Abstract
The prejudice would remain a long time. Impaired speech was regarded as the punishment of a hidden misdeed that the punishment itself exposes. It is an object of scandal, for the misdeed is disruption of an order which only supernatural intervention can restore.
And there appeared unto him an angel of the Lord... and when Zacharias saw him, he was troubled, and fear fell upon him. But the angel said unto him, Fear not, Zacharias; for thy prayer is heard; and thy wife Elisabeth shall bear thee a son... And Zacharias said unto the angel, Whereby shall I know this? for I am an old man, and my wife well stricken in years. And the angel answering said unto him, I am Gabriel ... and am sent to speak unto thee and to shew thee these glad tidings. And behold, thou shalt be dumb, and not able to speak, until the day that these things shall be performed, because thou believest not my words...
Luke 1, xi-xx
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References
Charles-Michel de l’Epée (1712-1789).
In the Enclycopédie, we find, in the article “Tongue” (langue): “Such is this marvellous instrument, without which men would be deprived of the pleasure and advantage of society”.
Cornelius Celsus, a physician of the first century.
The Book Epidemics uses the term traulos, but it is impossible to say whether this word refers to a particular defect of speech or if it is a generic term.
Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530-1606).
Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam (1561-1626): see [17]. Quoted by Rieber & Wollock [341].
at the end of the 19th century, Charcot writes, in one of his Leçons du Mardi (1-362; see p. 160, n. 15), that he considers Hartley a remarkable analyst and a forerunner in the study of speech disorders.
1714-1804 [376].
1729-1786 [263].
1731-1802 [93].
Felix II Plat(t)er (1605-1671).
François Boissier de la Croix de Sauvages (1706-1767).
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771).
See [29a].
Quoted there is the case reported by Jussien who lived in Portugal in 1717: “A poor girl then 17 years of age, born without a tongue”, and who nonetheless succeeded in being able to speak. Also mentioned is the case: “of a pleasant girl who came into the world with two tongues”.
Interpretation in terms of conflict between the two hemispheres: see [296]; psychological conflict: see [367].
See p. 83, n. 28.
Francisais Mercurius Van Helmont (1618-1699). He published in Germany claiming that he had found the language that every man spoke naturally before the corruption of society. He went so far as to claim that a man born dumb would articulate its characters at sight. Fabre d’Olivet (1786-1825) a century later had the idea of renewing Van Helmont’s bizarre quest. He had previously been interested in deaf-mutism.
S. Alberti (1560-1600), Oratio de surditate et mutitate, Nuremberg, 1591.
William Holder (1616-1698), an English churchman who acquired considerable fame in 1659 by teaching speech to a young man of distinction, born deaf and dumb, the son of Admiral Alexander Popham. Afterwards deprived of his teacher, the young man seems to have lost the skills he had learned. He was again taken in hand by Dr Wallis, who gave him back the use of speech. This was the subject of a public dispute between the two scholars.
Johann Konrad Amman (1669-1730) was interested in the case of a little girl, Esther Kolard, born deaf and dumb, to whom he taught reading, writing and speaking.
Holder explains: “Finding then a person in his condition, not capable of hearing; if we would endeavour to make use of the organs of speech (supposed to be of sufficient constitution), there is no way but to have recourse to the other learning sense, which is seeing…” ([189], pp. 115f.).
Holder, indeed, notes: “Some of the consonants and most of the vowels, being articulated by so obscure motions and figures that the most learned can hardly agree to describe them, it may well be doubted how they can be described to the eye of deaf persons” ([189], pp. 118f.).
See note 20 of this chapter. John Wallis (1616-1703).
Hieronymus Cardanus (1501?-1576?).
Pedro de Ponce (15??-1584).
J. P. Bonet (late 16th, early 17th century).
Emmanuel Ramirez de Carrion. Born towards the end of the 16th century.
John Bulwer (17th century).
Jacob-Rodrigue Pereire (1716-1780). He opened a school for deaf-mutes in Cadiz. Later he appeared in France. D’Azy d’Etavigny asked him to take on the education of his son, a deaf-mute. The pupil was presented to Louis XV, who questioned him by signs and in writing, and rewarded his teacher.
Pereire kept his technique a secret. As for Ernault, he made his public, and claimed credit as inventor for a report of the Académie des Sciences. The two rivals were eclipsed when the Abbé de l’Epée devised his “methodical signs”.
Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard (1742-1822) deserves credit for continuing and developing the work of the Abbé de PEpée both in its material aspect and in its methods, because he succeeded in raising to the level of abstract mental operations the procedure that the Abbé de l’Epée had used for concrete objects.
23-79 AD. Book VII, 24.
Armand Trousseau (1801-1867).
Valerius Maximus (c. 30 AD.): [206].
Avicenna: see p. 30, note 31; [166].
The Venerable Bede (673-735).
Aulus Gellius lived in the 2nd century; see [15]: Book V, chapter ix.
Opicinus de Canistris (1296-1350).
Antonio Guainerio (died 1440).
See pp. 42ff.
Baverius de Baveriis, or Bavierus, or Baverio: see [23].
It is found in 1725 with Richard Blackmore, who assigns the patient’s inability to pronounce words correctly to the state of the tongue; and in 1743 R. James speaks of a “hesitation of the tongue”.
Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohen-heim (1493-1541): [298].
Nicolas Massa (died 1563 or 1569).
Francisco Arceo (1493-1573?).
Johann Schenck von Graffenberg (1531-1598). Trousseau cites him in his Clinique médicale.
Pierre Chanet (see note 10, p. 82).
William Harvey (1578-1657).
Johann Schmidt (1624-1690): see [364], 4: 195-197.
The patient was able to write a word or sentence that he could not read.
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (1588-1679).
Peter Rommel (1643-1708): ([348], 222-227).
See note 13 above.
See E. Ebstein [115].
Antonio Maria Valsalva (1689-1723): [400].
Olof Dalin (1708-1763): ([89], 114-115).
Gerard Van Swieten (1700-1772).
Karl von Linné (1707-1778), known as Linnaeus ([239], 6:116-117).
Rykof M. Van Goens (1748-1810).
William Falconer (1741-1824).
J. W. Ogle, in [291b] (1: 163-165, 1874).
Johann Gesner (1738-1801).
See [83].
J. Falret [121].
Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy (1707-1788). He was 76 years old [161].
Johann Joachim Spalding (1714-1804).
See note 9 above.
Marcus Herz (1747-1803).
See p. 111, note 78.
Soranus of Ephesus (98-135).
On Methodism, see note 22, p. 17.
Little is known of Caelius Aurelianus. Conrad Amman made an edition of his works in 1709. Cf. [103].
See [82].
[48], p. 864. Riccobaldo da Ferrara (1243-1312).
Laurent Joubert (1529-1583). The text that concerns us here is [202a]. The Lyons edition of 1608 contains a treatise entitled: Question vulgaire: quel langage parleroit un enfant qui n’auroit jamais ouí parler?
Peter Mexia (end of 15th cent.-1522?).
See [184], p. 86.
See p. 110, note 71.
W. C. Gibson [152]. He also notes that W. Heberden, in works published posthumously in 1802, provides some very precise cases of aphasia, while T. de Bordeu (1722-1776) expressed the idea that each part of the body had its representation in the brain.
Robert Boyle (1621-1691): see [52].
See above, note 47.
See p. 82, note 10.
See above, note 45.
See note 28, p. 108.
See note 49, p. 109.
See note 12 above.
H. F. Delius (1720-1791).
Joseph-Guichard Du Verney or Duverney (1643-1730).
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Bouton, C.P. (1991). Institutionalizing Deviance. In: Neurolinguistics Historical and Theoretical Perspectives. Applied Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9570-0_8
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