Abstract
Thirty years after Marie's statement, Luria comes back to the same theme in his Travrnaticheskaya Afaziya:1
As a rule brain lesions inflicted by firearms... provide one the opportunity to observe the effects of quite limited lesions. ([1643], p. 26)
Injuries of the skull by weapons of war, causing superficial wounds of the cerebral cortex underneath, allow us to appreciate — often with remarkable closeness — the localization of the various brain centres.
Marie [254] (1917)
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References
Published in the USSR in 1947.
See p. 177, n. 83.
See p. 152, n. 84.
Auguste-Henri Forel (1848-1933). His contribution can be summed up in three points: (1) the nervous network does not exist as such, and each nerve cell is in contact but not in continuity with its neighbours. This is what is called Forel’s contact theory.(2) Nerve fibres originate from the cell. (3) As a result, fibre degenerates if the cell is damaged, and pace Waller, the converse may also occur.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934).
H. Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer (1836-1921). He in fact gave a new meaning to the Greek term long used for “nerve”.
Charles Scott Sherrington (1857-1952). The term “synapse” was also used in 1897 by M. Forster.
E. H. Weber (1795-1878) and E.F.W. Weber (1806-1871). Their experiment is described in the Handwörterbuch der Physiologie mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Pathologie (Braunschweig, 1846, Vol. III, pp. 1-222:‘Muskelbewegung’). They showed that Stimulation of the pneumogastric nerve halted the heartbeat; in other words, the activity of a nerve caused the interruption of the activity of the organ innervated by it.
To express the phenomenon demonstrated by the Brothers Weber, Brown-Sequard pressed into service the term “inhibition” in allusion to a legal sense: “put in opposition”.
See p.152, n. 105.
J.C. Eccles (1903-): [256].
See [la,b] and [188].
[256], p. 37.
“…The neuron appears to us as a cell endowed with various functions; but all these functions are organised to ensure the transmission of information from one point of the organism to another…” ([256], p. 37).
Hans Berger (1873-1941). See [65].
Pierre Chauchard [70], pp. 4 and 64.
[250a], pp. 480-492.
Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849-1936).
[246d], p. 20.
Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976).
“An injection of sodium amytal made into the inner carotid artery causes a contralateral hemiplegia” ([307], pp. 89-90). See [51a], pp. 52 and 164.
“Cortical exaeresis… did not abolish the ability to speak in the patient, although aphasia frequently appeared as a postoperative reaction, to disappear again when convalescence was complete” ([307], p. 110).
See [420b].
Penfield [305a].
In [306], p. 215.
“The optic layer or thalamus is an ovoid nucleus of grey matter whose internal and superior surfaces protrude into visibility from the third ventricle and the lateral ventricle, and whose external and inferior surfaces are attached to neighbouring regions. The posterior extremity presents a voluminous inflation: the pulvinar, reaching out over two eminences, the external and internal geniculate bodies, where the conjunctival arms end.” ([98], p. 102). This complex set of different structures is referred to as the limbic system. See [19], p. 10.
This is a short but crucial text among Penfield’s writings. See [305b].
We are here following the text of [307].
The word “abiding” is borrowed from the oft-quoted description by Sherrington (Adrian, 1947, p. 17) ([307], p. 55, n. 1).
[307], p. 18.
[307], p. 18.
[307], p. 18.
The Harvey Lectures, New York Academy of Medicine, 1938. Title: “The Cerebral Cortex and Consciousness”.
[307], pp. 19f.
See in particular Jasper (1960) ([200b], pp. 1552-1593). We might add that research up till 1975 in this area is well summed up in a special issue of Brain and Language 2, 1 (1975).
See p. 49.
A. R. Luria ([246k], p. 55). On the concept of regulative centre, see Luria [246fJ, part 3, “Synthetic mental activities and their cerebral organisation”, pp. 245ff.
See [246k], pp. 55f.
[246a], p. 21.
[246a], p. 21.
On this aspect of the problem, see Luria [246c]. See also Luria and Yudovich [247].
[246a], p. 21.
“On the basis of all this there is no reason to consider the semantic aspect of speech to result from the functioning of some cortical‘center’ which acts as a‘depot’ for those images which language dominates. We have every reason to believe that the speech activity associated with abstraction and generalisation is a product of highly complex systems of temporary connections which arise in the process of communication with other people” ([246a], p. 22).
See p. 198, n. 50.
Four volumes have appeared to date: I and II (1976), III (1977), IV (1979). Space does not allow us to summarize these volumes, but they are rich in content [420A].
See n. 26.
Yalow, Guillemin and Schally, who devised this method, received the Nobel Prize for their work in 1977.
See p. 186.
[253e], p. 135. See [125].
“All that is said here is aimed at a psychic centre of speech, but as regards the mechanism of articulation, we must state that it may be impaired by a lesion sited in either hemisphere at the level of the‘quadrilateral’ region” ([253e], p. 135).
[253e], p. 136.
A zone that Pierre Marie situated at the level of the gyrus, the gyrus angularis and the first temporals.
[253e], p. 138.
[358b], p. 33.
He says, a few lines previously: “…One might say that it is not spoken language that is natural to man, but the faculty of constituting a language, i.e. a system of distinctive signs corresponding to distinct ideas…” ([358b], p. 26).
It was published in a new edition in 1968.
He adds the following details to this claim in a footnote: “Leyton and Sherrington (1917) observed that they could not produce vocalization in anthropoids by faradic stimulation” ([307], p. 199).
See [72a,b]; the first version of [72d] goes back to early 1967. Chomsky returns to this question in [72ej.
“…In studying the behavior of a complex organism, it will be necessary to isolate such essentially independent underlying systems as the system of linguistic competence…” ([72c], p. 399).
“…A person with command of a language… has developed what we will refer to as linguistic competence” ([72c], p. 397).
[72c], pp. 397f.
[72c], p. 398.
“The existence of innate mental structure is, obviously, not a matter of controversy. What we may question is just what it is and to what extent it is specific to language” ([72c], p. 401).
[72c], p. 402.
For example, Bishop Wilkins ([72c], p. 402).
[72c], p. 407.
[72c], p. 407.
[196b], p. 105.
[196b], p. 105.
[196b], p. 106.
“We may expect to find genetic preconditions for the development of language and mechanisms that regulate language ontogeny, just as there are these genetic and regulatory mechanisms in the development of the structural components of the developing organism” ([196b], p. 107).
See [51a], “Phylogénie et ontogénie”, pp. 138ff., and [196b], pp. 107ff.
“As the cerebral cortex matures postnatally, certain linguistic functions become increasingly restricted to the left cerebral hemisphere” ([196b], p. 111).
[311], p. 67.
“I would say, therefore, that a rational approach would consist of supposing that, in the domain where we have certain non-trivial results concerning language structure, the organizational principles determining the specific structures of language are simply part of the initial state of the organism” ([311], p. 257).
See [246i,e]
Yvan Lebrun [224], p. 1).
Issue 5 of the journal Langages, Paris, March 1967.
“Lesion of the peripheral organs of the bulb or the cerebellum” ([106b], p. 3).
“Lesions localized in the left hemisphere of right-handers and varying with this localization” ([106b], p. 3f.).
“General modifications of behavior of the subject in relation to the world” ([106b], p. 4).
[106b], p. 10.
F. Grewel [165]: “To limit neurolinguistics to aphasiology is inaccurate.”
[246e].
See [420a].
[193d].
[208bj.
“Mere disconnection of right from left hemisphere suffices to reveal at once that the right hemisphere can decode speech to a fairly complex level…”
“It appears that aphasic speech does not necessarily, as has been generally assumed, represent the limited functioning of a damaged domi-nant language area. Rather it may result from the unsophisticated compensatory efforts of the intact minor hemisphere” ([208b], p. 110).
[208a].
We may also mention the Applied Psycholinguistics Series edited for Plenum by R. W. Rieber.
Brain and Language, Neuropsychologia.
This can be demonstrated by a look at the tables of contents of some publications.
See [226a].
“The first step in linguistic analysis of any string of aphasic language is to achieve reliable identification of the transformed unit…” ([226e], p. 193).
See [246k], p. 95.
[255].
[65].
[226a], pp. 212ff.
[226a], p. 219.
“The mind remains a mystery” ([305c], p. 83).
The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery, Frederick J. Worden, Judith P. Swazey and George Adelman, editors, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. & London, 1975.
[246j], pp. 335-361.
See D. H. Hubel & T. N. Wiesel (1962): “Receptive fields: binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex”: J. Physiol. 160: 106-154.
[9].
[415], p. 341.
[233].
[144].
It may be useful to point out that the word “system”, in Russian sys-tema, is to be taken in its strong sense. “It indicates that there is a multitude of complex interconnexions between the elements (signs and verbal relations) which make of it a very complicated network of liaisons and reciprocal actions; it is indeed a structure” ([231], p. 138).
See above, n. 18.
See p. 178, n. 114.
[148].
[246j], p. 342.
[246j], p. 346.
See n. 102.
See [378]. He was particularly interested in the consequences of hem-ispherectomies and déconnexions of the two hemispheres (the “split brain” phenomenon).
See [305d]. This text was actually incorporated into his book The Mystery of the Mind; see n. 26 (pp. 437-454 of the book).
See [246j], p. 353; [379] and [59], of which we will quote the conclusion: “Finally, it might be said that the proposed model, however briefly depicted, does represent a radical departure from the classical approach. According to the latter, local function was interpreted either as a result of disruption of a mechanism,‘representations’,’ strategies’, etc., or as a pathway-mediated influence upon some other area. The‘centers’ of traditional neuropsychology are rather to be considered as levels by means of which cognition is carried one stage further. Similarly pathways do not serve to associate ideas, perceptions to movements, written words to sounds, etc., but rather link up temporally transformations occurring at different points in the microgenetic sequence. Cognition is a lawful unfolding of evolutionary forms, not a pastiche of more or less fragmentary elements.”
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Bouton, C.P. (1991). Neurolinguistic Discourse. In: Neurolinguistics Historical and Theoretical Perspectives. Applied Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9570-0_12
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