Skip to main content

Twins Reared Together and Apart: What They Tell Us About Human Diversity

  • Chapter
Individuality and Determinism

Abstract

The exceedingly close resemblance attributed to twins has been the subject of many novels and plays, and most persons have felt a desire to know upon what basis of truth those works of fiction may rest. But twins have many other claims to attention, one of which will be discussed in the present memoir. It is, that their history affords means of distinguishing between the effects of tendencies received at birth, and of these that were imposed by the circumstances of their after lives; in other words, between the effects of nature and of nurture. (Galton, 1875, p. 4661)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bouchard, T. J., Jr., and McGue, M., 1981, Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science 212, 1055–1059.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, T. J., Jr., 1982, Review of Farber, S. L., Identical twins reared apart: A reanalysis. Contemp. Psychol. 27, 190–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, T. J., Jr., 1981, Review of Eysenck, H. J., and Kamin, L., The intelligence controversy. Am. Psychol. 95, 346–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burks, B. S., and Roe, A., 1949, Studies of identical twins reared apart. Psychol. Monographs 63, 300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, P., Jardine, R., Martin, N. G., Stark, A. E., and Walsh, R. J., 1980, Sex differences in the inheritance of some anthropometric characters in twins. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellologiae 29, 171–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., 1957, The two disciplines of scientific psychology. Amer. Psychol. 12, 671–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., 1975, Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. Amer. Psychol. 30, 116–1127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeFries, J., and Plomin, R., 1978, Behavior genetics. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 29, 473–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., Last, K., Martin, N. G., and Jinks, J. L., 1977, A progressive approach to non-additivity and genotype-environment covariance in the analysis of human differences. Brit. J. Math Stat. Psychol. 30, 1–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., 1982, The utility of twins, in: Genetic Basis of the Epilepsies, V. E. Anderson, W. A. Hauser, J. K. Penry, and C. F. Sing, eds. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaves, L. J., and Young, P. A., 1981, How stable are personality traits? in: Twin research 3: Part B, Intelligence, Personality and Development, L. Gedda, P. Parisi, and W. E. Nance, eds. R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J., and Kamin, L., 1981, The Intelligence Controversy. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falconer, D. S., 1960, Introduction to qualitative genetics. Ronald Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabsitz, R. R., 1978, A twin analysis of dietary intake: Evidence for a need to control for possible environmental differences in MZ and DZ twins. Behavior Genetics 8, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, S. L., 1981, Identical Twins Reared Apart: A Reanalysis. Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, M. W., and Lewontin, R. C., 1975, The heritability hang-up. Science 190, 1163–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galton, F., 1875, The history of twins as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture. Fraser1s Magazine 92, 566–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselli, E. E., Campbell, J. P., and Zedeck, S., 1981, Measurement Theory for the Behavioral Sciences, Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. B., Halberg, F., Tuna, N., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Lykken, D. T., Cornelissen, G., and Heston, L., 1983, Rhythmometry reveals heritability of circadian characteristics of heart rate of human twins reared apart. Ital. J. Cardiol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernshaw, L. S., 1979, Cyril Burt: Psychologist. Cornell University Press, Ithica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley, R. M. C., 1966, Heritability of Intelligence, in: Genetic and Environmental Factors in Human Ability, J. E. Meade and A. S. Parks, eds. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R., 1980, Bias in Mental Testing. The Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R., 1981, Straight Talk About Mental Tests. The Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jinks, J. L., and Fulker, D. W., 1970, Comparison of the biometrical genetical, MAVA, and classical approaches to the analysis of human behavior. Psychol. Bull. 75, 311–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juel-Nielsen, N., 1980, Individual and Environment: Monozygotic Twins Reared Apart. International Universities Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamin, L. J., 1974, The Science and Politics of IQ. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Potomac, Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loehlin, J. C., Horn, J. M., and Willerman, L., 1981, Personality resemblance in adoptive families. Behavior Genet. 11, 309–330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loehlin, J. C., and Nichols, R. C., 1976, Heredity, Environment, and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins. University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, F. M., and Novick, M., 1968, Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Addison Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T., 1982, Research with twins: The concept of emergenesis. Psychophysiol. 19, 361–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., and Iacono, W. G., 1982, EEG spectra in twins: Evidence for a neglected mechanism df genetic determination. Physiol. Psychol. 10, 60–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H., 1977, Do parents create, or respond to, differences in twins? Devel. Psychol. 13, 456–459.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H., 1978, Genetic analysis of twins1 naturalistically observed behavior, in: Twin Research: Part A, Psychology and Methodology, W. E. Nance, ed. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H., 1980, Parent-Child Interaction: The Socialization Process Observed in Twin and Singleton Families. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, N. G., 1975, The inheritance of scholastic abilities in a sample of twins. Ann. Human Genetics 39, 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAskie, M., and Clarke, A. M., 1976. Parent-offspring resemblances in intelligence: Theories and evidence. Brit. J. Psychol. 67, 243–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W., 1981, Introduction to Personality. Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, H. H., Freeman, F. N., and Holzinger, K. J., 1937, Twins: A Study of Heredity Environment. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, R. C., 1978, Twin studies of ability, personality and interests. Homo 29, 158–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, B., 1950, Primary biases in twin studies: A review of prenatal and natal difference-producing factors in mono-zygotic pairs. Am. J. Human Genetics 2, 293–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., and Loehlin, J. C., 1977, Genotype- environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychol. Bull. 84, 309–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R., Willerman, L., and Loehlin, J. C., 1976, Resemblance in appearance and the equal environment assumption in twin studies of personality. Behavior Genetics 34, 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. C., 1967, Some concepts and methods in quantitative genetics, in: Behavior Genetic Analysis, J. Hirsch, ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, D., 1970, Genetic Theory and Abnormal Behavior. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, D. C., and Plomin, R., 1981, The importance of nonshared (El) environmental influences in behavioral development. Devel. Psychol. 17, 517–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. J., 1981, Review of Farber, S. L.: Identical twins reared apart: A reanalysis. Science 215, 959–960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. J., Uchida, I, A., and Christian, J. C., 1981, Placentation effects on cognitive resemblance of adult monozygotes. in: Twin Research 3: Part B, Intelligence, Personality and Development, L. Gedda, P. Parisi, and W. E. Nance, eds. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., 1968, Environmental bias in twin studies. Eugenics Quart. 15, 34–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., 1982, Similarities and differences among siblings, in: Sibling Relationships, M. E. Lamb and B. Sutton-Smith, eds. Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., and Carter-Saltzman, L., 1979, Twin method: Defense of a critical assumption. Behavior Genetics 9, 527–542.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., Webber, P. L., Weinberg, R. A., and Wittig, M. A., 1981a, Personality resemblance among adolescents and their parents in biologically related and adoptive families. J. Personality Social Psychol. 40, 885–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., Webber, P. L., Weinberg, R. A., and Wittig, M. A., 1981b, Personality resemblance among adolescents and their parents in biologically related and adoptive families, in: Twin Research 3: Part B, Intelligence, Personality and Development, L. Gedda, P. Parisi, and W. E. Nance, eds. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarr, S., Scarf, E., and Weinberg, R. A., 1980, Perceived and actual similarities in biological and adoptive families: Does perceived similarity bias genetic inferences? Behavior Genetics 10, 445–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, J., 1962, Monozygotic Twins: Brought Up Apart and Brought Up Together. Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, J., 1978, MZA twins: Their use and abuse, in: Twin Research: Part A, Psychology and Methodology, W. E. Nance, ed. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H., 1982, IQ, interval scales, and normal distributions. Psychol. Bull. 91, 198–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willerman, L., 1979, Effects of families on intellectual development. Amer. Psychol. 34, 923–929.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bouchard, T.J. (1984). Twins Reared Together and Apart: What They Tell Us About Human Diversity. In: Fox, S.W. (eds) Individuality and Determinism. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9379-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9379-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9381-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9379-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics