Skip to main content

Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence

  • Chapter
Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology

Abstract

When metals are dissolved anodically in aqueous and nonaqueous media, the weight of metal dissolved is sometimes greater than that calculated from Faraday’s law assuming normal oxidation states. Among several metals of industrial importance, Al, Be, Cd, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ti, and Zn exhibit this phenomenon. The usual implication is that these metals dissolve as ions with an ionic valence or oxidation number less than normal, e.g., Mg+, Be+, etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. F. Wöhler and H. Buff, Liebigs Ann. 103, 218 (1857).

    Google Scholar 

  2. I. E. Epelboin, Z. Elektrochem. 59, 689 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  3. B. D. Laughlin, J. Kleinberg, and A. W. Davidson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 559 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  4. M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 363 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  5. M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 3622 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  6. D. T. Sorenson, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 1354 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  7. G. Beetz, Phil. Mag. 32, 269 (1866).

    Google Scholar 

  8. G. Baborovsky, Z. Elektrochem. 11, 465 (1905).

    Google Scholar 

  9. M. C. del Boca, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 565 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. E. Straumanis and D. L. Mathis, J. Less Common Metals 4, 213 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  11. M. E. Straumanis and D. L. Mathis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 434 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 960 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  13. K. E. Heusler, Z. Electrochem. 65, 192 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  14. W. J. James and G. E. Stoner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 1354 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  15. G. E. Stoner, The Anodic Oxidation of Zinc in Aqueous Solution, MS Thesis, University of Missouri-Rolla (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  16. T. P. Hoar, Private communication (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  17. M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108, 1087 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  18. L. Whitby, Trans. Faraday Soc. 29, 1318 (1933).

    Google Scholar 

  19. H. A. Robinson, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 96, 499 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  20. R. Glicksman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 85 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  21. N. D. Thomashov, V. S. Komessarova, and M. A. Timanova, Tr. Inst. Fiz. Khim., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 5, Issled. Korrozil Metal 1955 (4), 172.

    Google Scholar 

  22. J. W. Johnson, C. K. Chi, and W. J. James, Corrosion 23, 204 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. D. Kochman and G. S. Vozdvizhenski, Anodnoya Zaschita Metallov., Kazansk. Aviats. Inst. 1964, 360–75.

    Google Scholar 

  24. F. Krochmal and M. Stencel, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1962, 34–43.

    Google Scholar 

  25. F. Krochmal and M. Beltowsha, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1963, 61.

    Google Scholar 

  26. F. Krochmal, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1964, 47–51.

    Google Scholar 

  27. V. N. Flerov, Izv. Vzaskikh Uch. Zav. Khim. Tekhnol. 1963, 449–54.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Z. Elektrochem. 33, 370 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 4, 121 (1928)

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 4, 145 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. A. Marsh and E. Schaschl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 960 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 93, 285 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  33. W. J. Müller, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 76, 167 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  34. M. E. Straumanis and Y. N. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 102, 304 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  35. M. E. Straumanis, W. J. James, and W. C. Custead, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 502 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  36. W. J. James, J. W. Johnson, and M. E. Straumanis, Z. Physik. Chem. 27, 134 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  37. G. V. Akimov, Theory and Research Methods of Metallic Corrosion, Publishing House of the Academy of Science, USSR, Moscow (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  38. G. V. Akimov, Usp. Khim. 12, 374 (1943)

    Google Scholar 

  39. N. D. Tomashov, Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals, Macmillan, New York (1966), p. 257.

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. D. Tomashov and N. N. Modestova, Proc. Inst. Phys. Chem. USSR Acad. Sci. 1(1951).

    Google Scholar 

  41. N. D. Tomashov, Proc. USSR Acad Sci. 24, 2 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  42. D. V. Kokoulina and B. N. Kabanov, Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR 112, 692 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  43. W. J. James, M. E. Straumanis, D. K. Bhatia, and J. W. Johnson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1996 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  44. M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 541, 3 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  45. W. E. Bennett, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 731 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  46. I. Epelboin, M. Froment, and G. Nomarski, Rev. Metall 55, 260 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  47. M. Froment, Thesis 1958; Corrosion et anticorrosion 6, 412 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  48. I. Epelboin and M. Froment, Compt. Rend. 238, 2416 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ph. Brouillet, I. Epelboin, and M. Froment, Compt. Rend. 239, 1795 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  50. I. Epelboin and M. Froment, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie, 32, 55 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  51. M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Soc. 77, 203 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ph. Brouillet and F. Monnot, Bull. Soc. Franc. Electriciens 8, 498 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  53. M. Froment, Bull Soc. Franc. Electriciens 8, 505 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 284 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  55. M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 535 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  56. B. Roald and M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 97, 283 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  57. E. Raijola and A. W. Davidson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 556 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  58. R. C. Plumb, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 498 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  59. H. W. McCune, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 63 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  60. V. A. Dmitriev, O. I. Avdeeva, and Y. I. Sozin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Khim. 6, 176 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  61. M. E. Straumanis and K. Poush, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112, 1185 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  62. M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 544, 1 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  63. A. W. Davidson and F. Jirik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 1700 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. D. Corbett, Inorg. Chem. 3, 634 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  65. K. Schug and A. Sadowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 3538 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  66. M. E. Straumanis and K. A. Poush, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 795 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  67. O. Stelling, Z. Elektrochem. 41, 712 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  68. M. E. Straumanis and R. L. Martin, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chemie 334, 321 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. E. Straumanis and R. L. Martin, Corr. Sci. 5, 765 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  70. M. E. Straumanis and D. S. Gnanamuthu, Corr. Sci. 4, 377 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  71. K. G. Sheth, J. W. Johnson, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 9, 135 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  72. M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 544, 3 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  73. M. Garreau, Compt. Rend. 270, 16 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  74. I. Epelboin, M. Froment, and M. Garreau, Corrosion 18, 1 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  75. H. Aida, I. Epelboin, and M. Garreau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 243 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  76. E. Darmois and I. Epelboin, Compt. Rend. 237, 501 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  77. E. Sacher and K. J. Laidler, Trans. Faraday Soc. 59, 396 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  78. H. Vaidyanathan, M. E. Straumanis, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 7 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  79. C. R. Hoey and M. Cohen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 245 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  80. M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2093 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. L. Robinson and P. F. King, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108, 36 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  82. J. H. Greenblatt, Corrosion 18, 125 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  83. J. H. Greenblatt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 103, 539 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  84. J. H. Greenblatt, Can. J. Chem. 36, 1138 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  85. M. E. Straumanis and B. K. Bhatia, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110, 357 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  86. H. H. Uhlig and R. Krutenat, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1303 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  87. W. J. James, M. E. Straumanis, and W. J. Daniels, Corr. Sci. 7, 151 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  88. J. Przyluski and E. Palka, Electrochim. Acta 15, 853 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  89. M. E. Straumanis and Y. Wang, Corrosion 22, 132 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  90. W. J. James, G. E. Stoner, and M. E. Straumanis, Techn. Rept. No. 4 to ONR (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  91. D. T. Sorenson, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 13, 64 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  92. M. E. Straumanis, J. L. Reed, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114, 885 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  93. J. W. Johnson, Y.C. Sun, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 11, 153 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  94. C. Bredig, Z. Phys. Chem. 32, 127 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  95. E. F. Burton, Phil. Mag. 11, 425 (1906).

    Google Scholar 

  96. G. R. White, J. Phys. Chem. 15, 723 (1911).

    Google Scholar 

  97. J. W. Johnson, E. Deng, S. C. Lai, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114, 424 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  98. J. D. Corbett and R. K. McMullen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2906 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  99. R. K. McMullen and J. D. Corbett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 4761 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  100. J. D. Corbett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1214 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  101. R. E. Visco, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 202 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  102. J. O’M. Bockris and E. Enyo, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 48 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  103. D. N. Craig, J. I. Hoffman, C. A. Law, and W. J. Hamer, J. Res. NBS 64A, 381, 392 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  104. P. F. Schmidt and M. Blomgren, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 694 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  105. E. Wohlwill, Z. Elektrochem. 4, 402, 405, 421 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  106. K. E. Heusler and L. Gaiser, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117, 762 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  107. J. H. Mathewson, Private communication, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  108. M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, Chem. Rev. 57, 417 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  109. R. Müller, F. Hölzl, W. Knaus, F. Pianissig, and K. Prett, Monat. Chemie 44, 219 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  110. P. E. Wei and A. H. Corvin, J. Org. Chem. 27, 3344 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  111. H. Aida, I. Epelboin, and M. Garreau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 1960 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  112. M. Garreau, Metaux 544, 425 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  113. I. A. Menzies and A. F. Averill, Electrochim. Acta 13, 807 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  114. M. E. Straumanis and M. Dutta, Inorg. Chem. 5, 993 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  115. A. Mazzitelli, M.S., University of Kansas (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  116. U. Sborgio and P. Marchetti, Nuovo Cimento 22, 151 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  117. P. A. Jacquet, Metaux et Corrosion 13, 86 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  118. A. W. Davidson and J. Kleinberg, J. Phys. Chem. 57, 571 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  119. C. Capdecome, A. Dargent, and M. Orliac, Metaux et Corrosion 17, 53 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  120. N. Hamsen and E. Knuth-Winterfeldt, Metall. Dtsch. 10, 299 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  121. I. Epelboin and M. Froment, J. Chimie Phys. 4, 1301 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  122. V. V. Gorodetsky, V. V. Lossev, and L. I. Fedostsov, Electrochimie (USSR) 11, 1271 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  123. M. L. Rumpel, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Kansas (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  124. M. L. Rumpel, M.S. Thesis, Inorg. Chem. 2, 810 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  125. M. L. Rumpel, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, Inorg. Chem. 3, 935 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  126. M. E. Straumanis, G. E. Welch, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1292 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  127. R. L. Petty, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 363 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  128. M. D. Rausch, F. D. Popp, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Inorg. Chem. 21, 212 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  129. T. C. Franklin and C. R. Parson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 641 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  130. J. W. Johnson, C. K. Wu, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 8, 309 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  131. E. Newbery, J. Chem. Soc. 109, 1066 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  132. W. Vaubel, Ber. 57B, 515 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  133. F. H. Jeffery, Chem. Abstr. 18, 2998 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  134. E. Vallesi, Ann. Chim. Appl. 27, 157 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  135. M. E. Straumanis and P. C. Chen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 98, 351 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  136. I. M. Novosel’skii, Kasanah Khim. Inst. 29, 78 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  137. W. O. Kroenig and V. N. Uspenskaja, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 11, 10 (1935)

    Google Scholar 

  138. W. O. Kroenig and V. N. Uspenskaja, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 12, 123 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  139. M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 93, 304 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  140. M. E. Straumanis, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 14, 71 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

James, W.J. (1974). Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence. In: Fontana, M.G., Staehle, R.W. (eds) Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9059-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9059-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9061-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9059-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics