Abstract
This chapter outlines the major features of bacterial immunity and provides a framework in which to place the more detailed analyses presented later. The remarkable specificity of some host-parasite relations is illustrated by some clinical examples. A detailed description of the methods of bacterial attack is followed by a discussion of the ways in which they are contained by host defense mechanisms.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdulla, E.M., and Schwab, J.H., 1966, Biological properties of streptococcal cell wall particles. III. Dermonecrotic reaction to cell wall mucopeptides, J. Bacteriol. 91:374–383.
Adinolfi, M., Glynn, A.A., Lindsay, M., and Milne, C.M., 1966, Serological properties of γ A antibodies to Escherichia coli present in human colostrum, Immunology 10:517–526.
Agarwal, D.S., 1967a, Subcutaneous staphylococcal infection in mice. I. The role of cotton dust in enhancing infection, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 48:436–439.
Agarwal, D.S., 1967b, Subcutaneous staphylococcal infection in mice. II. The inflammatory response to different strains of staphylococci and micrococci, Br, J. Exp. Pathol. 48:468–482.
Allison, A. C, Davies, J. D., and Page, R. C., 1973, Effect of endotoxin on macrophages and other lymphoreticular cells, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S213–S219.
Alper, C.A., Abramson, N., Johnston, R.B., Jandl, J.H., and Rosen, F.S., 1970, Increased susceptibility to infection associated with abnormalities of complement mediated functions and of the third component of complement (C3), N. Engl. J. Med. 282:349–354.
Arbuckle, J.B.R., 1970, The location of Escherichia coli in the pig intestine, J. Med. Microbiol. 3:333–340.
Arko, R.J., 1972, Neisseria gonorrhoeae experimental infection of laboratory animals, Science 177:1200–1201.
Arko, R.J., Bullard, J.C., and Duncan, W.P., 1976, Effects of laboratory maintenance on the nature of surface reactive anigens of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Br. J. Vener. Dis. 52:316–325.
Armstrong, J.A., and Hart, P.D’Arcy, 1971, Response of cultured macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis with observations on fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes, J. Exp. Med. 134:713–740.
Armstrong, J.A., and Hart, P.D’Arcy, 1975, Phagosome and lysosome interaction in cultured macrophages infected with virulent tubercle bacilli, J. Exp. Med. 142:1–16.
Asherson, G.L., and Zembala, M., 1976, Suppressor T cells in cell-mediated immunity, Br. Med. Bull. 32:158–164.
Audibert, F., and Chedid, L., 1976, Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant, Infect. Immun. 14:1263–1268.
Bail, 1900, cited by Wilson, G. S., and Miles, A. A., 1975, in: Principles of Bacteriology and Immunity (Topley and Wilson, eds.), 6th ed., p. 1556, Edward Arnold, London.
Bellamy, J.E.C., Knop, J., Steele, E.J., Chaicumpa, W., and Rowley, D., 1975, Antibody cross-linking as a factor in immunity to cholera in infant mice, J. Infect. Dis. 132:181–188.
Beeson, P.B., 1947, Tolerance to bacterial pyrogens. II. Role of the reticuloendothelia system, J. Exp. Med. 86:39–44.
Bitter-Suerman, D., Hadding, V., Schorlemmer, H.V., Limbert, M., Dierich, M., and Dukor, P., 1975, Activation by some T-independent antigens and B cell mitogens of the alternative pathway of the complement system, J. Immunol. 115:425–430.
Bjorneboe, M., Prytz, H., and Orskov, F., 1972, Antibodies to intestinal microbes in serum of patients with cirrhosis of the liver, Lancet 1:58–60.
Bladen, H.A., Gewurz, H., and Mergenhagen, S., 1967, Interaction of the complement system with the surface and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide of Veillonella alkalescens, J. Exp. Med. 125:767–786.
Blanden, R.V., Mackaness, G.B., and Collins, F.M., 1966, Mechanisms of acquired resistance in mouse typhoid, J. Exp. Med. 124:585–600.
Bokisch, V.A., 1975, Interaction of peptidoglycans with anti-IgGs and with complement, Z. Immunitaetsforsch. 149:320–330.
Boyle, W., 1967, An antigen common to mouse cells and Salmonella typhimurium, J. Immunol. 98:256–259.
Braun, D.G., and Holm, S.E., 1970, Streptococcal antigroup A precipitin in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 37:216–224.
Braun, V., 1973, Molecular organization of the rigid layer and the cell wall of Escherichia coli, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S9–S29.
Brayton, R.G., Stokes, P.F., Schwartz, M.S., and Louria, D.B., 1970, Effect of alcohol and various diseases on leukocyte mobilization, phagocytosis and intracellular bacterial killing, N. Engl. J. Med. 282:123–128.
Brumfitt, W., and Glynn, A.A., 1961, Intracellular killing of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes: A comparative study, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 62:408–423.
Bullen, J.J., and Rogers, H.J., 1969, Bacterial iron metabolism and immunity to Pasteurella septica and Escherichia coli, Nature (London) 224:380–382.
Bullen, J.J., Cushnie, G.H., and Rogers, H.J., 1967, The abolition of the protective effect of Clostridium welchii type A antiserum by ferric iron, Immunology 12:303–312.
Campbell, P.A., Schuffler, C., and Rodriguez, G.E., 1976, Listeria cell wall fraction: A B cell adjuvant, J. Immunol. 116:590–594.
Capps, J.A., and Coleman, G.H., 1923, Influence of alcohol on prognosis of pneumonia in Cook County Hospital. A statistical report. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 30:750–752.
Casciato, D.A., Rosenblatt, J.E., Goldberg, L.S., and Bluestone, R., 1975, In vitro interaction of Bacteroides fragilis with polymorphonuclear leucocytes and serum factors, Infect. Immun. 11:337–342.
Check, J.H., O’Neill, E.A., O’Neill, K.E., and Fuscaldo, K.E., 1972, Effect of anti-B serum on the phagocytosis of Escherichia coli, Infect. Immun. 6:95–96.
Chedid, L., 1973, Possible role of endotoxemia during immunologic imbalance, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S112–S117.
Chedid, L., Audibert, F., and Bona, C., 1975, Activités adjuvantes et mitogenes de lipopolysaccharides détoxifiés, C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 280:1197–1200.
Cochrane, C. G., Revak, S., Atkin, B. S., and Wuepper, K. D., 1972, The structural characteristics and activation of Hageman factor, in: Inflammation (I. H. Lepow and P. A. Ward, eds.), pp. 119–138, Academic Press, New York.
Collins, F.M., 1969, Effect of specific immune mouse serum on the growth of Salmonella enteritidis in nonvaccinated mice challenged by varous routes, J. Bacteriol. 97:667–675.
Collins, F.M., 1972, Salmonellosis in orally infected specific pathogen free C57B1 mice, Infect. Immun. 5:191–198.
Coppel, S., and Youmans, G.P., 1969a, Specificity of acquired resistance to immunization with mycobacterial cells and mycobacterial fractions, J. Bacteriol. 97:114–120.
Coppel, S., and Youmans, G.P., 1969b, Specificity of acquired resistance to immunization with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria fractions, J. Bacteriol. 97:121–126.
Coppel, S., and Youmans, G.P., 1969c, Specificity of the anamnestic response produced by Listeria monocytogenes or Mycobacterium tuberculosis to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, J. Bacteriol. 97:127–133.
Copperman, R., and Morton, H.E., 1966, Reversible inhibition of mitosis in lymphocyte cultures by non-viable mycoplasma, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123:790–795.
Crowder, J.G., and White, A., 1972, Teichoic acid antibodies in staphylococcal and non-staphylococcal endocarditis, Ann. Int. Med. 77:87–90.
Damais, C., Bona, C., and Chedid, L., 1975, Mitogenic effect of bacterial peptidoglycans possessing adjuvant activity, J. Immunol. 115:268–271.
Davis, S.D., and Wedgwood, R.J., 1965, Kinetics of the bactericidal action of normal serum on gram negative bacteria, J. Immunol. 95:75–79.
Donowitz, M., Keusch, G.T., and Bindes, H.J., 1975, Effect of Shigella enterotoxin on electrolytic transport in rabbit ileum, Gastroenterology 69:1230–1237.
Dossett, J.H., Kronvall, G., Williams, R.C., Jr., and Quie, P.G., 1969, Antiphagocytic effects of staphylococcal protein A, J. Immunol. 103:1405–1410.
DuPont, H.L., Formal, S.B., Hornick, R.B., Snyder, M.J., Libonati, J.P., Sheahan, D.G., LaBrec, E.H., and Kalas, J.P., 1971, Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli diarrhea, N. Engl. J. Med. 285:1–9.
Dziarski, R., 1976, Teichoic acids, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunobiol. 74:113–135.
Easmon, C.S.F., and Glynn, A.A., 1975a, The role of humoral immunity and acute inflammation in protection against staphylococcal dermonecrosis, Immunology 29:67–74.
Easmon, C.S.F., and Glynn, A.A., 1975b, Cell-mediated immune responses in Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice, Immunology 29:75–85.
Easmon, C.S.F., and Glynn, A.A., 1976, Comparison of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal staphylococcal infections in normal and complement deficient mice, Infect. Immun. 13:399–406.
Easmon, C.S.F., Hamilton, I., and Glynn, A.A., 1973, Mode of action of a staphylococcal anti-inflammatory factor, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 54:638–645.
Eddie, D.S., Schulkind, M.L., and Robbins, J.B., 1971, The isolation and biologic activities of purified secretory IgA and IgG anti-Salmonella typhimurium “O” antibodies from rabbit intestinal fluid and colostrum, J. Immunol. 106:181–190.
Eden, C.S., Hanson, L.A., Jodal, V., Lindberg, U., and Akerlund, A.S., 1976, Variable adherence to normal human urinary tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary tract infection, Lancet 2:490–492.
Editorial, 1976a, Vaccination against meningitis, Br. Med. J. 1:919–920.
Editorial, 1976b, Infective hazards of splenectomy, Lancet 1:1167–1168.
Elek, S.D., and Conen, P.E., 1957, The virulence of Staphylococcus pyogenes for man. A study of the problems of wound infection, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 38:573–586.
Ellouz, F., Adam, A., Ciorbaru, R., and Lederer, E., 1974, Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59:1317–1325.
Fearon, D.T., Ruddy, S., Schur, P.H., and McCabe, W.R., 1975, Activation of the properdin pathway of complement in patients with gram-negative bacteremia, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:937–940.
Felix, A., and Olitzki, A.L., 1926, The qualitative receptor analysis. II. Bactericidal serum action and qualitative receptor analysis, J. Immunol. 11:31–80.
Field, M., 1971, Intestinal secretion: Effect of cyclic AMP and its role in cholera, N. Engl. J. Med. 284:1137–1144.
Finger, H., Fresenius, H., and Angerer, M., 1971, Bacterial endotoxins as immunosuppressive agents, Experientia 27:456–458.
Finkelstein, R. A., 1975, Cholera enterotoxin, in: Microbiology 1975 (D. Schlesinger, ed.), pp. 236–241, ASM, Washington D.C.
Fleck, J., Mock, M., Tytgat, F., Nauciel, C., and Mink, R., 1974, Adjuvant activity in delayed hypersensitivity of the peptidic part of bacterial peptidoglycans, Nature (London) 250:517–518.
Formal, S.B., LaBrec, E.H., Kent, T.H., and Falkow, S., 1965, Abortive intestinal infection with an Escherichia coli-Shigella flexneri hybrid strain, J. Bacteriol. 89:1374–1382.
Formal, S.B., Gemski, P., Giannella, R.A., and Austin, S., 1972, Mechanisms of Shigella pathogenesis, Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 25:1427–1432.
Forsgren, A., and Quie, P.G., 1974, Influence of the alternate complement pathway on opsonization of several bacterial species, Infect. Immun. 10:402–404.
Fothergill, L.D., and Wright, J., 1933, Influenzal meningitis: The relation of age incidence to the bactericidal power of the blood against the causal organism J. Immunol. 24:273–284.
Frasch, C.E., and Chapman, S.S., 1972, Classification of Neisseria meningitidis group B into distinct serotypes. I. Serological typing by a microbactericidal method, Infect. Immun. 5:98–102.
Freter, R., 1972a, Parameters affecting the association of vibrios with the intestinal surface in experimental cholera, Infect. Immun. 6:134–141.
Freter, R., 1972b, Mechanism of action of intestinal antibody in experimental cholera. II. Antibody-mediated antibacterial reaction at the mucosal surface, Infect. Immun. 2:556–562.
Frisch, A.W., 1968, The meningococcidal power of heparinised blood for group B organisms, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 50:221–228.
Fubara, E.S., and Freter, R., 1973, Protection against enteric bacterial infection by secretory IgA antibodies, J. Immunol. 111:395–403.
Fukui, Y., Fukui, K., and Moriyama, T., 1973, Inhibition of enzymes by human salivary immunoglobulin A, Infect. Immun. 8:335–340.
Galanos, C., Lüderitz, O., and Westphal, O., 1971, Preparation and properties of antisera against the lipid A component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, Eur. J. Biochem. 24:116–122.
Galanos, C., Rietschel, E.T., Lüderitz, O., Westphal, O., Kim, Y.B., and Watson, D.W., 1972, Biological activities of lipid A complexed to bovine serum albumin, Eur. J. Biochem. 31:230–233.
Gangarosa, E.F., Beisel, W.R., Benyajati, C., Sprinz, H., and Piyaratn, P., 1960, The nature of the gastrointestinal lesion in Asiatic cholera and its relation to pathogenesis: A biopsy study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 9:125–135.
Gewurz, H., Snyderman, R., Mergenhagen, S. E., and Shin, H. S., 1971, Effect of endotoxic lipopolysaccharide on the complement system, in: Microbial Toxins, Vol. 5 (S. Kadis, G. Weinbaum, and S. J. Ajl, eds.), pp. 127–150, Academic Press, New York.
Giannella, R.A., Broitman, S.A., and Zamcheck, N., 1971, Salmonella enteritis. II. Fulminant diarrhea in and effects on the small intestine, Am. J. Dig. Dis. 16:1007–1013.
Giannella, R.A., Formal, S.B., Dammin, G.J., and Collins, H., 1973, Pathogenesis of salmonellosis: Studies of fluid secretion, mucosal invasion and morphologic reaction in the rabbit ileum, J. Clin. Invest. 52:441–453.
Gibbons, R.J., and van Houte, J., 1971, Selective bacterial adherence to oral epithelial surfaces and its role as an ecological determinant, Infect. Immun. 3:567–573.
Gigli, I., and Nelson, R.A., 1968, Complement dependent immune phagocytosis. I. Requirements for C′1, C′4, C′2, C′3, Exp. Cell Res. 51:45–67.
Ginsburg, I., and Sela, M.N., 1976, The role of leukocytes and their hydrolases in the persistence, degradation and transport of bacterial constituents in tissues: Relation to chronic inflammatory processes in staphylococcal, Streptococcl and mycobacterial infections and in chronic periodontal disease, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 4:249–332.
Glynn, A.A., 1969, The complement lysozyme sequence in immune bacteriolysis, Immunology 16:463–471.
Glynn, A.A., 1972, Bacterial factors inhibiting host defence mechanisms Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 22:75–112.
Glynn, A.A., and Howard, C.J., 1970, The sensitivity to complement of strains of Escherichia coli related to their K antigens, Immunology 18:331–346.
Glynn, A.A., and Milne, C.M., 1967, A kinetic study of the bacteriolytic action of human serum, Immunology 12:639–653.
Glynn, A.A., Brumfitt, W., and Howard, J.C., 1971, Kantigens of Escherichia coli and renal involvement in urinary tract infections, Lancet 1:514–516.
Goldschneider, I., Gottschlich, E.C., and Artenstein, M.S., 1969, Human immunity to the meningococcus. I. The role of humoral antibodies, J. Exp. Med. 129:1307–1326.
Gontzea, I., 1974, Nutrition and Anti-infectious Defense, Karger, Basel.
Green, G.M., 1968, Pulmonary clearance of infectious agents, Annu. Rev. Med. 19:315–336.
Greisman, S.E., and Hornick, R.B., 1973, Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance with special reference to man, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S265–S276.
Greisman, S.E., Hornick, R.B., and Woodward, T.D., 1964, The role of endotoxin during typhoid fever and tularemia in man. III. Hyperreactivity to endotoxin during infection, J. Clin. Invest. 43:1747–1757.
Gyles, C.L., 1974, Relationships among heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, J. Infect. Dis. 129:277–283.
Hart, P.D’Arcy, Armstrong, J.A., Brown, C.A., and Draper, P., 1972, Ultrastructural study of the behaviour of macrophages toward parasitic mycobacteria, Infect. Immun. 5:803–807.
Heidelberger, M., and Nimmich, W., 1972, Additional immunochemical relationships of capsular Polysaccharides of Klebsiella and pneumococci, J. Immunol. 109:1337–1344.
Heymer, B., Bültmann, B., and Haferkamp, D., 1971, Toxicity of streptococcal mucopeptides in vivo and in vitro, J. Immunol. 106:858–861.
Heymer, B., Bültmann, B., Schachenmayr, W., Spanel, R., Haferkamp, O., and Schmidt, W.C., 1973, Migration inhibition of rat peritoneal cells induced by streptococcal mucopeptides. Characteristics of the reaction and properties of the mucopeptide preparations, J. Immunol. 116:1743–1754.
Heymer, B., Bernstein, D., Schleifer, K.H., and Krause, R.M., 1975, Measurement of peptidoglycan antibodies by a radioimmunoassay, Z. Immunitaets Forsch. 149:168–178.
Hill, M.J., 1968, A staphylococcal aggressin, J. Med. Microbiol. 1:33–43.
Hill, M.J., 1969, Protection of mice against infection by Staphylococcus aureus, J. Med. Microbiol. 2:1–1-7.
Hill, I.R., and Porter, P., 1974, Studies of bactericidal activity to Escherichia coli of porcine serum and colostral immunoglobulins and the role of lysozyme with secretory IgA, Immunology 26:1239–1250.
Holmgren, J., 1973, Comparison of the tissue receptors for Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins by means of gangliosides and natural cholera toxoid, Infect. Immun. 8:851–859.
Hook, E.W., Campbell, G.C., Weens, H.S., and Cooper, G.R., 1957, Salmonella osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell anaemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 257:403–407.
Hoops, P. Prather, N.E., Berry, L.J., and Ravel, J.M., 1976, Evidence for an extrinsic immunogen in effective ribosomal vaccines from Salmonella typhimurium, Infect. Immun. 13:1184–1192.
Howard, C.J., and Glynn, A.A., 1971a, The virulence for mice of strains of Escherichia coli related to the effect of K antigens on their resistance to phagocytosis and killing by complement, Immunology 20:767–777.
Howard, C.J., and Glynn, A.A., 1971b, Some physical properties of K antigens of Escherichia coli related to their biological activity, Infect. Immun. 4:6–11.
Hughes, R.C., Thurman, P.F., and Stokes, E., 1975, Estimates of the porosity of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis cell walls, Z. Immunitaets forsch. 149:126–135.
Humphrey, J.H., and Dourmashkin, R.R., 1969, The lesion in cell membranes caused by complement, Adv. Immunol. 11:75–115.
Hurst, A., and Stubbs, J.M., 1969, Electron microscopy of membranes and walls of bacteria and changes occurring during growth initiation, J. Bacteriol. 97:1466–1479.
Jasin, H.E., 1972, Human heat labile Opsonins: Evidence for their mediation via the alternate pathway of complement activation, J. Immunol. 109:26–31.
Jephcott, A.E., Reyn, A., and Birch-Andersen, A., 1971, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. III. Demonstration of presumed appendages to cells from different colony types, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sec. B 79:437–439.
Johnson, A.G., Gaines, S., and Landy, M., 1956, Studies on the O antigen of Salmonella typhosa. V. Enhancement of antibody response to protein antigens by the purified lipopolysaccharide, J. Exp. Med. 103:225–246.
Johnson, K.J., and Ward, P.A., 1971, Protective function of C6 in rabbits treated with bacterial endotoxin, J. Immunol. 106:1125–1127.
Johnson, K.J., and Ward, P.A., 1972, The requirement for serum complement in the detoxification of bacterial endotoxin, J. Immunol. 108:611–616.
Johnson, W.E., Kaye, D., and Hook, E.W., 1968, Haemophilus influenzae in adults: Report of five cases and review of the literature, Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 97:1112–1117.
Johnston, F.R., Agnello, V., and Williams, R.C., 1972, Opsonic activity in human serum deficient in C2, J. Immunol. 109:141–145.
Johnston, R.B., Anderson, P., Rosen, F.S., and Smith, D.H., 1973, Characterisation of human antibody to polyribophosphate, the capsular antigen of Hemophilus influenzae, Type B, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1:234–240.
Jones, G.W., and Rutter, J.M., 1972, Role of the K88 antigen in the pathogenesis of neonatal diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli in piglets, Infect. Immun. 6:918–927.
Jones, T.C., and Hirsch, J.G., 1972, The interaction between Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cells, J. Exp. Med. 136:1173–1194.
Kaijser, B., 1973, Immunology of Escherichia coli K antigen and its relation to urinary tract infection, J. Infect. Dis. 127:670–677.
Kaplan, M.E., Dalmasso, A.P., and Woodson, M., 1972, Complement-dependent opsonization of incompatible erythrocytes by human secretory IgA, J. Immunol. 108:275–278.
Karakawa, W.W., Braun, D.G., Lackland, H., and Krause, R.M., 1968, Immunochemical studies on the cross-reactivity between streptococcal and staphylococcal mucopeptide, J. Exp. Med. 128:325–340.
Kasai, N., and Nowotny, A., 1967, Endotoxic glycolipid from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota, J. Bacteriol. 94:1824–1836.
Kasper, D.L., Winkchaker, J.L., Zollinger, W.D., Brandt, B.L., and Artenstein, M.S., 1973, Immunochemical similarity between Polysaccharide antigens of Escherichia coli O7:K1(L):NM and group B Neisseria meningitidis, J. Immunol. 110:262–268.
Kass, E.H., Porter, P.J., McGill, M.W., and Vivaldi, E., 1973, Clinical and experimental observations on the significance of endotoxemia, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S299–S302.
Kauffmann, F., 1943, Über neue thermolabile Körperentigene der Coli-bakterien. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 20:21–44.
Kawakami, M., Hara, Y., and Osawa, N., 1971, Experimental salmonellosis: Hypersensitivity to cell wall lipopolysaccharide and anti infectious resistance of mice infected with Salmonella, Infect. Immun. 4:519–524.
Kaye, D., and Hook, E.W., 1963, The influence of hemolysis or blood loss on susceptibility to infection, J. Immunol. 91:65–75.
Kaye, D., Gill, F.A., and Hook, E.W., 1967, Factors influencing host resistance to Salmonella infections: The effects of hemolysis and erythrophagocytosis, Am. J. Med. Sci. 254:205–215.
Kellogg, D.S., Peacock, W.L., Deacon, W.E., Brown, L., and Pirkle, C.I., 1963, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Virulence genetically linked to clonal variation. J. Bacteriol. 85:1274–1279.
Kellogg, D.S., Cohen, I.R., Norins, L.C., Schroeter, A.L., and Reising, G., 1968, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. II. Colonia variation and pathogenicity during 35 months in vitro, J. Bacteriol. 96:596–605.
Kenny, K., and Herzberg, M., 1968, Antibody response and protection induced by immunization with smooth and rough strains in experimental salmonellosis, J. Bacteriol. 95:406–417.
Keutsch, G.J., Grady, G.F., Maya, L.J., and Mclver, J., 1972, The pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. I. Enterotoxin production by Shigella dysenteriae 1, J. Clin. Invest. 51:1212–1218.
Kim, Y.G., and Watson, D.W., 1967, Biologically active endotoxins from Salmonella mutants deficient in O-and R-polysaccharides and heptose, J. Bacteriol. 94:1320–1326.
Klebanoff, S.J., 1971, Intraleucocytic microbicidal defects, Annu. Rev. Med. 22:39–62.
Knop, J., Breu, H., Wernet, P., and Rowley, D., 1971, The relative antibacterial efficiency of IgM, IgG and IgA from pig colostrum, Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 49:405–413.
Kochan, I., 1969, Mechanism of tuberculostasis in mammalian serum. I. Role of transferrin in human serum tuberculostasis, J. Infect. Dis. 119:11–18.
Kolb, W.P., Haxby, J.A., Arroyave, C.M., and Muller-Eberhard, H.J., 1972, Molecular analysis of the molecular attack mechanism of complement, J. Exp. Med. 135:549–566.
Koster, F.T., McGregor, D.D., and Mackaness, G.B., 1971, Migration of immunologically committed lymphocytes into inflammatory exudates, J. Exp. Med. 133:389–399.
Koupal, L.R., and Deibel, R.H., 1975, Assay, characterisation and localization of an enterotoxin produced by Salmonella, Infect. Immun. 11:14–22.
Krause, R.M., 1975, Immunological activity of the peptidoglycan, Z. Immunitaets forsch. 149:136–150.
Kronvall, G., and Williams, R.C., 1969, Differences in anti-Protein A activity among IgG subgroups, J. Immunol. 103:828–833.
Kronvall, G., Dossett, J.H., Quie, P.Q., and Williams, R.C., 1971, Occurrence of protein A in staphylococcal strains: Quantitative aspects and correlation to antigenic and bacteriophage types, Infect. Immun. 3:10–15.
LaBrec, E.H., and Formal, S.B., 1961, Experimental Shigella infections. IV. Fluorescent antibody studies of an infection in guineapigs, J. Immunol. 87:562–572.
LaBrec, E.H., Schneider, H., Magnani, T.J., and Formal, S.B., 1964, Epithelial cell penetration as an essential step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery, J. Bacteriol. 88:1503–1518.
Lawn, A.M., Blyth, W.A., and Taverne, J., 1973, Interactions of TRIC agents with macrophages and BHK-21 cells observed by electron microscopy, J. Hyg. 71:515–528.
Ling, N. R., 1968, in: Lymphocyte Stimulation, pp. 152, 154, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Lüderitz, O., Staub, A.M., and Westphal, O., 1966, Immunochemistry of O and R antigens of Salmonella and related Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteriol. Rev. 30:192–255.
Lüderitz, O., Galanos, C., Lehmann, V., Nurminen, M., Rietschel, E.T., Rosenfelder, G., Simon, M., and Westphal, O., 1973, Lipid A: Chemical structure and biological activity, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S17–S29.
McCabe, W.R., 1963, Endotoxin tolerance. II. Its occurrence in patients with pyelonephritis, J. Clin. Invest. 42:618–625.
McCabe, W.F., 1972, Immunization with R. mutants of S. minnesota. I. Protection against challenge with heterologous gram-negative bacteria, J. Immunol. 108:601–610.
McCabe, W.R., Kreger, B.E., and Johns, M., 1972, Type specific and cross-reactive antibodies in gram negative bacteremia, N. Engl. J. Med. 287:261–267.
McCabe, W.R., Greely, A., Di Genio, T., and Johns, M.A., 1973, Humoral immunity to type specific and cross reactive antigens of gram negative bacilli, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S284–S294.
McCabe, W.R., Carling, P.C., Bruins, S., and Greely, A., 1975, The relation of K-antigen to virulence of Escherichia coli, J. Infect. Dis. 131:6–10.
Macfarlane, H., Reddy, S., Adcock, K.J., Adeshina, H., Cooke, A.R., and Akene, J., 1970, Immunity and survival in kwashiorkor, Br. Med. J. 4:268–270.
Mackaness, G.B., 1964, The immunological basis of acquired cellular resistance, J. Exp. Med. 120:105–120.
Mackaness, G.B., 1969, The influence of immunologically committed lymphoid cells on macrophage activity in vivo, J. Exp. Med. 129:973–992.
Mackaness, G.B., and Blanden, R.V., 1967, Cellular immunity, Progr. Allergy 11:89–140.
Mackaness, G.B., Blanden, R.V., and Collins, F.M., 1966, Host-parasite relations in mouse typhoid, J. Exp. Med. 124:573–584.
Makela, P.H., Valtonen, V.V., and Valtonen, M., 1973, Role of O-antigen lipopolysaccharide factors in the virulence of Salmonella, J. Infect. Dis. 128:S81–S85.
Malakian, A., and Schwab, J., 1967, Immunosuppressant from group A streptococci, Science 159:880–881.
Marr, J.J., and Spilberg, I., 1975, A mechanism for decreased resistance to infection by gram-negative organisms during acute alcoholic intoxication, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 86:253–258.
Martin, C.M., Jandl, J.H., and Finland, M., 1963, Enhancement of acute bacterial infections in rats and mice by iron and their inhibition by human transferrin, J. Infect. Dis. 112:158–163.
Maw, J., and Meynell, G.G., 1968, The true division and death rates of Salmonella typhimurium in the mouse spleen determined with superinfecting phage P22, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 49:597–613.
Medhurst, F.A., Hill, M.J., and Glynn, A.A., 1969, The effect of antilymphocyte serum on subcutaneous staphylococcal infections in normal immune and complement deficient mice, J. Med. Microbiol. 2:147–159.
Melching, L., and Vas, S.L., 1971, Effects of serum components on gram-negative bacteria during bactericidal reactions, Infect. Immun. 3:107–115.
Miles, A.A., Miles, E.M., and Burke, J., 1957, The value and duration of defence reactions of the skin to the primary lodgement of bacteria, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 38:79–96.
Miller, C.P., and Bohnhoff, M., 1963, Changes in the mouse’s enteric microflora associated with enhanced susceptibility to Salmonella infection following streptomycin treatment, J. Infect. Dis. 113:59–66.
Miller, M.E., and Nilsson, U.R., 1970, A familial deficiency of the phagocytosis enhancing activity of serum related to a dysfunction of the fifth component of complement (C5), N. Engl. J. Med. 282:354–358.
Misaki, A., Yukawa, S., Tsuchiya, K., and Yamasaki, T., 1966, Studies on the cell walls of Mycobacteria. I. Chemical and biological properties of the cell walls and the mucopeptide of BCG, J. Biochem. 59:388–396.
Muschel, L.H., and Jackson, J.E., 1966, The reactivity of serum against protoplasts and spheroplasts, J. Immun. 97:46–51.
Muschel, L.H., and Osawa, E., 1959, Human blood group substance B and Escherichia coli 086, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 101:614–617.
Nakano, M., and Saito, K., 1969, Chemical components in the cell wall of Salmonella typhimurium affecting its virulence and immunogenicity in mice, Nature (London) 222:1085–1086.
Nauciel, C., Fleck, J., Martin, J.P., Mock, M., and Nguyen-Huy, H., 1974, Adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycans on the production of delayed hypersensitivity and on antibody response, Eur. J. Immunol. 4:352–356.
Nelson, D.S., and Boyden, S.V., 1964, The cutaneous reactivity of guinea pigs to pure protein antigens, Int. Arch. Allergy 25:279–303.
Nelson, B.W., and Roantree, R.J., 1967, Analyses of lipopolysaccharides extracted from penicillin-resistant, serum-sensitive Salmonella mutants, J. Gen. Microbiol. 48:179–188.
Newman, S.L., Waldo, B., and Johnston, R.B., 1973, Separation of serum bactericidal and opsonizing activities for Haemophilus influenzae, Infect. Immun. 8:488–490.
Nicholson, A.M., and Glynn, A.A., 1975, Investigation of the effect of K antigen in Escherichia coli urinary tract infections by use of a mouse model, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 56:549–553.
Noble, W.C., 1965, The production of subcutaneous staphylococcal skin lesions in mice, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 46:254–262.
Ofek, I., Beachey, E.H., and Bisno, A.L., 1974, Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to phagocytosis: Relationship to colonial morphology and surface pili, J. Infect. Dis. 129:310–316.
Oppenheim, J.J., and Rosenstreich, D.L., 1976, Signals regulating in vitro activation of lymphocytes, Progr. Allergy 20:65–194.
Orskov, I., and Orskov, F., 1970, The K antigens of Escherichia coli. Re-examination and re-evaluation of the nature of L antigens, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Ser. B 78:593–604.
Penn, C.W., Sen, D., Veale, D.R., Parsons, N.J., and Smith, H., 1976, Morphological biological and antigenic properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae adopted to growth in guinea pig subcutaneous chambers, J. Gen. Microbiol. 97:35–43.
Petersen, B.H., Graham, J.A., and Brooks, G.F., 1976, Human deficiency of the eighth component of complement. The requirement of C8 for serum Neisseria gonorrhoeae bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 57:283–290.
Pettenkofer, H.J., Stors, B., Helmbold, W., and Vogel, F., 1962, Alleged causes of the present day world distribution of blood groups, Nature (London) 193:445–446.
Plant, J., and Glynn, A.A., 1976, Genetics of resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in mice, J. Infect. Dis. 133:72–78.
Punsalang, A.P., and Sawyer, W.D., 1973, Role of pili in the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Infect. Immun. 8:255–263.
Reed, W.P., Davidson, M.S., and Williams, R.C., 1976, Complement system in pneumococcal infections, Infect. Immun. 13:1120–1125.
Rich, A. R., 1951, The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis, 2nd ed., p. 509, Blackwells, Oxford.
Rittenhouse, H.G., Roda, J.B., and McFadden, B.A., 1973, Immunologically cross reacting proteins in cell walls of many bacteria, J. Bacteriol. 113:1400–1403.
Roantree, R.J., 1967, Salmonella O antigens and virulence, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 21:443–446.
Roantree, R.J., and Rantz, L.A., 1960, A study of the relationship of the normal bactericidal activity of human serum to bacterial infection, J. Clin. Invest. 39:72–81.
Robbins, J.B., Kenny, K., and Suter, E., 1965, The isolation and biological activities of rabbit M and G anti-Salmonella typhimurium antibodies, J. Exp. Med. 122:385–402.
Robbins, J.B., Myerowitz, R.L., Whisnant, J.K., Argaman, M., Schneerson, R., Handzel, Z.T., and Gotschlich, E.C., 1972, Enteric bacteria cross reactive with Neisseria meningitidis groups A and C and Diplococcus pneumoniae types I and III, Infect. Immun. 6:651–656.
Rogers, H.J., 1967, Bacteriostatic effects of horse sera and serum fractions on Clostridium welchii type A, and the abolition of bacteriostasis by iron salts, Immunology 12:285–301.
Rook, G.A.W., and Stewart-Tull, D.E.S., 1976, The dissociation of adjuvant properties of mycobacterial components from mitogenicity, and from the ability to induce the release of mediators from macrophages, Immunology 31:389–396.
Root, R.K., Ellman, L., and Frank, M.M., 1972, Bactericidal and opsonic properties of C4 deficient guinea pig serum, J. Immunol. 109:477–486.
Rossen, R.G., Wolff, S.M., and Butler, W.T., 1967, The antibody response in nasal washings and serum to S. typhosa endotoxin administered intravenously, J. Immunol. 99:246–254.
Rotta, J., 1975, Endotoxin-like properties of the peptidoglycan, J. Immunitaets forsch. 149:230–244.
Rowley, D., 1956, Rapidly induced changes in the level of non-specific immunity in laboratory animals, Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 37:223–234.
Rowley, D., and Jenkin, C.R., 1962, Antigenic cross-reaction between host and parasite as a possible cause of pathogenicity, Nature (London) 193:151–154.
Rowley, D., and Turner, K.J., 1968, Passive sensitization of Salmonella adelaide to the bactericidal action of antibody and complement, Nature (London) 217:657–658.
Schachenmayr, W., Heymer, B., and Haferkamp, O., 1975, Antibodies to peptidoglycan in the sera from population surveys, Z. Immunitaetsforsch. 149:179–186.
Schleifer, K.H., and Kandier, O., 1972, Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications, Bacteriol. Rev. 36:407–477.
Schleifer, K.H., and Krause, R.M., 1971, The immunochemistry of peptidoglycan. Separation and characterisation of antibodies to the glycan and to the peptide sabunit, Eur. J. Biochem. 19:471–478.
Schneerson, R., and Robbins, J.B., 1975, Induction of serum Haemophilus influenzae type B capsular antibodies in adult volunteers fed cross-reacting Escherichia coli 075:K100:H5, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:1093–1096.
Schoolnik, G.K., Buchanan, T.M., and Holmes, K.K., 1976, Gonococci causing disseminated gonococcal infection are resistant to the bactericidal action of normal human sera, J. Clin. Invest. 58:1163–1173.
Schwab, J.H., 1975, Suppression of the immune response by microorganisms, Bacteriol. Rev. 39:121–143.
Seidl, P.H., and Schleifer, K.H., 1975, Immunochemical studies with synthetic immunogens chemically related to peptidoglycan, Z. Immunitaetsforsch. 149:157–164.
Shands, J.W., 1965, Localisation of somatic antigen on gram-negative bacteria by electron microscopy, J. Bacteriol. 90:266–270.
Shaw, G. B., 1911, The Doctor’s Dilemma, Constable, London.
Shaw, S., Smith, A.L., Anderson, P., and Smith, D.H., 1976, The paradox of Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia in the presence of serum bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 58:1019–1029.
Shin, H.S., Smith, M.R., and Wood, W.B., 1969, Heat labile Opsonins to pneumococcus. II. Involvement of C3 and C5, J. Exp. Med. 130:1229–1241.
Sirolák, L., Inoue, K., Okada, M., and Amano, T., 1976, Immune bactericidal reactions by guinea pig γ 1 and γ 2 antibodies, Immunology 30:435–441.
Sjostedt, S., 1946, Pathogenicity of certain serological types of B. coli, Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Suppl. 63:1–148.
Smith, H.W., and Halls, S., 1968, The production of oedema disease and diarrhoea in weaned pigs by the oral administration of Escherichia coli: Factors that influence the course of the experimental disease, J. Med. Microbiol. 1:45–60.
Smith, H.W., and Jones, J.E.T., 1963, Observations on the alimentary tract and its bacterial flora in healthy and diseased pigs, J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 86:387–412.
Smith, J.W., Barnett, J.A., May, R.P., and Sanford, J.P., 1967, Comparison of the opsonic activity of γ G and γ M anti-Proteus globulins, J. Immunol. 98:336–343.
Springer, G.F., 1971, Blood-group and Forssman antigenic determinants shared between microbes and mammalian cells, Progr. Allergy 15:9–77.
Standfast, A. F. B., 1967, Bacterial antigens, in: Modern Trends in Immunology, 2nd ed. (R. Cruickshank and D. Weir, eds.), pp. 1–27, Butterworths, London.
Steele, E.J., Chaicumpa, W., and Rowley, D., 1975, Further evidence for cross-linking as a protective factor in experimental cholera: Properties of antibody fragments, J. Infect. Dis. 132:175–180.
Sterzl, J., Kostka, J., and Lanc, A., 1962, Development of bactericidal properties against gram-negative organisms in the serum of young animals, Folia Microbiol. (Prague) 7:162–174.
Stetson, C. A., 1964, Role of hypersensitivity in reactions to endotoxin, in: Bacterial Endotoxins (M. Landy and W. Braun, eds.), pp. 658–662, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J.
Stiffel, C., Biozzi, G., Mouton, D., Bouthillier, Y., and Decreusefond, C., 1964, Studies on phagocytosis of bacteria by the reticuloendothelial system in a strain of mice lacking hemolytic complement, J. Immunol. 93:246–249.
Strominger, J. L., and Tipper, D. J., 1974, Structure of bacterial cell walls: The lysozyme substrate, in: Lysozyme (E. F. Osserman, R. E. Canfield, and S. Beychok, eds.), pp. 169–184, Academic Press, New York and London.
Swanson, J., Kraus, S.J., and Gotschlich, E.C., 1971, Studies on gonococcus infection. I. Pili and zones of adhesion: Their relation to gonococcal growth patterns, J. Exp. Med. 134:886–906.
Sword, C.P., 1966, Mechanisms of pathogenesis in Listeria monocytogenes infection. I. Influence of iron, J. Bacteriol. 92:536–542.
Takeuchi, A., 1971, Penetration of the intestinal epithelium by various microorganisms, Curr. Top. Pathol. 54:1–27.
Tannock, G.W., Blumershine, R.V.H., and Savage, D.C, 1975, Association of Salmonella typhimurium with, and its invasion of, the ileal mucosa in mice, Infect. Immun. 11:365–370.
Taubler, J.H., 1968, Staphylococcal delayed hypersensitivity in mice. I. Induction and in vivo demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity, J. Immunol. 101:546–549.
Taylor, P.W., 1975, Genetical studies of serum resistance in Escherichia coli, J. Gen. Microbiol. 89:57–66.
Thongthai, C., and Sawyer, W.D., 1973, Studies on the virulence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Relation of colonial morphology and resistance to phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes, Infect. Immun. 7:373–379.
Torikata, R., 1917, in: J. P. Scott, 1931, Aggressins. An outline of the development of the theory and notes on the use of these products, J. Bacteriol. 22:323–337.
Turk, J.L., and Bryceson, A.D.M., 1971, Immunological phenomena in leprosy and related diseases, Adv. Immunol. 13:209–266.
Turner, M.W., and Rowe, D.S., 1964, Characterization of human antibodies to Salmonella typhi by gel-filtration and antigenic analysis, Immunology 7:639–656.
Valtonen, V.V. Aird, J., Valtonen, M., Makela, O., and Makela, P.H., 1971, Mouse virulence of Salmonella: Antigen-dependent differences are demonstrable also after immunosuppression, Acta Pathol. Scan. Ser. B 79:715–718.
Veale, D.R., Finch, H., Penn, C.W., Sen, D., and Smith, H., 1976, Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in vivo to ingestion and digestion by phagocytes of human blood, J. Gen. Microbiol. 96:341–350.
Vosti, K.L., and Randall, E., 1970, Sensitivity of serologically classified strains of Escherichia coli of human origin to the serum bactericidal system. Am. J. Med. Sci. 259:114–119.
Walker, W.A., Isselbacher, K.J., and Bloch, K.J., 1972, Intestinal uptake of macromolecules: Effect of oral immunization, Science 177:608–610.
Ward, M.E., and Watt, P.J., 1972, Adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to urethral mucosal cells: An electron microscopic study of human gonorrhoea, J. Infect. Dis. 126:601–605.
Ward, M.E., Watt, P.J., and Glynn, A.A., 1970, Gonococci in urethral exudates possess a virulence factor lost on subculture, Nature (London) 227:382–384.
Watt, P.J., Glynn, A.A., and Ward, M.E., 1972, Maintenance of virulent gonococci in laboratory culture, Nature (London) New Biol. 236:186–187.
Weinberg, E.D., 1966, Roles of metallic ions in host-parasite interactions, Bacteriol. Rev. 30:136–151.
Weksler, B.B., and Hill, M.J., 1969, Inhibition of leukocyte migration by a staphylococcal factor, J. Bacteriol. 98:1030–1035.
Westphal, O., and Jann, K., 1965, in: Methods of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Vol. 5 (R. L. Whistler and M. L. Wolfrom, eds.), pp. 83–91, Academic Press, New York.
White, R.G., 1976, The adjuvant effect of microbial products on the immune response, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 30:579–600.
Williams, R.C., and Gibbons, R.J., 1972, Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: A mechanism of antigen disposal, Science 177:697–699.
Willoughby, D.A., Coote, E., and Turk, J.L., 1969, Complement in acute inflammation, J. Pathol. 97:295–305.
Wilson, B.M., and Glynn, A.A., 1975, Release of 14C label and complement killing of Escherichia coli, Immunology 28:391–400.
Wilson, B.M., and Glynn, A.A., 1977, Comparison of the bactericidal effects of the classical and alternative pathways of human complement on Escherichia coli, Proc. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 4:118–119.
Wilson, I.D., 1972, Studies on the opsonic activity of human secretory IgA using an in vitro phagocytosis system, J. Immunol. 108:726–730.
Wilson, L.A., and Spitznagel, J.K., 1968, Molecular and structural damage to Escherichia coli produced by antibody complement and lysozyme systems, J. Bacteriol. 96:1339–1348.
Wilson, L.A., and Spitznagel, J.K., 1971, Characteristics of complement-dependent release of phospholipid from Escherichia coli, Infect. Immun. 4:23–28.
Winkelstein, J.A., Shin, H.S., and Wood, W.B., 1972, Heat labile Opsonins to pneumococcus. III. The participation of immunoglobulin and of the alternate pathway of C3 activation, J. Immunol. 108:1681–1689.
Winkelstein, J.A., Smith, M.R., and Shin, H.S., 1975, The role of C3 as an Opsonin in the early stages of infection, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149:397–401.
Winkelstein, J.A., Bocchini, J.A., and Schiffman, G., 1976, The role of the capsular Polysaccharide in the activation of the alternative pathway by the pneumococcus, J. Immunol. 116:367–378.
Wood, B.W., 1960, Phagocytosis, with particular reference to encapsulated bacteria, Bacteriol. Rev. 24:41–49.
Youmans, G.P., and Youmans, A.S., 1969, Recent studies on acquired immunity in tuberculosis, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 48:129–178.
Young, L.S., and Armstrong, D., 1972, Human immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I. In-vitro interaction of bacteria, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and serum factors, J. Infect. Dis. 126:257–276.
Zabriskie, J.B., 1967, Mimetic relationships between group A streptococci and mammalian tissues, Adv. Immunol. 7:147–188.
Zinner, S.H., and McCabe, W.F., 1976, Effects of IgM and IgG antibody in patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacilli, J. Infect. Dis. 133:37–45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Glynn, A.A. (1981). Bacterial Immunity. In: Nahmias, A.J., O’Reilly, R.J. (eds) Immunology of Human Infection. Comprehensive Immunology, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1009-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1009-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1011-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1009-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive