Abstract
In order to survive, each organism has to maintain its internal integrity, which means that invading micro-organisms have to be successfully combatted. During evolution a number of ways to achieve this goal have evolved, culminating in a highly complex and integrated immune system in mammals. Phylogenetic studies have shown that non-specific defence mechanisms, like phagocytosis, are already present in invertebrates. Specific immunity is only observed in vertebrates. In this respect, fishes have a special position because they are the first group of animals in which an immune system, characterized by the presence of specific antibodies, occurs.
Original research reported was performed in collaboration with Willem B. van Muiswinkel at the Department of Experimental Animal Morphology and Cell Biology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Rijkers, G.T. (1985). Immunologic Relations Among Fish Groups. In: Foreman, R.E., Gorbman, A., Dodd, J.M., Olsson, R. (eds) Evolutionary Biology of Primitive Fishes. NATO ASI Series, vol 103. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9453-6_11
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