Skip to main content

Immunology of Haemophilus influenzae Infections

  • Chapter
Immunology of Human Infection

Part of the book series: Comprehensive Immunology ((COMIMUN,volume 8))

Abstract

Haemophilus influenzae is a leading cause of acute bacterial infections in infancy and childhood and an important agent of chronic pulmonary infections in children and adults. The bacillus was so named because it was observed in the purulent sputum of individuals stricken with influenzal infection in the European outbreak of 1889–1892 (Pfeiffer, 1892). The erroneous conclusion that this bacterium was the cause of influenza prevailed until the studies of Smith et al. (1933) established beyond doubt that influenza is caused by viruses. By that time, however, its nomenclature had been firmly established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, H. E., 1953, in: Holt’s Pediatrics (L. E. Holt and R. McIntosh, eds.), p. 1200, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, H.E., and Leidy, G., 1951, Induction of heritable new type in type-specific strains of H. influenzae, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 78:626–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, H.E., Heidelberger, M., and Leidy, G., 1944, The protective or curative element in type b H. influenzae rabbit serum, Yale J. Biol. Med. 16:425–430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper, C.A., Propp, R.P., Klemperer, M.R., and Rosen, F.S., 1969, Inherited deficiency of the third component of human complement, J. Clin. Invest. 48:553–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P., and Smith, D.H., 1977, Immunogenicity in weanling rabbits of a polyribophosphate complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Infect. Dis. 136:S63–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P., Johnston, R.B., and Smith, D.H., 1972, Human serum activities against Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Clin. Invest. 51:31–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P., Pitt, J., and Smith, D.H., 1976, The synthesis and release of polyribophosphage by Haemophilus influenzae type b in vitro, Infect. Immun. 13:581–589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, P., Smith, D.H., Ingram, D.L., Wilkins, J., Wehrle, P.F., and Howie, V.M., 1977, Antibody to polyribophosphate of Haemophilus influenzae type b in infants and children: Effect of immunization with polyribophosphate, J. Infect. Dis. 136:S57–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor, E., 1971, Bacterial infections and sickle cell anemia: An analysis of 250 infections in 166 patients and a review of the literature, Medicine 50:97–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, M.W., Schneerson, R., Parke, J.C., and Robbins, J.B., 1971, Bacterial antigens cross-reactive with the capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Lancet 1:1095–1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Branefors-Helander, P., Erbing, C., Kenne, L., and Lindberg, B., 1976, Structural studies of the capsular antigen from Haemophilus influenzae type b, Acta Chem. Scand. 30:276–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buddingh, G.J., 1963, Bacterial dynamics in combined infection; a study of population dynamics of strains of Haemophilus influenzae type b in combined infection with influenza C virus in embryonated eggs, Am. J. Pathol. 43:407–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chilcote, R.R., Baehner, R.L., Hammond, D., and the Investigation and Special Studies Committee of the Children’s Cancer Study Group, 1976, Septicemia and meningitis in children splenectomized for Hodgkin’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 295:798–800.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coonrod, J.D., and Rytel, M.W., 1972, Determination of etiology of bacterial meningitis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, Lancet 1:1154–1157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craven, D. E., and Frasch, C. E., 1978, Pili-mediated and nonmediated adherence of Neisseria meningitidis and its relationship to invasive disease, in: Immunobiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Proceedings of a Conference held in San Francisco, Ca. (G. F. Brooks, E. C. Gotschlich, K. K. Holmes, W. D. Sawyer, and F. E. Young, eds.), pp. 250–252, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crisel, R.M., Baker, R.S., and Dorman, D.E., 1975, Capsular polymer of Haemophilus influenzae type b. I. Structural characterization of the capsular polymer of strain Eagan, J. Biol. Chem. 250:4926–4930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, F.J., Winkelstein, J.A., and Moxon, E.R., 1976, Participation of complement in the non-immune host defense against experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b septicemia and meningitis, Infect. Immun. 14:882–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crosson, F.J., Winkelstein, J.A., and Moxon, E.R., 1978, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection and quantitation of capsular antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Infect. Immun. 22:617–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daum, R.S., Schiefele, D.W., Syriopoulou, V., Averill, D., and Smith, A.L., 1978, Ventricular involvement in experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, J. Pediatr. 93:927–930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D.J., 1921, Food accessory factors in bacterial growth. III. Further observation on the growth of Pfeiffer’s bacillus, J. Infect. Dis. 29:171–189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denny, F.W., 1974, Effect of a toxin produced by Haemophilus influenzae on ciliated respiratory epithelium, J. Infect. Dis. 129:93–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dingle, J.H., and Fothergill, L.D., 1939, Purification of the type specific Polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Immunol. 37:53–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dochez, A.R., Mills, K.C., and Kneeland, Y., Jr., 1932, Variation of H. influenzae during acute respiratory infection in the chimpanzee, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 30:314–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doern, G.V., and Buckmire, F.L., 1976, Ultrastructural characterization of capsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b and two spontaneous non-typable mutants, Infect. Immun. 127:523–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan, W., 1978, personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, W., and Tsui, F. P., 1979, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, W., Tsui, P. A., Climensen, P. A., and Schneerson, R., 1979, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eraklis, A.J., Kevy, S.V., Diamond, L.K., and Cross, R., 1967, Hazard of overwhelming infection after splenectomy in childhood, N. Engl. J. Med. 276:1225–1229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M.N., Smith, D.D., and Wicken, A.J., 1974, Haemin and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide requirements of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, J. Med. Microbiol. 7:359–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigin, R.D., Stechenberg, B.W., Chang, M.J., Dunkle, L.M., Wang, M.L., Palkes, H., Dodge, P.R., and Davis, H., 1976, Prospective evaluation of treatment of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, J. Pediatr. 88:542–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fildes, P., 1921, The nature of the effect of blood-pigment upon the growth of B. influenzae, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 2:16–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flesher, A.R., and Insel, R.A., 1978, Characterization of lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae, J. Infect. Dis. 138:719–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, L.D., and Wright, J., 1933, Influenzal meningitis: The relation of age incidence to the bactericidal power of blood against causal organism, J. Immunol. 24:273–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fothergill, L.D., Chandler, C.A., and Dingle, J.H., 1937, The survival of virulent H. influenzae in phagocytes, J. Immunol. 32:335–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallovan, M., 1937, Encephalitis and meningitis in the chick embryo following inoculation of the chorio-allantoic membrane with Haemophilus influenzae, Am. J. Pathol. 13:911–926.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ginsberg, C.M., Schneerson, R., McCracken, G. H., and Robbins, J. B., 1976, Prog. Abstr. Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agent Chemother. 16th, Chicago, Abstr. No. 148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glode, M.P., Sutton, A., Moxon, E.R., and Robbins, J.B., 1977, Pathogenesis of neonatal Escherichia coli meningitis: Induction of bacteremia and meningitis in infant rats fed E. coli K.1, Infect. Immun. 16:75–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotschlich, E.C., 1971, A simplification of the radioactive antigen binding test by a double label technique, J. Immunol. 107:910–911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotschlich, E. C., 1977, cited in: Current status and prospects for improved and new bacterial vaccines, J. Infect. Dis. 136:S92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotschlich, E.C., Liu, T.Y., and Artenstein, M.S., 1969, Preparation and immunochemical properties of the group A, group B and group C meningococcal Polysaccharides, J. Exp. Med. 129:1349–1365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granick, S., and Gilder, H., 1946, The porphyrin requirements of Haemophilus influenzae and some functions of the vinyl propionic acid side chains of heme, J. Gen. Physiol. 30:1–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granoff, D., 1977, Haemophilus influenzae cellulitis following soft tissue injury, J. Pediatr. 91:679–680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granoff, D.M., and Rockwell, R., 1978, Experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Immunological investigation of the infant rat model, Infect. Immun. 20:705–713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiss, J.M., and Bertram, M.A., 1977, Immunoepidemiology of meningococcal disease in military recruits. II. Blocking of serum bactericidal activity by circulating IgA early in the course of invasive disease, J. Infect. Dis. 136:733–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handzel, Z.T., Argaman, M., Parke, J.C., Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J.B., 1975, Heteroimmunization to the capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b induced by enteric cross-reacting bacteria, Infect. Immun. 11:1045–1051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding, A. L., Anderson, P., Howie, V. M., Ploussard, J. H., and Smith, D. H., 1973, Haemophilus influenzae isolated from children with Otitis media, in: Haemophilus influenzae (S. H. Sell and D. T. Karzon, eds.), pp. 21–28, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway, M. D., and Turk, D. C., 1967, in: Haemophilus influenzae: Its Clinical Importance (D. C. Turk and J. R. May, eds.), p. 69, English University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, C.J., and Glynn, A.A., 1971, Some physical properties of K antigens of Escherichia coli related to their biological activity, Infect. Immun. 4:6–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, M.W., Strauss, R.G., and Johnston, R.B., 1977, Infections in patients with neutropenia, Am. J. Dis. Child. 131:788–790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, D.L., Anderson, P., and Smith, D.H., 1972, Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of systemic diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Pediatr. 81:1156–1159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway, C.A., and Gitlin, D., 1957, Gamma globulins, Adv. Pediatr. 9:65–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway, C.A., and Rosen, F.S., 1966, The gamma globulins. IV. Therapeutic uses of gamma globulins, N. Engl. J. Med. 275:826–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaques, L.B., Monkhouse, F.C., and Stewart, M., 1949, A method for the determination of heparin in blood, J. Physiol. 109:41–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. B., Anderson, P., and Newman, S., 1973, Opsonization and phagocytosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b, in: Haemophilus influenzae (S. H. Sell and D. T. Karzon, eds.), pp. 99–112, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leddy, J.P., Frank, M.M., Gaither, T., Baum, J., and Klemperer, M.R., 1974, Hereditary deficiency of the sixth component of complement in man, J. Clin. Invest. 53:544–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leidy, G., Hahn, E., Zamenhof, S., and Alexander, H.E., 1963, Biochemical aspects of virulence of Haemophilus influenzae, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 88:1195–1202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, B., 1978, unpublished studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lwolff, A., and Lwolff, M., 1937, Role physiologique de l’hémine pour Haemophilus influenzae Pfeiffer, Ann. Inst. Pasteur 59:129–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, M., Tewari, R.P., and Solotorovsky, M., 1977, Immunoprotective activity of ribosomes from Haemophilus influenzae, Infect. Immun. 15:453–460.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, C.M., Hodges, R.G., Heidelberger, M., and Bernhard, W.G., 1945, Prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia by immunization with specific capsular Polysaccharides, J. Exp. Med. 82:445–465.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacPherson, C.F.C., 1948, A method of typing Haemophilus influenzae by the precipitin reaction, Can. J. Res. 26:197–199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä, H., Peltola, H., Käyhty, H., Jousimies, H., Pettay, O., Ruoslahti, E., Sivonen, A., and Renkonen, O.V., 1977, Polysaccharide vaccines of Group A Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae type b: A field trial in Finland, J. Infect. Dis. 136:S43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, M. I., Ziegler, E. J., Douglas, H., and Braude, A. I., 1978, Prog. Abstr. Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agent Chemother. 18th, Atlanta, Ga., Abstr. No. 503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R.E., Teele, D.W., and Klein, J.O., 1979, Unsuspecting bacteremia due to Haemophilus influezae; outcome in children not initially admitted to hospital (abstr. 833), Pediatr. Res. 13:464.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, J.R., 1952, The bacteriology of chronic bronchitis, Lancet 2:1206–1207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May, J.R., 1965, The bacteriology and chemotherapy of chronic bronchitis, Br. J. Dis. Chest 59:57–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council Working Party, 1969, Hypogammaglobulinemia in the United Kingdom, Lancet 1:163–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, R.H., Myerowitz, R.L., and Klaw, R., 1977, Potentiation of experimental meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae by Influenza A virus, J. Infect. Dis. 135:641–645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, E.A., 1973, Immunization against Haemophilus influenzae, Pediatrics 52:633.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E. R., 1979, unpublished studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E.R., and Anderson, P., 1979, Meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae in infant rats; protective immunity and antibody priming by gastrointestinal colonization with Escherichia coli, J. Infect. Dis. 140:471–478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E.R., and Murphy, P.A., 1978, Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia and meningitis resulting from survival of a single organism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1534–1536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E.R., Smith, A.L., Averill, D.R., and Smith, D.H., 1974, Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in infant rats after intranasal inoculation, J. Infect. Dis. 129:154–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E.R., Anderson, P., Smith, D.H., Adrienzen, B., Graham, G.G., and Baker, R.S., 1975, Antibody responses to a combination vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, Bull. WHO 52:87–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E.R., Glode, M.P., Sutton, A., and Robbins, J.B., 1977, The infant rat as a model of bacterial meningitis, J. Infect. Dis. 136:S186–190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moxon, E. R., Goldthorn, J., and Schwartz, A. D., 1980, The effect of splenectomy on intravenous and intranasal challenge with Haemophilus influenzae type b, Infect. Immun. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Myerowitz, R.L., and Norden, C.W., 1977, Effect of neonatal gastrointestinal colonization with cross-reacting Escherichia coli on anticapsular antibody production and bacteremia in experimental Haemophilus influenzae type b disease of rats, Infect. Immun. 17:83–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myhre, E.B., 1974, Typing of Haemophilus influenzae by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 82:164–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J.C., and Ginsburg, C.M., 1976, An hypothesis on the pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae buccal cellulitis, J. Pediatr. 88:709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norden, C.W., Melish, M., Overall, J.C., and Baum, J., 1972, Immunologic responses to Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, J. Pediatr. 80:209–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omland, T., 1964, Serological studies on Haemophilus influenzae and related species. 8. Examination of ultrasonically prepared Haemophilus antigens by means of immuno-electrophoresis, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 62:89–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, R.J., Anderson, P., Ingram, D.L., Peter, G., and Smith, D.H., 1975, Circulating polyribophosphate in Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, J. Clin. Invest. 56:1012–1022.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrow, P.T., Moxon, E.R., Vernon, N., and Kapko, R.J., 1979, Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis; studies on the route of meningeal invasion following Haemophilus influenzae inoculation of infant rats, Lab. Invest. 40:678–685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, W.H., Williams, A.W., and Cooper, G., 1918, The results of the use of agglutinin in the identification of strains of influenzae bacilli, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 16:120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peltola, H., Kähty, H., Sivonen, A., and Makälä, P.H., 1977, Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular Polysaccharide vaccine in children: A double-blind field study of 100,000 vaccines 3 months to 5 years of age in Finland, Pediatrics 60:730–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pepple, J., Moxon, E.R., and Yolken, R.H., 1980, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitation of the type-specific antigen of Haemophilus influenzae b: A preliminary report, J. Pediatr. 97:233–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, R., 1892, Vorlaufige mittheilungen über die erreger der influenzae, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 18:284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman, M., 1931, Variation and type specificity in the bacterial species Haemophilus influenzae, J. Exp. Med. 53:471–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, A.E., 1939, A serological study of Haemophilus influenzae. 2. Two serologically active protein fractions isolated from Pfeiffer’s bacillus, Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 17:19–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, P.H., Crosson, F.J., Winkelstein, J.A., and Moxon, E.R., 1977, Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Haemophilus influenzae type b, Infect. Immun. 16:400–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravin, A.W., 1961, The genetics of transformation, Adv. Genet. 10:61–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchie, J., 1910, On meningitis associated with an influenza-like bacillus, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 14:615–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, T.M., 1922, Influenzal meningitis, Am. J. Dis. Child. 24:102–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, T.M., and Kohn, L.A., 1921, The biological and the serological reactions of influenza bacilli producing meningitis, J. Exp. Med. 34:477–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, J.B., Schneerson, R., Argaman, M., and Handzel, Z.T., 1973, Haemophilus influenzae type b: Disease and immunity in humans, Ann. Intern. Med. 78:259–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, L.P., Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J.B., 1972, The isolation and some physicochemical, serologie, and biologic properties of the capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Immunol. 107:1071–1079.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, E., Leidy, G., Jaffee, I., and Zamenhof, S., 1961, Studies on type-specific substances of Haemophilus influenzae, types e and f, J. Biol. Chem. 236:2841–2849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheifle, D. W., Daum, R. S., Syriopoulou, V. P., Averill, D. R., and Smith, A. L., 1980, A primate model of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, J. Lab. Clin. Invest. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J.B., 1971, Age-related susceptibility to Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in rabbits, Infect. Immun. 4:397–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J.B., 1975, Induction of serum Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular antibodies in adult volunteers fed cross-reacting Escherichia coli 075.K.100.H5, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:1093–1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneerson, R., Rodriguez, L.P., Parke, J.C., and Robbins, J.B., 1971, Immunity to disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. II. Specificity and some biologic characteristics of “natural” infection acquired and immunization induced antibodies to the capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, J. Immunol. 107:1081–1089.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulkind, M.L., Ellis, E.F., and Smith, R.T., 1967, Effect of antibody upon clearance of I125 labeled pneumococci by the spleen and liver, Pediatr. Res. 1:178–184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schur, P.H., Borel, H., Gelfand, E.W., Alpert, C.A., and Rosen, F.S., 1970, Gamma-C globulin deficiencies in patients with recurrent pyogenic infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 283:631–634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J.E., 1960, Aliphatic ammonium salts in the assay of acidic Polysaccharides from tissues, Methods Biochem. Anal. 8:145–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sell, S.H., and Shapiro, J.L., 1960, Interstitial pneumonitis induced by experimental infection with Hemophilus influenzae, Am. J. Dis. Child. 100:16–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sell, S.H., Merrill, R.E., Doyne, E.O., and Zimshy, E.P., 1972, Long-term sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, Pediatrics. 49:206–211.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sell, S. H., Turner, D. J., and Federspick, C. F., 1973, Natural infections with Haemophilus influenzae in children. I. Types identified, in: Haemophilus influenzae (S. H. Sell and D. T. Karzon, eds.), pp. 3–11, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, S., Smith, A.L., Anderson, P., and Smith, D.H., 1976, The paradox of Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia in the presence of serum bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 58:1019–1029.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shope, R.E., 1931, Swine Influenza. I. Experimental transmission and pathology, J. Exp. Med. 54:349–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloyer, J.L., Cate, C.C., Howie, V.M., Ploussard, J.H., and Johnston, R.B., 1975, The immune response to acute Otitis media in children. II. Serum and middle ear fluid antibody in Otitis media due to Haemophilus influenzae, J. Infect. Dis. 132:685–688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A.L., Smith, D.H., Averill, D.R., Marino, J., and Moxon, E.R., 1973, Production of Haemophilus influenzae b meningitis in infant rats by intraperitoneal inoculation, Infect. Immun. 8:278–290, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D.H., Peter, G., Ingram, D.L., Harding, A.L., and Anderson, P., 1973, Response of children immunized with capsular Polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b, Pediatrics 52:637–644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.W.P., and Ingram, D.L., 1975, Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in Haemophilus influenzae type b epiglottitis and pericarditis, J. Pediatr. 86:571–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W., Andrewes, C.H., and Laidlaw, P.P., 1933, A virus obtained from influenza patients, Lancet 2:66–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sproles, E.T., Azerrad, J., Williamson, C., and Merrill, R.E., 1969, Meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae; long-term sequelae, J. Pediatr. 75:752–788.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunevall, G., 1953, Studies on Haemophilus influenzae: Haemophilus influenzae antigens studied by the gel precipitation method, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 32:193–197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D.C., and Green, C.A., 1964, Measurement of antibodies reacting with capsular antigens of Haemophilus influenzae, J. Clin. Pathol. 17:294–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turk, D. C., and May, J. R., 1967, Haemophilus influenzae: Its Clinical Importance, p. 104, English University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldman, J.D., Rosenthal, A., Smith, A.L., Shurin, S., and Nadas, A.S., 1977, Sepsis and congenital asplenia, J. Pediatr. 90:555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, H.K., and Wright, J., 1932, Studies on influenzal meningitis. I. The problem of specific therapy, J. Exp. Med. 55:223–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J., and Smith, A.L., 1976, Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia in children with sickle cell disease, J. Pediatr. 88:261–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J.L., Siber, G.R., Scheifle, D.W., and Smith, D.H., 1978, Rapid diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae type b infections by latex particle agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis, J. Pediatr. 93:37–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman, S.A., Aisenberg, A.C., Siber, G.R., and Smith, D.H., 1977, Impaired humoral immunity in treated Hodgkin’s disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:245–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, P.F., Smith, A.L., Anderson, P., and Smith, D.H., 1977, The role of encapsulation and host age in the clearance of Haemophilus influenzae bacteremia, J. Infect. Dis. 135:34–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, P.F., Smith, A.L., Smith, D.H., and Anderson, P., 1978, Role of immunity in the clearance of bacteremia due to Haemophilus influenzae, J. Infect. Dis. 138:427–436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whisnant, J. K., Rogentine, G. N., and Robbins, J. B., 1973, Studies on mechanism of susceptibility to Haemophilus influenzae type b disease; Relationship of erythrocytes and histocompatibility antigens with Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis and epiglottitis, in: Haemophilus influenzae (S. H. Sell and D. T. Karzon, eds.), pp. 197–202, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, Tenn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, G.M., and Zinneman, K., 1951, The occurrence of two distinct capsular antigens in H. influenzae type e strains, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 63:695–698.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W.B., Jr., 1960, Phagocytosis with particular reference to encapsulated bacteria, Bacteriol. Rev. 24:41–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yolken, R.H., Greenberg, H.B., and Merson, M., 1977, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of E. coli heat labile enterotoxin, J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:439–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zamenhof, S., and Leidy, G., 1954, Further studies on poly-ribophosphate and other poly-sugarphosphates, Fed. Proc. 13:327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamenhof, S.G., Leidy, P.L., Fitzgerald, P.L., Alexander, H.E., and Chargaff, E., 1953, Polyribophosphate, the type specific substance of Haemophilus influenzae, type b, J. Biol. Chem. 203:695–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Richard Moxon, E. (1981). Immunology of Haemophilus influenzae Infections. In: Nahmias, A.J., O’Reilly, R.J. (eds) Immunology of Human Infection. Comprehensive Immunology, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1009-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1009-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1011-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1009-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics