Abstract
In this chapter we first develop a definition by which the neurobehavioral syndrome, “uremic encephalopathy,” and its variant presentations may be recognized as they occur clinically in integrated, whole organisms and as they may be indexed—at least to some extent—by objective and quantitative measurement techniques. These latter indices provide an essential linking “bridge of relevance” between the syndrome, itself the essential clinical reality, and the physiological and chemical data that are derived from probes into lower levels of biological organization at which the clinical, whole-organism identifiers of “uremic encephalopathy” are necessarily lost. Following this is a review of the available information concerning abnormal cerebral chemistry and metabolism in experimental animals and in human subjects with renal failure, with an attempt to validate the relevance of such observations to the defining clinical syndrome.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Addison, T., 1839, On the disorders of the brain connected with diseased kidneys, Guy’s Hosp. Rep. 4: 1–7.
Alfrey, A. C., Mishell, J. M., Burks, J., Contiguglia, R. H., Lewin, E., and Holmes, J. H., 1972, Syndrome of dyspraxia and multifocal seizures associated with chronic hemodialysis, Trans. ASAIO 18: 257–261.
Alfrey, A. C., LeGendre, G. R., Kaehney, W. D., 1976, The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome: Possible aluminum intoxication, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 184–188.
Allen, E. M., Malamed, D., and Singer, F. R., 1970, Electroencephalographic abnormalities in hypercalcemia, Neurology 20: 15–22.
Arieff, A. I., 1981, Neurological complications of uremia, in: The Kidney, 2nd ed. (B. M. Brenner and F. C. Rector, Jr., eds.), W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 2306–2343.
Arieff, A. I., and Massry, S. G., 1974, Calcium metabolism of brain in acute renal failure: Effects of uremia, hemodialysis and parathyroid hormone, J. Clin. Invest. 53: 387–392.
Arieff, A. I., Massry, S. G., Barrientos, A.. and Kleeman, C. R., 1973, Brain water and electrolyte metabolism in uremia: Effects of slow and rapid hemodialysis, Kidney Int. 4: 177–187.
Arieff, A. I., Cooper, J. D., Armstrong, D., and Lazarowitz, V. C., 1979, Dementia, renal failure and brain aluminum, Ann. Intern. Med. 90: 741–747.
Arieff, A. I., Guisado, R., Massry, S. G., and Lazarowitz, V. C., 1976, Central nervous system pH in uremia, hemodialysis and parathyroid hormone, J. Clin. Invest. 58: 306–311.
Bergstrom, J., and Fürst, P., 1978, Uraemic toxins, in: Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis (W. Drukker, F. M. Parsons. and J. F. Maher, eds.), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 334–368.
Bourne, J. R., Miezin, F. M., Ward, J. W., and Teschan, P. E., 1975a, Computer quantification of electroencephalographic data recorded from renal patients, Comput. Biomed. Res. 8: 461–473.
Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Teschan, P. E., Musso, M., Johnston, H. B., Jr., and Ginn, H. E., 1975b, Quantitative assessment of the electroencephalogram in renal disease, Electroencephogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 39: 377–388.
Bowling, P. S., and Bourne, J. R., 1978, Discriminant analysis of electroencephalograms recorded from renal patients, IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng. 25: 12–17.
Bright, R., 1836, Cases in observations illustrative of renal disease accompanied by the secretion of albuminous urine. Guy’s Hosp. Rep. 1: 338–379.
Cogan, M., Covey, C., Arieff, A. I., Wisniewski, A., Clark, O., Lazarowitz, V. C., and Leach, W., 1978, Central nervous system manifestations of hyperparathyroidism, Am. J. Med. 65: 963–970.
Cooper, J. D., Lazarowitz, V. C., and Arieff, A. I., 1978, Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in patients with acute renal failure: Evidence for neurotoxicity of parathyroid hormone, J. Clin. Invest. 61: 1448–1455.
Dewberry, F. L., McKinney, T. D., and Stone, W. J., 1980, Report of fourteen cases and review of the literature, ASAIO J. 3: 102–108.
Edwards, A. E., Kopple, J. E., Miller, J. M., Fields, L. G., and Der, D. F., 1977, Time perception and hemodialysis, Nephron 19: 140–145.
Engel, G. L., and Romano, J., 1944, Delirium: II. Reversibility of the EEG with experimental procedures, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 51: 378–392.
Engel, G. L., Romano, J., Ferris, E. G., Jr., Webb, J., and Stevens, C. D., 1944, A simple method of determining frequency spectrums in the electroencephalogram, Arch. Neural. Psychiatry 51: 134–146.
Essman, W. B., 1962, Effects of an experimentally induced acute renal failure on a learned maze response in rats, J. Gen. Psycho]. 67: 51–56.
Essman, W. B., 1965, Behavioral bioassay for experimentally induced uremic endotoxemia in rats, Percept. Mot. Skills 20: 115–120.
Fishman, R. A., 1970, Permeability changes in experimental uremic encephalopathy, Arch. Intern. Med. 126: 835–837.
Friedman, E. A., 1978, Oral sorbents, in: Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis ( W. Drukker, F. M. Parsons, and J. F. Maher, eds.), Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 232–243.
Glaser, G. H., 1960, Metabolic encephalopathy in hepatic, renal and pulmonary disorders, Postgrad. Med. 27: 611–619.
Glaser, G. H. (ed.), 1976, The EEG in renal insufficiency, in: Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Volume 15 ( A. Redmond, ed.), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 51–69.
Goldstein, D. A., Feinstein, E. I., Chui, L. A., Pattabhiraman, R., and Massry, S. G., 1980, The relationship between the abnormalities in EEG and blood levels of parathyroid hormone in dialysis patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 130–134.
Guisado, R., Arieff, A. I., and Massry, S. G., 1975, Changes in the electroencephalogram in acute uremia: Effects of parathyroid hormone and brain electrolytes, J. Clin. Invest. 55: 738–745.
Hagstam, K. E., 1977, EEG frequency content related to chemical blood parameters in chronic uremia, Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 7 (suppl. 1): 1–33.
Hamel, B., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., and Teschan, P. E., 1978, Visually evoked cortical potentials in renal failure: Transient potentials, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol, 44: 606–616.
Hayman, P. R., and Kooi, K. A., 1969, Visually evoked cortical responses in renal insufficiency, Univ. Mich. Med. Cent. J. 35: 177–179.
Heath, H., Hodgson, S. F., and Kennedy, M. A., 1980, Primary hyperparathyroidism, N. Engl. J. Med. 302: 189–193.
Hughes, J. R., 1980, Correlations between EEG and chemical changes in uremia, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48: 583–594.
Jacob, J. C., Gloor, P., Elwan, O. H., Dossetor, J. B., and Pateras, V. R., 1965, Electroencephalographic changes in chronic renal failure, Neurology 15: 419.
Kennedy, A. C., Linton, A. L., and Eaton, J. C., 1962, Urea levels in cerebrospinal fluid after hemodialysis, Lancet 1: 410–411.
Kennedy, A. C., Luke, R. G., and Linton, A. L., 1964, Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, in: Renal Failure ( S. Shaldon and G. C. Cook, eds.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp. 66–79.
Kiley, J. E., 1981, Residual renal and dialyzer clearance, EEG slowing, and nerve conduction velocity, ASAIO J. 4: 1–8.
Kiley, J. E., and Hines, 0., 1963, Electroencephalographic evaluation of uremia, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Nephrology, Excerpta Medica Foundation, New York, pp. 745–747.
Kiley, J. E., and Hines, O., 1975, Electroencephalographic evaluation of uremia, Arch. Intern. Med. 116: 67–73.
Kiley, J. E., Millora, A. B., and Woodruff, M., 1970, The quantitative EEG in uremia, in: Proceedings, Workshop on Behavioral Bioassays in Uremia, Washington. D.C., DHEW Publication #(NIH)72–37, U.S. Printing Office #1744–0004, pp. 41–53.
Kiley, J. E., Pratt, K. L., Gisser, D. G., and Schaffer, C. A., 1976a, Techniques of EEG frequency analysis for evaluation of uremic encephalopathy, Clin. Nephrol. 5: 279–285.
Kiley, J. E., Woodruff, M. W., and Pratt, K. L., 1976b, Evaluation of encephalopathy by EEG frequency analysis in chronic dialysis patients, Clin. Nephrol. 5: 245–250.
Klingler, M., 1974, EEG Observations in uremia (abstract), Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 6: 519.
Lewis, E. G., Dustman, R. E., and Beck, E. C., 1978, Visual and somatosensory evoked potential characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 44: 223–231.
Lishman, W. A., 1978, Organic Psychiatry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
Mahoney, C. A., and Arieff, A. I., 1983, Central and peripheral nervous system effects of chronic renal failure, Kidney Int. 24: 170–177.
McDaniel, J. W., 1971, Metabolic and CNS correlates of cognitive dysfunction with renal failure, Psychophysiology 8: 704–713.
Miller, J. H., Kopple, J. D., Edwards, A. E., Der, D. F., Fields, L. G., and Gardner P. W., 1974, Assessment of central nervous system function in uremia, Proc. Clin. Dial. Transplant. Forum 4: 156–159.
Murphy, G. P., and Sharp, J. C., 1964, Timed behavior in primates during various experimental uremic states, J. Surg. Res. 4: 550–553.
Raskin, N. H., and Fishman, R. A., 1976, Neurologic disorders in renal failure, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 143–148.
Rasmussen, H., and Goodman, D. B. P., 1977, Relationships between calcium and cyclic nucleotides in cell activation: Cellular calcium metabolism and calcium-mediated cellular processes, Physiol. Rev. 57: 428–441.
Richet, G., Lopez de Novales, E., and Verroust, P., 1970, Neurological episodes in chronic renal failure, Br. Med. J. 2: 394–395.
Romano, J., and Engel, G. L., 1944, Delirium: I. Electroencephalographic data, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 51: 356–377.
Rotundo, A., Nevins, T. E., Lipton, M., Lockman, L. A., Mauer, S. M., and Michael, A. F., 1982, Progressive encephalopathy in children with chronic renal insufficiency in infancy, Kidney Int. 21: 486–491.
Schreiner, G. E., 1959, Mental and personality changes in the uremic syndrome, Med. Ann. D.C. 28: 316–323.
Schreiner, G. E., and Maher, J. F., 1961, Uremia, Biochemistry, Pathogenesis and Treatment, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Sharp, J. C., and Murphy, G. P., 1964, Conditioned avoidance behavior in primates during various experimental uremic states, Nephron 1: 172–179.
Sharp, J. C., and Murphy, G. P., 1966, A behavioral bioassay method using material from a uremic patient, Percept. Mot. Skills 22: 127–133.
Spehr, W., Sartorius, H., Berglund, K., Hjorth, B., Kablitz, C., Plog. V., Wiedemann, P. H., and Zapf, K., 1977, EEG and hemodialysis: A structural survey of EEG spectral analysis, Hjorth’s EEG descriptors, blood variables and psychological data, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 43: 787–797.
Stone, W. J., 1983, Medical complications of end-stage renal disease, in: End Stage Renal Disease, An Integrated Approach ( W. J. Stone and P. L. Rabin, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 57–83.
Teschan, P. E., 1970a, On the pathogenesis of uremia, Am. J. Med. 48: 671–677.
Teschan, P. E., 1970b, Approaches to the study of uremic toxicity: An experimental model, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of Nephrology Karger, Basel, pp. 242–247.
Teschan, P. E., 1981, Measurement of neurobehavioral responses to renal failure, dialysis and transplantation, in: Psychonephrology I. Physiological Factors in Hemodialysis and Transplantation ( N. B. Levy, ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 13–18.
Teschan, P. E., 1983, The presentation of the patient with chronic renal failure, in: End Stage Renal Disease, An Integrated Approach ( W. J. Stone and P. L. Rabin, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 31–56.
Teschan, P. E., and Ginn, H. E., 1976, The nervous system, in: Clinical Aspects of Uremia and Dialysis ( S. G. Massry and A. L. Sellers, eds.), Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp. 333.
Teschan, P. E., Murphy, G. P., and Sharp, J. C., 1964, Investigation of behavioral performance during urine reinfusion in the male primate, Am. J. Physiol. 206: 510–514.
Teschan, P. E., Carter, C. B., and Taub, E., 1970, Experimental studies of toxic factors in uremic encephalopathy, Arch. Intern. Med. 126: 838–840.
Teschan, P. E., Ginn, H. E., Bourne, J. R., Ward, J. W., Hamel, B., Nunnally, J. C., Musso, M., and Vaughn, W. K., 1979, Quantitative indices of clinical uremia, Kidney Int. 15:676–697. Tyler, H. R., 1968, Nuerologic disorders in renal failure, Am. J. Med. 44: 734–748.
Tyler, H. R., 1970, Neurologic disorders seen in the uremic patient, Arch. Intern. Med. 126: 781–786.
van den Noort, S., Eckel, R. E., Brine, K., and Hrdlicka, J. T., 1968, Brain metabolism in uremic and adenosine-infused rats, J. Clin. Invest. 47: 2133–2142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Teschan, P.E., Arieff, A.I. (1985). Uremic and Dialysis Encephalopathies. In: McCandless, D.W. (eds) Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Encephalopathy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1209-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1209-3_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1211-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1209-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive