Abstract
The development of the environmental mercury problem and the toxicity of mercury and its compounds have received attention in numerous recent reviews (27, 28, 29, 39, 42, 43, 48, 76, 81, 98, 103, 125). Mercury and cinnabar have been known since at least 1500 B.C. and mercury was a familiar substance by the first century B.C. (35, 75). The toxicity of mercury was mentioned by a number of ancient writers and the occupational hazards of mercury were described in detail by Paracelsus in 1533 (41, 53). Ramazzini (97), who in 1700 published De Morbis Artificium, the first comprehensive treatise on occupational diseases, vividly describes the maladies afflicting miners, gilders, mirror-makers and physicians who were exposed to mercury in the course of their work. Although there is a continuing problem of occupational exposure to inorganic mercury (33, 39), possible effects on broader segments of the population due to the widespread dispersal of mercury in the environment has recently become the focus of concern. The Minamata disaster in the 1950’s, in which forty-six deaths occurred among the 121 inhabitants poisoned by methylmercury which had accumulated in the fish of Minamata Bay as the result of the mercury discharged from a chemical plant employing a mercury catalyst (59, 60, 77), dramatically exposed the potential hazards to the general population.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aaseth, J. (1973). The effect of mercatodextran on distribution and toxicity of mercury in mice. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32:430–441.
Aberg, B., Ekman, L., Falk, R., Grietz, U., Persson, G. and Snihs, J.-O. (1969). Metabolism of methylmercury (203Hg) compounds in man. Arch. Environ. Health 19:478–484.
Aposhian, H. V. and Aposhian, M. M. (1959). N-acetyl-d, 1-penicillamine, a new oral protective agent against the lethal effects of mercuric chloride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 126:131–135.
Ashbel, S. I. (1964). Intoksikatsi Rtut-organitsheskimi jadokhimikatami. Medicina, Moskwa, cited by Piotrowski, J. K. Further investigations on binding and release of mercury in the rat, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 247–260.
Bakir, F., Damluji, S. F., Amin-Zaki, L., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A., Al-Rawi, N. Y., Tikriti, S., Dhahir, H. I. and Clarkson, T. W., Smith, J. C. and Doherty, R. A. (1973). Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181:230–241.
Berglund, F. and Berlin, M. (1969). Risk of methylmercury cumulation in man and mammals and the relation between body burden of methylmercury and toxic effects, in Chemical Fallout, ed. Miller, M. W. and Berg, G. G., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 258–269.
Berlin, M. and Ullberg, S. (1963). Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse I. An autoradiographic study after a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride. Arch. Environ. Health 6:589–601.
Berlin, M. and Ullberg, S. (1963). Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse III. An autoradiographic comparison of methylmercurie dicyandiamide with inorganic mercury. Arch. Environ. Health 6:610–616.
Berlin, M. and Lewander, T. (1965). Increased brain uptake of mercury caused by 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) in mice given mercuric chloride. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 22:1–7.
Berlin, M., Jerksell, L.-G. and Nordberg, G. (1965). Accelerated uptake of mercury by brain caused by 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) after injection into the mouse of a methylmercuric compound. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 23:312–320.
Berlin, M., Jerksell, L.-G. and von Ubisch, H. (1966). Uptake and retention of mercury in the mouse brain: A comparison of exposure to mercury vapor and intravenous injection of mercuric salt. Arch. Environ. Health 12:33–42.
Berlin, M., Fazackerley, J. and Nordberg, G. (1969). The uptake of mercury in the brains of mammals exposed to mercury vapor and to mercuric salts. Arch. Environ. Health 18:719–729.
Berlin, M., Nordberg, G. and Hellberg, J. (1973). The uptake and distribution of methylmercury in the brain of Saimiri sciureus in relation to behavioral and morphological changes, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 187–206.
Cafruny, E. J. (1968). The site and mechanism of action of mercurial diuretics. Pharmacol. Rev. 20:89–116.
Cassano, G. B., Viola, P. L., Ghetti, B. and Amaducci, L. (1969). The distribution of inhaled mercury (Hg203) vapors in the brain of rats and mice. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 28:308–320.
Cavanaugh, J. B. and Chen, F. C. K. (1971). The effects of methylmercury-dicyandiamide on the peripheral nerves and spinal cord of rats. Acta neuropathol. (Berl.) 19:208–215.
Cember, H. (1962). The influence of the size of the dose on the distribution and elimination of inorganic mercury, Hg(NO3)2, in the rat. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 23:304–313.
Cember, H., Gallagher, P. and Faulkner, A. (1968). Distribution of mercury among blood functions and serum proteins. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 29:233–237.
Chang, L. W. and Hartmann, H. A. (1972). Ultrastructural studies of the nervous system after mercury intoxication I. Pathological changes in the nerve cell bodies. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 20:122–138.
Chang, L. W. and Hartmann, H. A. (1972). Ultrastructural studies of the nervous system after mercury intoxication II. Pathological changes in the nerve fibers. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 20:316–334.
Chang, L. W. and Hartmann, H. A. (1972). Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in experimental mercury intoxication. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 21:179–184.
Chang, L. W. and Hartmann, H. A. (1972). Electron microscopic histochemical study on the localization and distribution of mercury in the nervous system after mercury intoxication. Exp. Neurol. 35:122–137.
Cherian, M. G. and Vostal, J. J. (1974). Biliary excretion of mercury compounds: II. The effect of dose and time after administration on the forms of mercury in rat bile. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (in press).
Clarkson, T., Gatzy, J. and Dalton, C. (1961). Studies on the equilibration of mercury vapor with blood. Atomic Energy Commission Research and Development Report #UR-582, University of Rochester, New York.
Clarkson, T. W. and Magos, L. (1966). Studies on the binding of mercury in tissue homogenates. Biochem. J. 99:62–70.
Clarkson, T. W. and Magos, L. (1967). The effect of sodium maleate on the renal deposition and excretion of mercury. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 31:560–567.
Clarkson, T. W. (1971). Epidemiological and experimental aspects of lead and mercury contamination of foods. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 9:229–243.
Clarkson, T. W. (1972). Recent advances in the toxicology of mercury with emphasis on the alkylmercurials. CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1:203–234.
Clarkson, T. W. (1972). The pharmacology of mercury compounds. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 12:375–406.
Clarkson, T. W., Small, H. and Norseth, T. (1973). Excretion and absorption of methylmercury after polythiol resin treatment. Arch. Environ. Health 26:173–176.
Clarkson, T. W. and Vostal, J. J. (1973). Mercurials, mercuric ion and sodium transport, in Modern Diuretic Therapy in the Treatment of Cardiovascular and Renal Disease, ed. Wilson, G. and Laut, A. F., Exerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, pp. 221–230.
Cotton, F. A. and Wilkinson, G. (1966). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry — A Comprehensive Text. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Criteria Document: Recommendations for an Occupational Exposure Standard for Inorganic Mercury. (1973). U. S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Davies, D. J. and Kennedy, A. (1967). Course of the renal excretion of cells after necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubule by mercuric chloride. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 10:62–68.
D’ltri, F. M. (1962). The Environmental Mercury Problem. CRC Press, Cleveland.
Fang, S. C. (1973). The in vivo kinetics of mercury binding of kidney soluble proteins from rats receiving various mercurials, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M.W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 277–291.
Fassett, D. W. (1972). Cadmium, in Metallic Contaminants and Human Health, ed. Lee, D. H. K., Academic Press, New York, pp. 97–124.
Fesenko (1969). Vrachebnoe Delo 10:85–87.
Friberg, L. and Vostal, J. J., eds. (1972). Mercury in the Environment. CRC Press, Cleveland.
Friedman, M. (1973). Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Sulfhydryl Group in Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 311–363.
Goldwater, L. J. (1936). From Hippocrates to Ramazzini: Early history of industrial medicine. Ann. Med. Hist. 8:27, cited by
D’Itri, F. M. (1972), in The Environmental Mercury Problem, CRC Press, Cleveland, p. 6.
Goldwater, L. J. (1971). Mercury in the environment. Scientific Am. 224:15–21.
Goldwater, L. J. and Clarkson, T. W. (1972). Mercury, in Metallic Contaminants and Human Health, ed. Lee, D. H. K., Academic Press, New York, pp. 17–55.
Gould, E. S. (1962). Inorganic Reactions and Structure. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Grant, C. A. (1973). Pathology of methylmercury intoxication: some roblems of exposure and response, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 294–310.
Greenwood, M. R., Clarkson, T. W. and Magos, L. (1972). Transfer of metallic mercury into the fetus. Experientia 28:1455–1456.
Gurd, F. R. N. and Wilcox, P. E. (1956). Complex formation between metallic cations and proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Adv. Protein Chem. 11:311–427.
Hartung, R. and Dinman, B. D., eds. (1972). Environmental Mercury Contamination. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor.
Hayes, A. D. and Rothstein, A. (1962). The metabolism of inhaled mercury vapor in the rat studied by isotope techniques. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 138:1–10.
Herman, S. P., Klein, R., Talley, F. A. and Krigman, M. R. (1973). An ultrastructural study of methylmercury induced primary sensory neuropathy in the rat. Lab. Invest. 28:104–118.
Herman, S. P., Krigman, M. R., Klein, R. and Somjen, G. G. (1974). The progression of clinical signs, structural lesions and functional deterioration in sensory neuropathy caused by methylmercury poisoning. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (in press).
Hirayama, K. and Takahashi, H. (1970). Studies on the treatment for methylmercury poisoning. “Lowering of the methylmercury content in the poisoned animal brain.” Kumamoto Med. J. 23:56–64.
Holmstedt, B. (1967). The toxicology and metabolism of the different mercury compounds, in The mercury problem, Oikos Suppl. 9:25, cited by
D’Itri, F. M. (1972). The Environmental Mercury Problem, CRC Press, Cleveland, p. 6.
Hughes, W. L. (1957). A physiochemical rationale for the biological activity of mercury and its compounds. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 65:454–460.
Hunter, D., Bomford, R. R. and Russell, D. S. (1940). Poisoning by methyl mercury compounds, Q.J. Med. 9(New Series):193–213.
Hunter, D. and Russell, D. S. (1954). Focal cerebral and cerebellar atrophy in a human subject due to organic mercury compounds. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 17:235–241.
Jakubowski, M., Piotrowski, J. and Trojanowska. B. (1970). Binding of mercury in the rat: Studies using 203HgC12 and gel filtration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 16:743–753.
Jernelöv, A. (1973). A new biochemical pathway for the methylation of mercury and some ecological implications, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield.
Kurland, L. T., Faro, S. N. and Seidler, H. (1960). Minamata disease. Wld. Neurol. 1:370–395.
Kurland, L. T. (1973). An appraisal of the epidemiology and toxicology of alkylmercury compounds, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 23–47.
Levine, W. G. (1970). Heavy-metal antagonists, in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Goodman, L. S. and Gilman, A., 4th ed., Mac Millan, London, pp. 944–957.
Longcope, W. T. and Luetscher, J. A. (1946). Clinical uses of 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL). XI. The treatment of acute mercury poisoning by BAL. J. Clin. Invest. 25:557–567.
Lundgren, K.-D., Swensson, A. and Ulfvarson, U. (1967). Studies in humans on the distribution of mercury in the blood and the excretion in urine after exposure to different mercury compounds. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 20:164–166.
Magos, L. (1968). Uptake of mercury by the brain. Br. J. Ind. Med. 25:315–318.
Magos, L. (1968). Transport of elemental mercury by blood. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. Pharmacol. 259:183–184.
Magos, L. (1968). Effect of 2, 3-dimercaptopropanol (BAL) on urinary excretion and brain content of mercury. Br. J. Ind. Med. 25:152–154.
Magos, L. and Stoytchev, T. (1969). Combined effect of sodium maleate and some thiol compounds on mercury excretion and redistribution in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 35:121–126.
Magos, L. (1973). Factors affecting the uptake and retention of mercury by kidneys in rats, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 167–184.
Magos, L., Clarkson, T. W. and Greenwood, M. R. (1973). The depression of pulmonary retention of mercury vapor by ethanol: Identification of the site of action. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26:180–183.
Magos, L., MacGregor, J. T. and Clarkson, T. W. (1974). The effect of phenobarbital and sodium dehydrocholate on the biliary excretion of methylmercury in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (in press).
Magos, L., Sugata, Y. and Clarkson, T. W. (1974). Effects of 3-amino-l, 2, 4-triazole on mercury uptake by in vitro human blood samples and by whole rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. (in press).
Massey, T. H. and Fang, S. C. (1968). A comparative study of the subcellular binding of phenylmercurie acetate and mercuric acetate in rat liver and kidney slices. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 12:7–14.
Matsumoto, H., Suzuki, A., Morita, C., Nakamura, K. and Saeki, S. (1967). Preventive effect of penicillamine on the brain defect of fetal rat poisoned transplacentally with methylmercury. Life Sciences 6:2321–2326.
Matsumoto, H., Kameda, T. and Takeuchi, T. (1969). Pathological studies on organic mercury poisoning—Supplement to histochemical demonstration of mercury in the brain of Minamata disease. Adv. Neurol. Sci. (Jap.) 13:270–278.
Mellor, J. W. (1940). A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. IV. Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., eds. (1973). Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans. C. C. Thomas, Springfield.
Minamata Disease (1968). (Study Group of Minamata Disease), Kumamoto University, Japan, 338 pp.
Miyakawa, T. and Deshimaru, M. (1969). Electron microscopial study of experimentally induced poisoning due to organic mercury compound. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 14:126–136.
Miyakawa, T., Deshimaru, M., Sumiyoshi, S., Teraoka, A., Udo, N., Hattori, E. and Tatetsu, S. (1970). Experimental organic mercury poisoning. Changes in peripheral nerves. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 15:45–55.
Mudge, G. H. and Weiner, I. M. (1958). The mechanism of action of mercurial and xanthine diuretics. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 71:344–354.
Nelson, N., Byerly, T. C., Kolbye, A. C., Kurland, L. T., Schapiro, R. E., Shibko, S. I., Stickel, W. H., Thompson, J. E., Van Den Berg, L. A. and Weissler, A. (1971). Hazards of Mercury. Env. Res. 4:1–69.
Nielsen Kudsk, F. (1965). Absorption of mercury vapour from the respiratory tract in man. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 23:250–262.
Nielson Kudsk, F. (1965). The influence of ethyl alcohol on the adsorption of mercury vapour from the lungs in man. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 23:263–274.
Nielsen Kudsk, F. (1969). Uptake of mercury vapour in blood in vivo and in vitro from Hg-containing air. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27:149–160.
Nielsen Kudsk, F. (1969). Factors influencing the in vitro uptake of mercury vapour in blood. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27:161–172.
Nielsen Kudsk, F. (1973). Biological oxidation of elemental mercury, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp.355–369.
Nordberg, G. F. and Serenius, F. (1969). Distribution of inorganic mercury in the guinea pig brain. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27:269–283.
Nordberg, G. F. and Skerfving, S. (1972). Metabolism, in Mercury in the Environment, ed. Friberg, L. and Vostal, J. CRC Press, Cleveland, pp. 29–91.
Norseth, T. and Clarkson, T. W. (1970). Studies on the biotransformation of 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury chloride in rats. Arch. Environ. Health 21:717–727.
Norseth, T. and Clarkson, T. W. (1971). Intestinal transport of 203Hg-labeled methyl mercury chloride. Arch. Environ. Health 22:568–577.
Norseth, T. (1973). Biliary complexes of methylmercury: A possible role in organ distribution, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 264–272.
Norseth, T. (1973). Biliary excretion and intestinal reabsorption of mercury in the rat after injection of methyl mercuric chloride. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 33:280–288.
Ogawa, E., Suzuki, S., Tsuzuki, H., Tobe, M., Kobayashi, K. and Hojo, M. (1970). Experimental studies on the distribution and excretion of methylmercury chloride. Proc. of the International Symposium on Thiola, Nov. 25–26, 1970, pp.238-253.
Olsson, Y. (1968). Topographical differences in the vascular permeability of the peripheral nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 10:26–33.
Passow, H., Rothstein, A. and Clarkson, T. W. (1961). The general pharmacology of the heavy metals. Pharmacol. Rev. 13:185–224.
Piotrowski, J. K., Trojanowska, B., Wisniewska-Knypl, J. M. and Bolanowska, W. (1973). Further investigations on binding and release of mercury in the rat, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 247–260.
Pulido, P. Kägi, J. H. R. and Vallee, B. L. (1966). Isolation and some properties of human metallothionein. Biochemistry 5:1768–1777.
Ramazzini, B. (1713). Diseases of Workers. Translated from the Latin text De Morbis Artificium of 1713 by Wright, W. C. Hafner Publishing Co., New York (1964).
Report of an Expert Committee. (1971). Methylmercury in fish. Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. Suppl. 4.
Report of an International Committee. (1969). Maximum allowable concentrations of mercury compounds. Arch. Environ. Health 19:891–905.
Rochow, E. G., Hurd, D. T. and Lewis, R. N. (1957). The Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Rothstein, A. (1973). Mercaptans, the biological targets for mercurials, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 68–92.
Ruch, T. C. (1965). Binocular vision and central visual pathways, in Physiology and Biophysics, Ruch, T. C. and Patton, H. D., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 441–454.
Skerfving, S. (1972). Mercury in fish — Some toxicological considerations. Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol. 10:545–556.
Somjen, G. G., Herman, S. P., Klein, R., Brubaker, P. E., Briner, W. H., Goodrich, J. K., Krigman, M. R. and Haseman, J. K. (1973). The uptake of methyl mercury (203Hg) in different tissues related to its neurotoxic effects. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 187:602–611.
Stoytchev, T., Magos, L. and Clarkson, T. W. (1969). Studies on the mechanism of the maleate action on the urinary excretion of mercury. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 8:253–260.
Suzuki, T., Matsumoto, N., Miyama, T. and Katsunuma, H. (1967). Placental transfer of mercuric chloride, phenyl mercury acetate and methyl mercury acetate in mice. Ind. Health 5:149–155.
Suzuki, T. and Yoshino, Y. (1969). Effects of D-penicillamine on urinary excretion of mercury in two cases of methyl mercury poisoning. Jap. J. Ind. Health 11:487–488.
Suzuki, T., Miyama, T. and Katsunuma, H. (1970). Mercury contents in the red cells, plasma, urine and hair from workers exposed to mercury vapour, Ind. Health 8:39–47.
Swensson, A. and Ulfvarson, U. (1968). Distribution and excretion of mercury compounds in rats over a long period after a single injection. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 26:273–283.
Takahashi, H. and Hirayama, K. (1971). Accelerated elimination of methyl mercury from animals. Nature (Lond.) 232:201–202.
Takeuchi, T. (1972). Biological reactions and pathological changes in human beings and animals caused by organic mercury contamination, in Environmental Mercury Contamination, ed. Hartung, R. and Dinman, B. D., Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, pp. 247–289.
Tejning, S. (1970). The mercury contents in blood corpuscles and in blood plasma in mothers and their new-born children. Rep. 70-05-20, Dept. Occup. Med., University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
Tejning, S. Cited by Kurland, L. T. (1973). An appraisal of the epidemiology and toxicology of alkylmercury compounds, in Mercury, Mercurials and Mercaptans, ed. Miller, M. W. and Clarkson, T. W., C. C. Thomas, Springfield, pp. 23–47.
Trojanowska, B., Piotrowski, J. K. and Szendzikowski, S. (1971). The influence of thioacetamide on the excretion of mercury in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 18:374–386.
Trojanowska, B. and Szendzikowski, S. Mobilizing effects of Unithiol upon mercury deposits in the rat. (In press).
Vostal, J. J. and Clarkson, T. W. (1971). The effect of BAL and related thiols on plasma/red blood cell distribution of methyl mercury. The Pharmacologist 13:289. (Abstract).
Vostal, J. (1972). Transport and transformation of mercury in nature and possible routes of exposure, in Mercury in the Environment, ed. Friberg, L. and Vostal, J., CRC Press, Cleveland.
Webb, J. L. (1966). Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors. Volume II. Academic Press, New York, pp. 729–1070.
Weed, R., Eber, J. and Rothstein, A. (1962). Interaction of mercury with human erythrocytes. J. Gen. Physiol. 45:395–410.
Weiner, I. M., Levy, R. I. and Mudge, G. H. (1962). Studies on mercurial diuresis: Renal excretion, acid stability and structure-activity relationships of organic mercurials. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 138:96–112.
Westöö, G. (1966). Determination of methylmercury compounds in foodstuffs. I. Methylmercury compounds in fish, identification and determination. Acta Chem. Scand. 20:2131–2137.
White, A., Handler, P. and Smith, E. L. (1964). Principles of Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill, ew York, pp. 193–199.
Wisniewska, J. M., Trojanowska, B., Piotrowski, J. and Jakubowski, M. (1970). Binding of mercury in the rat kidney by metallothionein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 16:754–763.
Wisniewska-Knypl, J. M., Trojanowska, B. B., Piotrowski, J. K. and Jablonska, J. K. (1972). Binding of mercury in rat liver by metallothionein. Acta Biochim. Pol. 19:11–18.
Wood, J. M. (1971). Environmental pollution by mercury, in Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 2, ed. Pitts, J. N. and Metcalf, R. L., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 39–56.
Yagi, K. and White, H. L. (1958). Comparison of ammonium sulfate fractionation of proteins and of protein-bound mercury in kidney soluble fraction of chow-fed and sucrose-fed rats. Am. J. Physiol. 194:547–552.
Yang, M. G., Krawford, K. S., Garcia, J. D., Wang, J. H. C. and Lei, K. Y. (1972). Deposition of mercury in fetal and maternal brain. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 141:1004–1007.
Yoshino, Y., Mozai, T. and Nakao, K. (1966). Distribution of mercury in the brain and its subcellular units in experimental organic mercury poisonings. J. Neurochem. 13:397–406.
Yoshino, Y., Mozai, T. and Nakao, K. (1966). Biochemical changes in the brain in rats poisoned with an alkylmercury compound, with special reference to the inhibition of protein synthesis in brain cortex slices. J. Neurochem. 13:1223–1230.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
MacGregor, J.T., Clarkson, T.W. (1974). Distribution, Tissue Binding and Toxicity of Mercurials. In: Friedman, M. (eds) Protein-Metal Interactions. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 48. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0943-7_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0943-7_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-0945-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-0943-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive