Abstract
Two general types of rainfall measurements are considered in this chapter: (1) essentially local measurements where observations are restricted to the vicinity of an instrument, which may be mounted on a ship, aircraft, buoy, island, or coast; and (2) widespread measurements made with satellite-borne instruments. The techniques which will be discussed have all been tested, but applications to oceanic regions have been mostly in research or experimental context. Measurements of rain over the oceans are not generally made operationally and knowledge of oceanic precipitation regimes is still meager.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
ALLISON, J.A., E.B. RODGERS, T.T. WILHEIT, and R.W. FETT. 1974. Tropical cyclone rainfall as measured by the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 55: 1074–1089.
BARRETT, E.C. 1970. The estimation of monthly rainfall from satellite data. Monthly Weather Review, 98: 322–327.
BATTAN, L.J. 1973. Radar Observations of the Atmosphere. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 324 pp (see pp. 90–92).
ELLIOTT, W.P. and R.K. REED. 1973. Oceanic rainfall off the Pacific Northwest coast. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78: 941–948.
GRIFFITH, C.A., W.L. WOODLEY, P.G. GRUBE, D.W. MARTIN, J. STOUT and D.N. SIKDAR. 1978. Rain estimation from geosynchronous satellite imagery — visible and infrared studies. Monthly Weather Review, 106: 1153–1171.
KUETTNER, J.P., D.E. PARKER, D.R. RODENHUIS, H. HOEBER, H. KRAUS and G. PHILANDER. 1974. GATE final international scientific plans. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 55: 711–744.
LARSON, L.W. 1971. Precipitation and its measurement, a state of the art. Water Resources Series No. 24, Department of Hydrology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, 74 pp.
MARTIN, D.W. and W.D. SCHERER. 1973. Review of satellite rainfall estimation methods. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 54: 661–674.
MIE, G. 1908. Beiträge zur Optik trüber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen. Annalen der Physik, 25: 377–445.
NCAR. 1977. Report of the U.S. GATE Central Program Workshop. NCAR, Boulder, CO. 723 pp.
OSTAPOFF, F., Y. TARBEYEV and S. WORTHEM. 1973. Heat flux and precipitation estimates from oceanographic observations. Science, 180: 960–962.
RAO, M.S.V., W.V. ABBOTT, III, and J.S. THEON. 1976. Satellite-derived Global Oceanic Rainfall Atlas (1973 and 1974). NASA SP-410, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 186 pp.
REED, R.K. and W.P. ELLIOTT. 1973. Precipitation at ocean stations in the North Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 78: 7087–7091.
SEGUIN, W.R. and R.B. CRAYTON. 1977. U.S. GATE B-scale Ship Precipitation Data. NOAA Technical Report EDS 23, 402 pp. CEDDA, Environmental Data Service, NOAA, Washington, D.C.
STOUT, G.E. and E.A. MUELLER. 1968. Survey of relationships between rainfall rate and radar reflectivity in the measurement of precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 7: 465–474.
TUCKER, G.B. 1961. Precipitation over the North Atlantic Ocean. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 87: 147–158.
WILHEIT, T.T., A.T.C. CHANG, M.S.V. RAO, E.B. RODGERS and J.S. THEON. 1977. A satellite technique for quantitatively mapping rainfall rates over the oceans. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 16: 551–560.
WILSON, J.W. 1976. Radar-rain gauge precipitation measurements. Preprints of Conference on Hydro-Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, Boston: 72–75.
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION. 1962. Precipitation measurements at sea. Technical Note No. 47, WMO — No. 124.TP.55, Secretariat of the WMO, Geneva, 18 pp.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Austin, P.M., Geotis, S.G. (1980). Precipitation Measurements over the Ocean. In: Dobson, F., Hasse, L., Davis, R. (eds) Air-Sea Interaction. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9182-5_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9182-5_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9184-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9182-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive