin, A. V. Nikolaev, and I. D. Kulagin, Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur, Doklad. Akad. Nauk SSSR, No. 6, p. 871 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. A. A. Baikov Institute of Technology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR

    E. M. Savitskii & G. S. Burkhanov

Authors
  1. E. M. Savitskii
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. G. S. Burkhanov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1970 Consultants Bureau, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Savitskii, E.M., Burkhanov, G.S. (1970). Natural Resources and Methods of Producing Refractory Metals. In: Physical Metallurgy of Refractory Metals and Alloys. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1572-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1574-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1572-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation