Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

General Organization and Structure of the Picornavirus Genome

  • Chapter
The Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses

Part of the book series: NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series ((NSSA,volume 23))

Abstract

The picornavirus group numbers over 200 distinct serotypes, isolated from a wide variety of human and animal sources, and it is likely that many others exist in nature (1), as Vet unrecognised. Various sub-classifications of this large range of viruses have been proposed (2, 3). The most recent, and probably the most generally satisfactory classification (4, 5) arranges the picornaviruses into five genera (a) Cardioviruses, including encephalomyocarditis (EMG) and mengoviruses; (b) Human Rhinoviruses; (c) Equine Rhinoviruses; (d) Foot-and-Mouth Disease viruses; (e) Enteroviruses, including polio, Coxsackie viruses etc. The members of these different genera display differences in virus particle stability in the pH range 3–7, and in their particle density in caesium chloride, as well as in RNA base composition (see chapters 1 and 3).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. RUECKERT, R.R. In Comparative Virology, (1971), Maramorosch, K. and Kurstak, E., eds. Ch. 8. 255–506 Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  2. WILDY, P. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. In Monographs in Virology, (1971), Vol. 5. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  3. FENNER, F. In the Biology of Animal Viruses, (1971), 1, 20–21. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  4. NEWMAN, J.F.E., ROWLANDS, D.J. and BROWN, F. A physic ochemical sub-grouping of the mammalian picornaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. (1973), 18 171–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. BURROUGHS, J.N. and BROWN, F. Physicochemical evidence for re-classification of the Caliciviruses. J. Gen. Virol. (1974), 22, 281–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. BURNESS, A.T.H. Ribonucleic acid content of encephalomyocarditis virus. J. Gen. Virol. (1970), 6, 575–580.

    Google Scholar 

  7. MONTAGNIER, L. and SANDERS, F.K. Sedimentation properties of infective ribonucleic acid extracted from encephalomyocarditis virus. Nature (London), (1963) 197 1178–1181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. BALTIMORE, D. The replication of picornaviruses. In the Biochemistry of Viruses, (1969), Levy, H.B., ed., p. 103–176, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  9. FENWICK, M.L. The effect of reaction with formaldehyde on the sedimentation rates of ribonucleic acids. Biochem. J. (1968), 121, 851–859.

    Google Scholar 

  10. GRANBOULAN, N. and GIRARD, M. Molecular weight of poliovirus RNA. J. Virol. (1969), 4, 475–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. NAIR, C.N. and LONBER-GHOLM, K.K. Infectivity and sedimentation of rhinovirus ribonucleic acid. J. Virol. (1971), 7, 278–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. TANNOCK, G.A., GIBBS, A.J. and COOPER, P. A re-examination of the molecular weight of poliovirus RNA. Biochem. Biophys.Ees. Comm. (1970), 38, 298–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. FRISBY, D.P. Structure and assembly of picornavirus. Ph.D. Thesis. (University of London), (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  14. SMITH, A.E. Control of Translation of animal virus messenger RNA. In Control Processes in Virus Multiplication, (1975), Burke, D.C. and Russell, W.C., eds., pp 183–224, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  15. WIMMER, E. Sequence studies of poliovirus RNA. I. Characterization of the 5’-teiminus. J. Mol. Biol. (1972), 68, 537–540.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. SHATKIN, A.J. Capping of eiakaryotic mRNAs. Cell, (1976), 9, 645–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. NOMOTO, A., LEE, V.J. and WIMMER, E. The 5’-end of poliovirus mRNA is not capped with m’G(5’) ppp (5’) Np. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1976), 73, 375–380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. HEWLETT, M.J., ROSE, J.K. and BALTIMORE, D. 5’-terminal structure of poliovirus polyribosomal RNA is pUp. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1976), 73, 327–350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. PRISBY, D.P., EATON, M. and FELLNER, P. Absence of 5’-terminal capping group in encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. Nucleic Acids Research (1976), 3, 2771–2788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. LEE, V.F., NOMOTO, A., DETJEN, B.M. and WIMMER, E. A protein covalently linked to poliovirus genome RNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1977), 74, 59–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. FLANEGAN, J.B., PETTERSSON, R.P., AMBROS, V., HEWLETT, M.J. and BALTIMORE, D. Covalent linkage of a protein to a defined nucleotide sequence at the 5’-terminus of virion and replicative intermediate RNAs of poliovirus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1977), 74, 961–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. SANGAR, D.V., ROWLANDS, D.J., HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, P. Protein covalently linked to foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA. Nature (London), (1977), 268, 648–65O.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. HRUBY, D.E. and ROBERTS, R.K. Encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. III. Presence of a genome-associated protein. J. Virol. (1978), 25, 413–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. PERNANDEZ-MŪNOZ, R. and LAVI, U. 5’-termini of poliovirus RNAs difference between virion and non-encapsidated 35S RNA. J. Virol. (1977), 21, 820–824.

    Google Scholar 

  25. NOMOTO, A., DETJEN, B., POZZATTI, R. and WIMMER, E. The location of the polio genome protein in viral RNAs and its implication for RNA synthesis. Natxire (London), (1977), 268, 208–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. PETTERSSON, R.F., FLANEGAN, J.B., ROSE, J.K. and BALTIMORE, D. 5’-terminal nucleotide sequences of poliovirus polyribosomal RNA and virion RNA are identical. Nature (London), (1977) 268 270–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. NOMOTO, A., KITAMJRA, N., GOLINI, P. and WIMMER, E. The 5’-terminal structures of poliovirion RNA and poliovirus mRNA differ onlV in the genome-linked protein VPg. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1977) 74 5345–5349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. PORTER, A., CAREY, N.H. and FELLNER, P. Presence of a large poly(rG) tract within the RNA of encephalomyocarditis virus. Nature (London), (1974), 248, 675–678.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. BROWN, P., NEWMAN, J., STOTT, J., PORTER, A., FRISBY, D., NEWTON, C., CAREV, N. and FELLNER, P. Poly(C) in animal viral RNAs. Nature (London), (1974), 251, 342–344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. FRISBY, D.P., NEWTON, C., CAREV, N.H., FELLNER, P., NEWMAN, J.F.E., HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, F. Oligonucleotide mapping of picornavirus RNAs by two dimensional electrophoresis. Virology, (1976), 71, 379–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, P. Biochemical analysis of a virulent and an avirulent strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. (1977), 71, 87–1O5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, F. The location of the poly(C) tract in the RNA of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Gen. Virol. (1976), 33, 493–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. PEREZ-BERCOFF, R. and GANDER, M. The genomic RNA of mengovirus I. Location of the poly(C) tract. Virology, (1977), 80, 426–429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. CHUMAKOV, K.M. and AGOL, V.I. Poly(C) sequence is located near the of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. (1976), 71, 551–557

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. ROWLANDS, D.J., HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, P. A more precise location of the poly(c) tract in foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA. J. Virol. (1978), 26, 335–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. BUTTERWORTH, B.E. and RUECKERT, R.R. Gene order of encephalomyocarditis virus as determined by studies with pactamycin. J. Virol. (1972), 9, 823–828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. EMTAGE, J.S., CAREY, N.H. and STEBBING, N. Structural features of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA from analysis of reverse transcriptase products. Eur. J. Biochem. (1976), 69, 69–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. GOODCHILD, J., FELLNER, P. and PORTER, A.G. The detemination of secondary structure in the poly(C) tract of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA with sodium bisulphite. Nucleic Acids Res. (1975), 2, 887–895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. ROSENBERG, H., DISKIN, B., ORON, L. and TRAUB, A. Isolation and subimit structure of the polycytidylate-dependent RNA polymerase of encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1972), 62, 3815–3819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. HINDLEV, J. Structure and strategy in phage RNA. Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. (1973), 26, 269–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. DONIS-KELLER, H., MAXAM, A.M. and GILBERT, W. Mapping adenines, guanines and pyrimidines in RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. (1977), 4, 2527–2538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. LINDLEY, I.J.D. and STEBBING, N. Aoainoacylation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. (1976), 34, 177–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. SALOMON, R. and LITTAUER, U.Z. Enzymatic acylation of histidine to mengovirus RNA. Nature (London), (1974) 249, 32–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. FARAS, A.J., DAHLBERG, J.E., SAWYER, R.C., HARADA, F., TAYLOR, J.M., LEVINSON, W.E., BISHOP, J.M. and GOODMAN, H.M. Transcription of DNA from the 70S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus. II. Structure of a 4S RNA primer. J. Virol. (1974), 13, 1134–1142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. CHATTERJEE, N.K., BACHRACH, H.L. and POLATNICK, J. Foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA — presence of a 3’-terminal polyribonucleic acid and absence of amino acid binding ability. Virology, (1976), 69, 369–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. BRIAND, J.P., RICHARDS, K.E., BOULEV, J.P., WITZ, J. and HIRTH, L. Structure of the amino acid accepting 3’-end of high-molecular weight egg plant mosaic virus RNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1976), 73, 737–741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. JOHNSTON, R.E. and BOSE, H.R. Correlation of messenger RNA function with adenylate-rich segments in the genomes ofsingle-stranded ENA viruses. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1972), 69, 1514–1516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. MILLER, R.L. and PLAGEMANN, P.G.W. Purification of mengovirus and identification of an A-rich segment in its ENA. J. Gen. Virol. (1972), 17 349–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. SPECTOR, D.H. and BALTIMOEE, D. Poly(A) on mengovirus ENA. J. Virol. (1975), 16, 1081–1084.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. FEISBY, D.P., SMITH, J., JEFFEES, V. and POETEE, A. Size and location of poly(A) in encephalomyocarditis virus ENA. Nucleic Acids Ees. (1976), 3, 2789–2810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. GILLESPIE, D., MARSHALL, S. and GALLO, E.C. ENA of ENA tumour viruses contains poly(A). Nature New Biol. (1972) 236, 227–231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. GILLESPIE, D., TAKEMOTO, K., ROBEET, M. and GALLO, E.C. Polyadenylic acid in visna virus ENA. Science (1975), 179. 1328–1330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. GOLDSTEIN, N.O., PAEDOE, I.U. and BURNESS, A.T.H. Eequirement of an adenylic acid-rich segment for the infectivity of encephalomyocarditis virus ENA. J. Gen. Virol. (1973), 31. 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. BURNESS, A.T.H., PARDOE, I.U., DUFFY, E.M., BHALLA, R.B. and GOLDSTEIN, N.O. The size and location of the poly) tract in EMC virus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. (1977), 34, 331–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. SPECTOR, D.H. and BALTIMORE, D. Requirement of 3’-terminal poly (adenylic acid) for the infectivity of poliovirus RNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1974), 71, 2983–2987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. SPECTOR, D.H. and BALTIMORE, D. Polyadenylic acid on poliovirus RNA. III. in vitro addition of polyadenylic acid to poliovirus RNAs. J. Virol. (1975), 15, 1432–1439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. YOGO, V. and WIMMER, E. Polyadenylic acid at the 3’-terminus of poliovirus RNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1972), 69, 1877–1882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. ARMSTRONG, J.A., EDMONDS, M., NAGAZATO, H., PHILIPS, B.A. and VAUGHAN, M.H. Polyadenylic acid sequences in the virion RNA of poliovirus and eastern equine encephalitis virus. Science, (1972), 176, 526–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. NAIR, C.N. and OWENS, M.J. Preliminary observations pertaining to polyadenylation of rhinovirus RNA. J. Virol. (1974), 13, 535–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. MacNAUGHTON, M.R. and DIMMOCK, N.J. Polyadenylic acid sequences in rhinovirus RNA species from infected human diploid cells. J. Virol. (1975), 16, 745–748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. WEINBERG, R.A. Nuclear RNA metabolism. Annu. Rev. Biochem. (1973), 42, 329–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. VOGO, V. and WIDMER, E. Poly(A) and poly(u) in poliovirus double-stranded RNA. Nature New Biol. (1975), 242, 171–174.

    Google Scholar 

  63. VOGO, V. and WIMMER, E. Sequence studies of poliovirus RNA. III. Polymridylic acid and polyadenylic acid as components of the purified poliovirus replicative intermediate. J. Mol. Biol. (1975), 92, 467–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. YOGO, V., TENG, M.H. and WIMMER, E. Poly(U) in poliovirus minus RNA is 5’-terminal. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1974), 61, 1101–1109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. PORTER, A.G., MERREGAERT, J., van EMMELO, J. and FIERS, W. Sequence of 129 nucleotides at the 3’-terminus of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA. Eur. J. Biochem. (1978). In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  66. PORTER, A.G., FELLNER, P., BLACK, D.N., ROWLANDS, D.J., HARRIS, T.J.R. and BROWN, F. 3’-terminal nucleotide sequences in the genomic RNA of picornaviruses. Nature (London), (1978). In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  67. MERREGAERT, J., van EMMELO, J., DEVOS, R., PORTER, A., FELLNER, P. and FIERS, W. The 3’-terminal nucleotide sequence of encephalomVocarditis virus RNA. Eur. J. Biochem. (1978), 82, 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. MAXAM, A. and GILBERT, W. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1977), 74, 56O-564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. SEEBURG, P.H., SKENE, J., MARTIAL, J. A., BAXTER, J.D. and GOODMAN, H.M. Nucleotide sequence and amplification in bacteria of structural gene for rat growth hormone. Nature (London), (1977), 270, 486–494.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. SHINE, J., SEEBURG, P.H., MARTIAL, J.A., BAXTER, J.D. and GOODMAN, H.M. Construction and analysis of recombinant DNA for human chorionic somatomammotropin. Nature (London), (1977), 270, 494–499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. PROUDFOOT, N. Sequence analysis of the 3’-non coding regions of rabbit α- and β-globin messenger RNAs. J. Mol. Biol. (1976), 107, 491–525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Searle Research Laboratories, Lane End Road, High Wycombe, Bucks, England

    Peter Fellner

Authors
  1. Peter Fellner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Virology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    R. Pérez-Bercoff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fellner, P. (1979). General Organization and Structure of the Picornavirus Genome. In: Pérez-Bercoff, R. (eds) The Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 23. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1000-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1000-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1002-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1000-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation