Skip to main content

Abstract

Certain natural (Stefanac and Simon, 1967) and synthetic (Morf et al., 1979) lipophilic ligands for cations(ion carriers, ionophores) made a wide range of microelectrodes with different selectivities available. Especially the development of electrically neutral ionophores led to clear improvements in selectivities and detection limits. Here we report on the present possibilities in the use of ion-selective liquid membrane microelectrodes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alvarez-Leefmans, F.J., Rink, T.J., and Tsien, R.Y., 1980, Intracellular free calcium in Helix aspersa neurones, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 306: 24P.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Amman, D., Meier, P.C., and Simon, W., 1979, Design and use of calcium-selective microelectrodes, i.: “Detection and Measurement of Free Ca2+ in Cells”, C.C. Ashley and A.K. Campbell, eds., Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ashley, C.C., Rink, T.J., and Tsien, R.Y., 1978, Changes in free Ca during muscle contraction measured with an intracellular Ca-selective electrode, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 280: 27P.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bosher, S.K.,and Warren, R.L., 1978, The very low calcium content of cochlear endolymph, an extracellular fluid, Natur., 273:377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Brinley, F.J.,Jr., and Scarpa, A., 1975, Ionized magnesium concentration in axoplasm of dialyzed squid axons, FEBS Letter., 50:82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brown, H.M., Pemberton, J.P., and Owen, J.D., 1976, A calcium-sensitive microelectrode suitable for intracellular measurement of calcium(II) activity, Anal. Chim. Act., 85:261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bruggencate, G., ten, and Steinberg, R., 1978, Effects of ouabain and adenosine on extracellular Ca2+ and K+ as measured with ion-selective microelectrodes in cerebellar cortex, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak., Suppl. to 302:R55.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bruggencate, G., ten, Steinberg, R., Stöckle, H., and Nicholson, C., 1978, Modulation of extracellular Ca2+-and K+-levels in the mammalian cerebellar cortex, i.: “Iontophoresis and Transmitter Mechanisms in the Mammalian Central Nervous System”, R.W. Ryall and J.S. Kelly, eds., Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Coles, J.A., and Tsacopoulos, M., 1977, A method of making fine double-barreled potassium-sensitive microelectrodes for intracellular recording, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 270:12P.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Coray, A., Fry, C.H., Hess, P., McGuigan, J.A.S., and Weingart, R., 1980, Resting calcium in sheep cardiac tissue and in frog skeletal muscle measured with ion-selective microelectrodes, J. Physiol. (Lond.), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dahl, G., and Isenberg, G., 1980, Decoupling of heartmuscle cells: correlation with increased cytoplasmic calcium activity and with changes of nexus ultrastructure, J. Membr. Bio., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Deisz, R.A., and Lux, H.D., 1978, Intracellular chloride concentration and postsynaptic inhibition in crayfish stretch receptor neurons, Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res., 28:870.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. DeLaat, S.W., Buwalda, R.J.A., and Habets, A.M.M.C., 1974, Intracellular ionic distribution, cell membrane permeability and membrane potential of the Xenopus egg during first cleavage, Exp. Cell Res., 89:1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Eisenman, G., 1967, “Glass Electrodes for Hydrogen and Other Cations,” M. Dekker Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Erne, D., Ammann, D., and Simon, W., 1979, Liquid membrane pH electrode based on a synthetic proton carrier, Chimi., (Switzerland) 33:88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Erne, D., Stojanac, N., Ammann, D., Hofstetter, P., Pretsch, E., and Simon, W., Helv. Chim. Act., in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Gardner-Medwin, A. R., and Nicholson, C., 1977, Measurements of extracellular potassium and calcium concentration during passage of current across the surface of the brain, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 275:66P.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Heinemann, U., Lux, H.D., and Gutnick, M.J., 1977, Extracellular free calcium and potassium during paroxysmal activity in the cerebral cortex of the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 27:237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Heinemann, U., Lux, H.D., Gutnick, M.J., 1978, Changes in extracellular free calcium and potassium activity in the somatosensory cortex of cats, i.: “Abnormal Neuronal Discharges,” N. Chalazonitis and M. Boisson, eds., Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hess, P., and Weingart, R., 1980, Intracellular free calcium modified by pHi in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres, J. Physiol. (Lond.), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Heuser, D., Astrup, J., Lassen, N.A., Nilsson, B., Norberg, K., and Siesjo, B.K., 1977, Are H+ and K+ factors for the adjustment of cerebral blood flow to changes in functional state: a micro-electrode study, i.: “Cerebral Function Metabolism and Circulation,” D.H. Ingvar and N.A. Lassen, eds., Acta neurol. scan., 56 (Suppl.) 64:216

    Google Scholar 

  22. Heuser, D. 1978, The significance of cortical extracellular H+, K+ and Ca2+ activities for regulation of local cerebral blood flow under conditions of enhanced neuronal activity, i.: “Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle and its Control,” Ciba Foundation Symp. 56, Elsevier Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Heyer, C.B., and Lux, H.D., 1978,Unusual properties of the Ca-K system responsible for prolonged action potentials in neurons from the snail Helix pomatia, i.: “Abnormal Neuronal Discharges,” N. Chalazonitis and M. Boisson, eds., Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hofmeier, G., and Lux, H.D., 1978, Time course of intracellular free calcium and related electrical effects after injection of CaCl2, Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol., Suppl. to 373:R47.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kessler, M., Clark, L.C., Jr., Lübbers, D.W., Silver, I.A., and Simon, W., 1976, “Ion and Enzyme Electrodes,in Biology and Medicine”, Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich, Berlin, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kessler, M., Höper, J., Schäfer, D., and Strehlau, R.,1977, Measurements of extracellular and of interstitial cation activity (pK, pNa, pCa) with ion-selective electrodes, Bibliotheca Anatomic., 15:237.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Khuri, R.N., 1976, Intracellular potassium in single cells of renal tubules, i.: “Ion and Enzyme Electrodes in Biology and Medicine,” M. Kessler, L.C. Clark, Jr., D.W. Lubbers, I.A. Silver, and W. Simon, eds., Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich, Berlin, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Khuri, R.N., 1978, Intracellular electrochemical potentials of K+, Na+, Cl, HCO3 and H+ in cells of renal tubules, Arznei.-Forsch./Drug Res., 28:880.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kraig, R.P., and Nicholson, C., 1976, Sodium liquid ion exchanger microelectrode used to measure large extracellular sodium transients, Scienc., 194:725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kraig, R.P., and Nicholson, C.,1978, Extracellular ionic variations during spreading depression, Neurosc., 3:1045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lanter, F., Erne, D., Ammann, D., and Simon, W., 1980, Anal. Che., in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lavallée, M., Schanne, O.F., and Hebert, N.C., 1969, “Glass microelectrodes”, Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, London, Sydney, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Levy, S., and Coles, J.A., 1977, Intracellular pH of Limulus ventral photoreceptor measured with a double-barrelled pH microelectrode, Experienti., 33:553.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lux, H.D., and Hofmeier, G., 1978, Kinetics of the calcium-dependent potassium current in Helix neurons, Pflügers Arch, ges. Physiol., Suppl. to 373:R47.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Marban, E., Rink, T.J., Tsien, R.W., and Tsien, R.Y., 1980, Free calcium in ferret ventricular muscle at rest and in contracture, measured with ion-sensitive microelectrodes, J. Physiol. (Lond.), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Morf, W.E., Ammann, D., Bissig, R., Pretsch, E., and Simon,W., 1979, Cation Selectivity of Neutral Macrocyclic and Nonmacrocyclic Complexing Agents in Membranes, i.: “Progress in Macrocyclic Chemistry, Volume 1,” M. Izatt and J.J. Christensen, eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Nicholson, C., Steinberg, R., Stöckle, H., and ten Bruggencate, G., 1976, Calcium decrease associated with aminopyridine-induced potassium increase in cat cerebellum, Neurosci. Lett., 3:315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Nicholson, C., ten Bruggencate, G., Steinberg, R., and Stöckle, H., 1977, Calcium modulation in brain extracellular microenvironment demonstrated with ion-selective micropipette, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 74:1287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nicholson, C., ten Bruggencate, G., Stöckle, H., and Steinberg, R., 1978, Calcium and potassium changes in extracellular microenvironment of cat cerebellar cortex, J. Neuro Physiol., 41:1026.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nicholson, C., 1979, Brain cell micro-environment as a communication channel, i.: “The Neurosciences Fourth Study Program,” F.O. Schmitt, and F.G. Worden, eds., MIT Press, Cambridge,Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  41. O’Doherty, J., Garcia-Diaz, J.F., and Armstrong W. McD., 1979, Sodium-selective liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes for intracellular measurements, Scienc., 203:1349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Oehme, M., and Simon, W., 1976, Microelectrode for potassium ions based on a neutral carrier and comparison of its characteristics with a cation exchanger sensor, Anal. Chim. Act., 86:21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Oehme, M., 1977, Beitrag zur Entwicklung ionenselektiver Mini-und Mikroelektroden und zu deren Messtechnik, Thesis No. 5953, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Silver, I.A., 1975, Measurement of pH and ionic composition of pericellular sites. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 271:261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Simon, W., Ammann, D., Oehme, M., and Morf, W.E., 1978, Calcium-selective electrodes, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 307:52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sokol, J.H., Lee, C.O., and Lupo, F.J., 1979, Measurement of the free calcium ion concentration in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres with neutral carrier Ca2+-selective microelectrodes, Biophys. J. 25:143a.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sonnhof, U., Bührle, Ch.Ph., and Richter, D.W., 1980, The action of glutamate upon the motoneuron’s membrane investigated by measuring extra-and intracellular ion activities K+, Ca2+, Na+, J. Physiol. (Lond.), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Stefanac, Z., and Simon, W., 1967, Ion specific electrochemical behavior of macrotetrolides in membranes, Microchem. J., 12:125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Steinberg, R., and Bruggencate G.,ten, 1978, Dependence of extracellular Ca2+ upon active transport mechanism in cerebellar cortex, Pflügers Arch., Europ. J. of Physiol., Suppl. to 373:R68.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Steiner, R.A., Oehme, M., Ammann, D., and Simon, W., 1979, Neutral carrier sodium ion-selective microelectrode for intracellular studies, Anal. Chem., 51:351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stöckle, H., Bruggencate, G., ten, Nicholson, C., and Steinberg, R., 1977, Rhythmic modulation of extracellular Ca2+-and K+-levels in the cerebellar cortex related to climbing fibre activity, Pflügers Arch., Europ. J. of Physiol., Suppl. to 368:R37.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Thomas, R.C., Simon, W., and Oehme, M., 1975, Lithium accumulation by snail neurones measured by a new Li+-sensitive microelectrode, Nature, Londo., 258:754.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Thomas, R.C., 1976, “Ion and Enzyme Electrodes in Biology and Medicine”, M. Kessler, L.C. Clark, Jr., D.W. Lübbers, I.A. Silver and W. Simon, eds., Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich, Berlin, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Thomas, R.C., 1978, “Ion-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes”, Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Tsien, R.Y., and Rink, T.J., 1980, Calcium selective microelectrodes are much improved by a new poly(vinylchloride)-gelled sensor, Scienc., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Walker, J.L.,Jr., 1971, Ion-specific liquid ion exchanger micro-electrodes, Anal. Chem., 43:89A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Walker, J.L., and Brown, H.M., 1977, Intracellular ionic activity measurements in nerve and muscle, Physiological Review., 57:729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Weingart, R., and Hess, P., in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wuhrmann, P., Ineichen, H., Riesen-Willi, U., and Lezzi, M., 1979, Change in nuclear potassium electrochemical activity and puffing of potassium-sensitive salivary chromosome regions during Chironomus development, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US., 76:806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ammann, D., Lanter, F., Steiner, R., Erne, D., Simon, W. (1981). New Ion Selective Liquid Membrane Microelectrodes. In: Syková, E., Hník, P., Vyklický, L. (eds) Ion-Selective Microelectrodes and Their Use in Excitable Tissues. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9224-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9224-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9226-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9224-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics