Abstract
Among the “seven warning signals” of cancer, the American Cancer Society lists “a lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere.” In the case of a malignant neoplasm, we know that the “lump” represents uncontrolled cellular growth that is not working in the best interests of the host or, ultimately, of itself. As indicated by long-standing observations on the behavior of human tumors (Foulds, 1969, 1975; Bodenham, 1968), a change in a single cell may suffice to begin the neoplastic process (Fialkow, 1979; cf. Woodruff, 1983), but the result is far from a mass of homogeneous progeny. The heterogeneous nature of human tumors was deemphasized early in modern treatment, as investigators worked to find therapeutically exploitable differences between “the normal cell” and “the cancer cell.” This approach was less successful than hoped, because differences between malignant and normal cells have turned out to be more quantitative than qualitative (Markert, 1982; Nicolson, 1984a). Even more damaging to a simple “exploitable difference” approach is evidence, now accumulating, that significant differences may exist between malignant cells even within the same tumor. These differences may be greater than the differences between a given malignant and a corresponding normal cell. Although the problem of tumor cell heterogeneity has been a focus of intense research interest for a relatively short time (Heppner, 1984), it is now getting such attention as to generate numerous reviews from various points of view (Heppner, 1984; Heppner and Miller, 1983; Nicolson, 1984a; Spremulli and Dexter, 1983; Woodruff, 1983; Brattain et al., 1984; Fidler and Hart, 1982; Weiss, 1980; Henson, 1982; Fidler and Berendt, 1982), has been a central issue in recent symposia (Fidler and White, 1980; Owens et al., 1982; Nicolson and Milas, 1984), and is the subject of over 300 papers published since 1978 (Poste, 1984).
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Slocum, H.K., Heppner, G.H., Rustum, Y.M. (1985). Cellular Heterogeneity of Human Tumors. In: Mihich, E. (eds) Biological Responses in Cancer. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1236-9_8
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