Human-Managed Environments as Systems within the Biosphere

Abstract

A sound ecological understanding of pest species, of the managed environment, and of the environmental effects of pest management procedures is a prerequisite to the instigation of a successful integrated pest management program. Pest problems do not arise in a vacuum; they arise because a combination of factors in the environment favors the growth of pest populations. For instance, availability of food and water, favorable weather, shelter, and a shortage of the organisms that normally feed on the pest species (predators) may provide conditions conducive to a pest outbreak. Likewise, actions taken to control pests have effects on the surrounding environment beyond killing the target pest. This chapter briefly describes the major ecological principles most necessary to gain an insight into the causes of pest problems, to understand integrated pest management literature, and to manage pests in an ecologically sound manner. For a more detailed discussion of these principles, the reader is urged to consult the many fine ecology textbooks available.