Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endorphin Dysfunction in Panic Anxiety and Primary Affective Illness

  • Chapter
Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research

  • 47 Accesses

Abstract

The discovery of endogenous substances with opioid activity, the endorphins, in man and other species (Hughes, 1975; Pert et al.,1975; Simon, 1975) has stimulated recent investigations attempting to determine the role of these morphinelike substances in the brain. Thus far, two pentapeptides have been identified in the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. While recent studies and hypotheses have suggested a role for opioid peptides in mania, anxiety, psychosis, pain perception, motor behavior, and neuroendocrine regulation (Gold and Byck, 1978; Gold et al., 1977, 1979a; Kleber and Gold, 1978), little attention has been given to how these opioid peptides and receptors interact with other neurotransmitter systems to produce opiatelike effects and how this information might lead to a neural substrate for the signs, symptoms, and affects associated with opiate withdrawal and panic states in man (Gold and Pottash, 1980).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aghajanian, G. K., 1978, Tolerance of locus coeruleus neurons to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response by clonidine, Nature (London) 276: 186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atweh, S. F., and Kuhar, M. J., 1977, Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. II. The brain stem, Brain Res. 129: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, S. J., and Kuhar, M. J., 1977, Iontophoretic application of opiates to the locus coeruleus, Brain Res. 122: 523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, S. J., Atweh, S. F., and Kuhar, M. J., 1976, Microiontophoretic study of the effects of opiates on autoradiographically localized opiate receptors, in: Opiates and Endogenous Opioid Peptides ( H. W. Kosterlitz, ed.), pp. 199–204, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunney, W. E., Jr., Goodwin, F. K., and Murphy, D. L., 1972, The “switch process” in manic-depressive illness. III. Theoretical implications, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 27: 312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., and Sharp, P. T., 1972, Monoamine mediation of the morphine-induced activation of mice, Br. J. Pharmacol. 46: 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum, J. M., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1976a, Characterization of catecholamine receptors on noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 2: 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum, J. M., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1976b, Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: Inhibition by epinephrine and activation by the alpha-antagonist piperoxane, Brain Res. 112: 413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum, J. M., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1977, Catecholamine receptors on locus coeruleus neurons: Pharmacological characterization, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 44: 375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawley, J. N., Laverty, R., and Roth, R. H., 1979, Clonidine reversal of increased nor-epinephrine metabolite levels during morphine withdrawal, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 57: 247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creese, I., Feinberg, A. P., and Snyder, S. H., 1976, Butyrophenone influences on the opiate receptor, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 36: 231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlström, A., and Fuxe, K., 1964, Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system. 1. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 232: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiChiara, G., Tagliamonte, A., Tagliamonte, P., and Gessa, G. L., 1972, Evidence that methadone blocks dopamine receptors in the brain, J. Neurochem. 19: 1953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, N. B., and May, E. L., 1973, Origin and history of antagonists, in: Narcotic Antagonists (M. C. Braude, L. S. Harris, E. L. May, J. P. Smith, and J. E. Villarreal, eds.), Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology pp. 9–11, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidelberg, E., 1976, Possible action of opiates upon synapses, Prog. Neurobiol. 3: 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eidelberg, E., and Espamer, R., 1975, Dopaminergic mechanisms of opiate actions in brain, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 192: 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • EI-Sobky, A., Dostrovsky, J. O., and Wall, P. D., 1976, Lack of effect of naloxone on pain perception in humans, Nature (London) 263: 783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Extein, I., Pickar, D., Gold, P. W., Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., Ross, R. J., Rebard, R., Martin, D., and Goodwin, F. K., 1979, Methadone and morphine in depression, Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, M., 1975, Experimental approaches to the study of catecholamines and emotion, in: Emotions: Their Parameters and Measurement ( L. Levy, ed.), pp. 209–234, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederickson, R. C., and Norris, F. H.,. 1976, Enkephalin-induced depression of single neurons in brain areas with opiate receptors—Antagonism by naloxone, Science 194: 440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerner, R. H., Post, R. M., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1976, A dopaminergic mechanism in mania, Am. J. Psychiatry 133: 1177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gessa, G. L., and Tagliamonte, A., 1975, Effect of methadone and dextromoramide on dopamine metabolism: Comparison with haloperidol and amphetamine, Neuropharmacology 14: 913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gessa, G. L., Vargiu, L., Gibbio, G., and Tagliamonte, A., 1973, Effect of methadone on brain dopamine metabolism, in Frontiers in Catecholamine Research (E. Usdin and S. Snyder, eds.),pp. 1011–1014, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., and Byck, R., 1978, Endorphins, lithium, and naloxone: Their relationship to pathological and drug-induced manic-euphoric states, in The International Challenge of Drug Abuse (R. C. Peterson, ed.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series 19, pp. 192–209, DHEW, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., and Kleber, H. D., 1979, A rationale for opiate withdrawal symptomatology, Drug Alcohol Depend. 4: 419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., and Pottash, A. L. C., 1980, The neurobiological implications of clonidine HC1, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., and Redmond, D. E., Jr., 1977, Pharmacological activation and inhibition of noradrenergic activity alter specific behaviors in nonhuman primates, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 3: 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Donabedian, R. K., Dillard, M., Slobetz, F. W., Riordan, C. E., and Kleber, H. D., 1977, Antipsychotic effect of opiate agonists, Lancet 2: 398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., Jr., Donabedian, R. K., Goodwin, F. K., and Extein, I. L., 1978a, Increase in serum prolactin by exogenous and endogenous opiates: Evidence for antidopamine and antipsychotic effects, Am. J. Psychiatry 135: 1415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., Jr., and Kleber, H. D., 1978b, Clonidine in opiate withdrawal, Lancet 1: 929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., Jr., and Kleber, H. D., 1978c, Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms, Lancet 2: 599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., Kleber, H. D., and Redmond, D. E., Jr., 1979a, Rapid opiate detoxification: Clinical evidence of antidepressant and antipanic effects of opiates, Am. J. Psychiatry 136: 982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Sweeney, D. R., Pottash, A. L. C., and Kleber, H. D., 1979b, Decreased serum prolactin in opiate withdrawal and dopaminergic hyperactivity, Am. J. Psychiatry 136: 849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Byck, R., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1979c, Endorphin—locus coeruleus connection mediates opiate action and withdrawal, Biomedicine 30: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., Jr., and Kleber, H. D., 1979d, Noradrenergic hyperactivity in opiate withdrawal supported by clonidine reversal of opiate withdrawal, Am. J. Psychiatry 136: 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1980a, Clonidine detoxification: A fourteen day protocol for rapid opiate withdrawal, in: Problems of Drug Dependence 1979 (S. Lewis and P. H. D. Harris, eds.), National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series 27, p. 226, DHEW, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Sweeney, D. R., and Kleber, H. D., 1980b, Opiate withdrawal using clonidine. A safe, effective, and rapid nonopiate treatment, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243: 343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Kleber, H. D., Extein, I., Augusthy, K. A., and Sweeney, D. R., 1981, Clonidine and lofexidine reverse opiate withdrawal, American Psychiatric Association Abstract, 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., Extein, I., and Kleber, H. D., 1980c, Clonidine and opiate withdrawal, Lancet 2: 1078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, M., Snyder, C. H., and Aranow, H., Jr. 1947, New test for hypertension due to circulating epinephrine, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 135: 971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., 1976, Opioid peptides (endorphins) in pituitary and brain, Science 193: 1081.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., and Hansteen, R. W., 1977, Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34: 1179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., and Hilgard, E. R., 1975, Failure of the opiate antagonist naloxone to modify hypnotic analgesia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 2041.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, A., Pryor, G. T., Otis, L. S., and Larsen, F., 1976, On the role of endogenous opioid peptides: Failure of naloxone to influence shock escape threshold in the rat, Life Sci. 18: 599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D. A., Prichard, D. C., and Snyder, S. H., 1976, Alphanoradrenergic receptor binding in mammalian brain: Differential labeling of agonist and antagonist states, Life Sci. 19: 69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grevert, P., and Goldstein, A., 1977, Effects of naloxone on experimentally induced ischemic pain and on mood in human subjects, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 1291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herz, A., Blasig, J., and Papeschi, R., 1974, Role of catecholaminergic mechanisms in the expression of the morphine abstinence syndrome in rats, Psychopharmacologia 39: 121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, G., and Gershon, S., 1961, Autonomic and psychic effects of yohimbine hydrochloride, Psychopharmacologia 2: 93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, S. G., 1974, Behavioral effects of separate and combined administration of naloxone and d-amphetamine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 189: 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, S. G., 1976, Comparison of the effects of morphine, pentazocine, cyclazocine and amphetamine on intracranial self-stimulation in the rat, Psychopharmacologia 46: 223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y. H., Redmond, D. E., Jr., Snyder, D. R., and Maas, J. W., 1975, In vivo location and destruction of the locus coeruleus in the Stumptail Macaque (Macaca arctoides), Brain Res. 100: 157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J., 1975, Isolation of an endogenous compound from brain with pharmacological properties similar to morphine, Brain Res. 88: 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, D., Judd, L., Huey, L., Roitman, N., Parker, D., and Segal, D., 1978, Naloxone effects on manic symptoms and growth hormone levels, Lancet 2: 320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, P. A., 1965, The evolution of the butyrophenones, haloperidol and trifluperidol from meperidine-like 4-phenylpiperidines, Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 8: 221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. E., Halaris, A. E., Mclhany, M., and Moore, R. Y., 1977, Ascending projections of the locus coeruleus in the rat: I and II, Brain Res. 127: 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karkalas, Y., and Lal, H. S., 1973, A comparison of haloperidol with methadone in blocking heroin withdrawal symptoms, Int. Pharmacopsychiatry 8: 248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleber, H. D., and Gold, M. S., 1978, Use of psychotropic drugs in treatment of methadone maintained narcotic addicts, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 311: 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, N. S., Li, C. H., Lehmann, H. E., Lajtha, A., Laski, E., and Cooper, T., 1977, Beta-endorphin induced changes in schizophrenic and depressed patients, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 34: 111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kokka, N., Garcia, J. F., and Elliott, H. W., 1973, Effects of acute and chronic administration of narcotic analgesics on growth hormone and corticotrophin (ACTH)secretion in rats, Prog. Brain Res. 39: 347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korf, J., Aghajanian, G. K., and Roth, R. H., 1973, Stimulation and destruction of the locus coeruleus: Opposite effects on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol sulfate levels in the rat cerebral cortex, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 21: 305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korf, J., Bunney, B. S., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1974, Noradrenergic neurons: Morphine inhibition of spontaneous activity, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 25: 165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhar, M. J., 1978, Opiate receptors: Some anatomical and physiological aspects, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 311: 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lal, H., 1975, Narcotic dependence, narcotic action and dopamine receptors, Life Sci. 17: 483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levi, L., 1972, Stress and distress in response to psychosocial stimuli. Laboratory and real life studies on sympathoadrenomedullary and related reactions, Acta Med. Scand. Suppl. 528–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loizou, L. A., 1969, Projections of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the albino rat, Brain Res. 15: 563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, J. W., and Landis, D. H., 1971, The metabolism of circulating norepinephrine by human subjects, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 177: 600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maas, J. W., Hattox, S. E., Landis, D. H., and Roth, R. H., 1976, The determination of a brain arteriovenous difference for 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG), Brain Res. 118: 167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, J. W., Greene, N. M., Hattox, S. E., and Landis, D. H., 1979, Neurotransmitter metabolite production by human brain, in Catecholamines: Basic and Clinical Frontiers ( E. Usdin, I. J. Kopin, and J. Barchas, eds.), pp. 1878–1880, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A. J., and Knapp, S., 1975a, Current research in the indoleamine hypothesis of affective disorders, Commun. Psychopharmacol. 1: 587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, A. J., and Knapp, S., 1975b, Neurobiological antagonism of cocaine by lithium, in Cocaine and Other Stimulants ( E. H. Ellinwood, Jr., and M. M. Kilbey, eds.), pp. 187–200, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. H., Molliver, M. E., and Grazanna, R., 1979, Noradrenergic innervation of cerebral cortex: Widespread effects of local cortical lesions, Science 205: 313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L., Goodwin, F. K., Brodie, H. K., and Bunney, W. E., Jr., 1973, L-Dopa, dopamine and hypomania, Am. J. Psychiatry 130: 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paalzow, L., 1974, Analgesia produced by clonidine in mice and rats, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 26: 361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pert, C. B., and Snyder, S. H., 1974, Opiate receptor binding of agonists and antagonists affected differentially by sodium, Mol. Pharmacol. 10: 868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., and Snyder, S. H., 1975, Autoradiographic localization of the opiate receptor in rat brain, Life Sci. 16: 1849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puri, S. K., and Lal, H., 1974, Tolerance to the behavioral and neurochemical effects of haloperidol and morphine in rats chronically treated with morphine or haloperidol, Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 282: 155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, D. E., Jr., Huang, Y. H., and Gold, M. S., 1977, Anxiety: The locus coeruleus connection, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 3: 258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, D. E., Jr., Huang, Y. H., and Gold, M. S., 1978, Evidence for the involvement of a brain norepinephrine (NE) system in anxiety, Proceedings 4th International Catecholamine Symposium, Pacific Grove, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, D. E., Jr., Roth, R. H., Hattox, S. E., Stogin, J. M., and Baulu, J., 1979, 3Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG) in monkey brain, CSF, and plasma during naloxone precipitated morphine abstinence, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 5: 1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivier, C., Vale, W., Ling, N., Brown, M., and Guillemin, R., 1977, Stimulation in vivo of the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone by 3-endorphin, Endocrinology 100: 238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. C., Mason, S. T., and Fibiger, H. C., 1978, 6-OHDA lesions to the dorsal noradrenergic bundle alters morphine-induced locomotor activity and catalepsy, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 52: 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, K., Touret, M., Salvert, D., Leger, L., and Jouvet, M., 1977, Afferent projections to the cat locus coeruleus as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique, Brain Res. 119: 21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut, J. J. 1965, The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence, Am. J. Psychiatry 122: 509.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, H., Schmitt, Mme. H., and Fenard, S., 1971, Evidence for an alpha-sympathomimetic component in the effects of Catapresan on vasomotor centres: Antagonism by piperoxane, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 14: 98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, E. J., 1975, Opiate receptor binding with 3H-etorphine, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull. 13: 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. H., and Simantov, R., 1977, The opiate receptor and opiate peptides, J. Neurochem. 28: 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, S. H., Banerjee, S. P., Yamamura, H. I., and Greenberg, D., 1974, Drugs, neurotransmitters, and schizophrenia, Science 184: 1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soifer, A., 1954, Reginine and benodaine in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, Med. Clin. North Am. 38: 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., and Robins, E., 1978, Research diagnostic criteria: Rationale and reliability, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35: 773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starke, K., 1977, Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 77: 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strombom, U., 1975, On the functional role of pre-and postsynaptic catecholamine receptors in brain, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 431: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svensson, T. H., Bunney, B. S., and Aghajanian, G. K., 1975, Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic antagonist clonidine, Brain Res. 92: 291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, D. R., Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., and Davies, R. K., 1980a, Neuro-biological theories, in: The Handbook of Stress and Anxiety: Current Knowledge, Theory and Treatment ( I. L. Kutash and L. B. Schlesinger, eds.), pp. 112–122, Jossey—Bass, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, D. R., Gold, M. S., Ryan, N., and Pottash, A. L. C., 19806, Opiate withdrawal and panic anxiety, American Psychiatric Association Abstract, p. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, D. R., Gold, M. S., Pottash, A. L. C., and Martin, D. M., 1980c, Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants in panic disorder, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1: 701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taube, H. D., Borowski, E., Endo, T., and Starke, K., 1976, Enkephalin: A potential modulator of noradrenaline release in rat brain, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 38: 377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolis, G., Dent, R., and Guyda, H., 1978, Opiates, prolactin, and the dopamine receptor, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 47: 200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Wende, C., and Spoerlein, M. T., 1973, Role of dopaminergic receptors in morphine analgesia and tolerance, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 5: 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Graffenried, B. V., del Pozo, E., Roubicek, J., Krebs, E., Poldinger, W., Burmeister, P., and Kerp, L., 1978, Effects of the synthetic enkephalin analogue FK 33–824 in man, Nature (London) 272: 729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S., III, Bird, S. J., and Kuhar, M. J., 1977, Iontophoresis of methionine-enkephalin in the locus coeruleus area, Brain Res. 129: 366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Mark S. Gold

  2. Psychiatric Diagnostic Laboratories of America, Summit, New Jersey, USA

    A. Carter Pottash

  3. Summit, Fair Oaks Hospital, New Jersey, USA

    Irl Extein

  4. Psychobiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Irl Extein & Frederick K. Goodwin

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    D. Eugene Redmond Jr. & Herbert D. Kleber

Authors
  1. Mark S. Gold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Carter Pottash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Irl Extein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Frederick K. Goodwin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. Eugene Redmond Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Herbert D. Kleber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

    Nandkumar S. Shah Ph.D. (Chief of Research Services, Research Professor, Adjunct Professor) (Chief of Research Services, Research Professor, Adjunct Professor)

  2. William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA

    Alexander G. Donald M.D. (Director, Professor and Chairman) (Director, Professor and Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gold, M.S., Pottash, A.C., Extein, I., Goodwin, F.K., Redmond, D.E., Kleber, H.D. (1982). Endorphin Dysfunction in Panic Anxiety and Primary Affective Illness. In: Shah, N.S., Donald, A.G. (eds) Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1119-5_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1121-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1119-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation