Abstract
This chapter reviews the range of fetal measurements that have been employed in the characterization of human fetal growth. These measurements can be considered to fall into two categories. First, anthropométrie measurements have classically formed the basis of the description of fetal growth (Scammon and Calkins, 1929; Streeter, 1951) as they have for growth after birth. Table I lists some of the more common fetal measurements. The second category includes both chemical and to a lesser extent biochemical measurements which have been used to describe growth in terms of chemical and biochemical parameters and to relate these to the development of physiological function (Widdowson, 1968). In the main these studies have as their aim a better understanding of the physiology of the neonate and the improvement of the clinical care of the neonate (Corner, 1960) or the prognosis for physical and mental development postnatally (Ounsted and Ounsted, 1973); in other studies the major interest has been a better understanding of the physiology of fetal growth.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Academy of Pediatrics, 1967, Committee on fetus and newborn, Pediatrics 39:935–939.
Apte, S. V., and Iyengar, L., 1972, Composition of the human foetus, Br. J. Nutr. 27:305–312.
Atkinson, T., Fowler, V. R., Garton, G. A., and Lough, A. K., 1972, A rapid method for the accurate determination of lipid in animal tissues, Analyst 97:562.
Balthazard, V., and Dervieux, O., 1921, Ann. Med. Legale 1:37; quoted by Huggett and Widdas, 1951.
Birkbeck, J. A., 1976, Metrical growth and skeletal development of the human fetus, in: The Biology of Human Fetal Growth (D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson, eds.), pp. 39–68, Taylor & Francis, London.
Birkbeck, J. A., and Roberts, J. A., 1971, Skeletal composition in the early human fetus, Biol. Neonate 19:465–471.
Birkbeck, J. A., Billewicz, W. Z., and Thomson, A. M., 1975a, Human fetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, Ann. Hum. Biol. 2:173.
Birkbeck, J. A., Billewicz, W. Z., and Thomson, A. M., 1975b, Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation, Ann. Hum. Biol. 2:319.
Bodemer, C. W., 1968, Modern Embryology, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Brandt, L, 1976, Dynamics of head circumference growth before and after term, in: The Biology of Human Fetal Growth (D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson, eds.) pp. 109–136, Taylor & Francis, London.
Breen, M., Weinstein, H. G., Johnson, R. L., Veis, A., and Marshall, R. T., 1970, Acidic glycosamino-glycans in human skin during fetal development and adult life, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 201:54–60.
Comer, B. 1960, Prematurity, Cassell, London.
Dickerson, J. W. T., 1962, Changes in the composition of the human femur during growth, Biochem. J. 82:56–61.
Dickerson, J. W. T., and Widdowson, E. M., 1960, Chemical changes in skeletal muscle during development, Biochem. J. 74:247–257.
Dobbing, J. 1970, Undernutrition and the developing brain: The relevance of animal models to the human problem, Am. J. Dis. Child. 120:411–415.
Dolhay, B., Batar, I., and Papp, Z. 1973, Correlation of the distance between the heel and the big toe with weeks of gestation, biparietal diameter and body weight, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 117:142.
Epstein, C. J., 1967, Cell size, nuclear content and the development of polyploidy in mammalian liver, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52:327.
Goldstein, H., and Peckham, C., 1976, Birth weight, gestation, neonatal mortality and child development, in: The Biology of Human Fetal Growth (D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson, eds.), pp. 80–101, Taylor & Francis, London.
Gruenwald, P., 1966, Growth of the human fetus 1. Normal growth and its variation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 94:1112–1119.
Hamilton, W. J., Boyd, J. D., and Mossman, H. W., 1956, Human Embryology, Prenatal Development of Form and Function, 2nd ed., Heffers, Cambridge, England.
Harrison, M. F., 1951, Relation between polyploidy and the amounts of deoxynucleic acid per nucleus in the liver and kidney of adult rats, Nature, London 168:248–250.
Hey, E. N., Southgate, D. A. T., and Widdowson, E. M., in preparation.
Huggett, A. St. G., and Widdas, W. F., 1951, The relationship between mammalian foetal weight and conception age, J. Physiol. 114:306–317.
Hytten, F. E., and Leitch, I., 1971, The Physiology of Human Pregnancy, 2nd ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Iyengar, L., and Apte, S. V., 1972, Nutrient stores in human foetal livers, Br. J. Nutr. 27:313–317.
Jensch, R. P., Brent, R. L., and Barr, M., Jr., 1970, The litter effect as a variable in tetratologic studies in the albino rat, Am. J. Anat. 122:185–192.
Kelly, H. J., Sloan, R. E., Hoffman, W., and Saunders, C., 1951, Accumulation of nitrogen and six minerals in the human fetus during gestation, Hum. Biol. 23:61–74.
Kiseki, T., 1933, Relationship of length of body of fetus to length of trunk and spine, width of shoulder and hip, and various diameters and circumferences of the head, Mitt. Med. Ges. Tokio 47:100.
Lubchenko, L. O., Hansman, C., Dressier, M., and Boyd, E., 1963, Intrauterine growth as estimated from liveborn birth weight at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation, Pediatrics 32:793–800.
Lubchenko, L. O., Hansman, C., and Boyd, E., 1966, Intrauterine growth in length and head circumference as estimated from live births at gestational ages from 26 to 42 weeks, Pediatrics 37:403–416.
Munro, H. N., and Fleck, A., 1966, Recent developments in the measurement of nucleic acids in biological materials, Analyst 91:78.
Ounsted, C., and Ounsted, M., 1973. On Fetal Growth Rate (Its Variations and their Consequences), Spastics International Medical Publications, Heinemann, London; J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.
Potter, E. L., 1961, Pathology of the Fetus and Infant, 2nd ed., Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, p. 14.
Roberts, R. C., 1906, Lancet 1:170, 295 quoted by Huggett and Widdas, 1951.
Roux, J. F., Takeda, Y., and Grigorian, A., 1971, Lipid concentration and composition in human fetal tissue during development, Pediatrics 48:540–546.
Scammon, R. E., and Calkins, L. A., 1929, The Development and Growth of the External Dimensions of the Human Fetus, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Shaw, J. C. L., 1973, Special problems of feeding very low birth weight infants, in: Nutritional Problems in a Changing World (D. F. Hollingsworth and M. Russell, eds.), p. 115, Applied Science Publishers, London.
Snedecor, G. W., 1962, Statistical Methods, Iowa State University Press, Ames, p. 471.
Southgate, D. A. T., and Hey, E. N., 1976, Chemical and biochemical development of the human fetus, in: The Biology of Human Fetal Growth (D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson eds.), pp. 195–209, Taylor & Francis, London.
Streeter, G. L., 1951, Developmental Horizons in Human Embryos, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.
Thomson, A. M., and Billewicz, W. Z., 1976, The concept of the light for dates infant in: The Biology of Human Fetal Growth (D. F. Roberts and A. M. Thomson eds.), pp. 69–79, Taylor and Francis, London.
Thomson, A. M., Billewicz, W. Z., and Hytten, F. E., 1968, The assessment of fetal growth, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Brit. Commonw. 75:903–916.
Usher, R. U., and McLean, F., 1969, Interuterine growth of live-born infants at sea level: Standards obtained from measurements in 7 dimension of infants born between 25–44 weeks of gestation, J. Pediatr. 74:901–910.
Weiner, J. S., and Lourie, J. A., 1969, Human Biology—A Guide to Field Methods, IBP Handbook No. 9, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p. 7.
Wich, J. 1972, Zbadan nad rozwogem plodowym czloirieka, Mater. Pr. Antropol. 83:249; quoted by Birkbeck, 1976.
Widdowson, E. M. 1968, Growth and composition of the fetus and newborn in: The Biology of Gestation; Vol. 2, (N. S. Assali, ed.), pp. 1–49, Academic Press, New York.
Widdowson, E. M. 1970, Harmony of growth, Lancet 1:901–905.
Widdowson, E. M., and Dickerson, J. W. T., 1960, The effect of growth and function on the chemical composition of soft tissues, Biochem. J. 72:30–43.
Widdowson, E. M., and Dickerson, J. W. T., 1964, Chemical composition of the body in: Mineral Metabolism, Part 2 A (C. L. Comar and F. Bronner, eds.), pp. 1–247, Academic Press, New York.
Widdowson, E. M., and Spray, C. M. 1951, Chemical development in utero, Arch. Dis. Child. 26:205–214.
Widdowson, E. M., Crabb, D. E., and Mimer, R. D. G., 1972a, Cellular development of some human organs before birth, Arch. Dis. Child. 47:652–655.
Widdowson, E. M., Chan, H., Harrison, G. E., and Mimer, R. D. G., 1972b, Accumulation of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr and Co in the human liver before birth, Biol. Neonate 20:360–367.
Widdowson, E. M., Dauncey, M. J., Gairdner, D. M. T., Jonxis, J. H. P., and Pelikan-Filipova, M., 1975, Body fat of British and Dutch infants, Br. Med. J. 1:653–655.
Woodward, C. J. H., Trayhurn, P., and James, W. P. T., 1976, Rapid estimation of carcase fat by Foss-let specific gravity technique, Br. J. Nutr. 36:567–570.
Zamenhof, S., Bursztyn, H., Rich, K., and Zamenhof, P. J., 1964, The determination of deoxyribonu-cleic acid and of cell number in brain, J. Neurochem. 11:505–509.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Southgate, D.A.T. (1978). Fetal Measurements. In: Falkner, F., Tanner, J.M. (eds) Principles and Prenatal Growth. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0814-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0814-0_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-0816-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-0814-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive