Abstract
When metals are dissolved anodically in aqueous and nonaqueous media, the weight of metal dissolved is sometimes greater than that calculated from Faraday’s law assuming normal oxidation states. Among several metals of industrial importance, Al, Be, Cd, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ti, and Zn exhibit this phenomenon. The usual implication is that these metals dissolve as ions with an ionic valence or oxidation number less than normal, e.g., Mg+, Be+, etc.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
F. Wöhler and H. Buff, Liebigs Ann. 103, 218 (1857).
I. E. Epelboin, Z. Elektrochem. 59, 689 (1955).
B. D. Laughlin, J. Kleinberg, and A. W. Davidson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 559 (1956).
M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 363 (1954).
M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 3622 (1954).
D. T. Sorenson, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 1354 (1963).
G. Beetz, Phil. Mag. 32, 269 (1866).
G. Baborovsky, Z. Elektrochem. 11, 465 (1905).
M. C. del Boca, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 565 (1933).
M. E. Straumanis and D. L. Mathis, J. Less Common Metals 4, 213 (1962).
M. E. Straumanis and D. L. Mathis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 434 (1962).
J. O’M. Bockris, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 960 (1960).
K. E. Heusler, Z. Electrochem. 65, 192 (1961).
W. J. James and G. E. Stoner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 1354 (1963).
G. E. Stoner, The Anodic Oxidation of Zinc in Aqueous Solution, MS Thesis, University of Missouri-Rolla (1964).
T. P. Hoar, Private communication (1962).
M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108, 1087 (1961).
L. Whitby, Trans. Faraday Soc. 29, 1318 (1933).
H. A. Robinson, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 96, 499 (1946).
R. Glicksman, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 85 (1959).
N. D. Thomashov, V. S. Komessarova, and M. A. Timanova, Tr. Inst. Fiz. Khim., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 5, Issled. Korrozil Metal 1955 (4), 172.
J. W. Johnson, C. K. Chi, and W. J. James, Corrosion 23, 204 (1967).
E. D. Kochman and G. S. Vozdvizhenski, Anodnoya Zaschita Metallov., Kazansk. Aviats. Inst. 1964, 360–75.
F. Krochmal and M. Stencel, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1962, 34–43.
F. Krochmal and M. Beltowsha, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1963, 61.
F. Krochmal, Zeszyty Nauk, Univ. Poznanic, Mat. Fiz. Chem. 1964, 47–51.
V. N. Flerov, Izv. Vzaskikh Uch. Zav. Khim. Tekhnol. 1963, 449–54.
A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Z. Elektrochem. 33, 370 (1927).
A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 4, 121 (1928)
A. Thiel and J. Eckell, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 4, 145 (1928).
G. A. Marsh and E. Schaschl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 960 (1960).
M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 93, 285 (1948).
W. J. Müller, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 76, 167 (1939).
M. E. Straumanis and Y. N. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 102, 304 (1955).
M. E. Straumanis, W. J. James, and W. C. Custead, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107, 502 (1960).
W. J. James, J. W. Johnson, and M. E. Straumanis, Z. Physik. Chem. 27, 134 (1961).
G. V. Akimov, Theory and Research Methods of Metallic Corrosion, Publishing House of the Academy of Science, USSR, Moscow (1945).
G. V. Akimov, Usp. Khim. 12, 374 (1943)
N. D. Tomashov, Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals, Macmillan, New York (1966), p. 257.
N. D. Tomashov and N. N. Modestova, Proc. Inst. Phys. Chem. USSR Acad. Sci. 1(1951).
N. D. Tomashov, Proc. USSR Acad Sci. 24, 2 (1939).
D. V. Kokoulina and B. N. Kabanov, Dokl, Akad. Nauk SSSR 112, 692 (1957).
W. J. James, M. E. Straumanis, D. K. Bhatia, and J. W. Johnson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1996 (1962).
M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 541, 3 (1970).
W. E. Bennett, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74, 731 (1952).
I. Epelboin, M. Froment, and G. Nomarski, Rev. Metall 55, 260 (1958).
M. Froment, Thesis 1958; Corrosion et anticorrosion 6, 412 (1958).
I. Epelboin and M. Froment, Compt. Rend. 238, 2416 (1954).
Ph. Brouillet, I. Epelboin, and M. Froment, Compt. Rend. 239, 1795 (1954).
I. Epelboin and M. Froment, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie, 32, 55 (1937).
M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Soc. 77, 203 (1955).
Ph. Brouillet and F. Monnot, Bull. Soc. Franc. Electriciens 8, 498 (1958).
M. Froment, Bull Soc. Franc. Electriciens 8, 505 (1958).
M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 284 (1958).
M. E. Straumanis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 535 (1959).
B. Roald and M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 97, 283 (1950).
E. Raijola and A. W. Davidson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 556 (1956).
R. C. Plumb, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 498 (1956).
H. W. McCune, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 63 (1959).
V. A. Dmitriev, O. I. Avdeeva, and Y. I. Sozin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Khim. 6, 176 (1961).
M. E. Straumanis and K. Poush, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112, 1185 (1965).
M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 544, 1 (1970).
A. W. Davidson and F. Jirik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72, 1700 (1950).
J. D. Corbett, Inorg. Chem. 3, 634 (1964).
K. Schug and A. Sadowski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83, 3538 (1961).
M. E. Straumanis and K. A. Poush, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 795 (1964).
O. Stelling, Z. Elektrochem. 41, 712 (1935).
M. E. Straumanis and R. L. Martin, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chemie 334, 321 (1965).
M. E. Straumanis and R. L. Martin, Corr. Sci. 5, 765 (1965).
M. E. Straumanis and D. S. Gnanamuthu, Corr. Sci. 4, 377 (1964).
K. G. Sheth, J. W. Johnson, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 9, 135 (1969).
M. Garreau, Metaux, Corrosion, Industrie 544, 3 (1970).
M. Garreau, Compt. Rend. 270, 16 (1970).
I. Epelboin, M. Froment, and M. Garreau, Corrosion 18, 1 (1970).
H. Aida, I. Epelboin, and M. Garreau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 243 (1971).
E. Darmois and I. Epelboin, Compt. Rend. 237, 501 (1953).
E. Sacher and K. J. Laidler, Trans. Faraday Soc. 59, 396 (1963).
H. Vaidyanathan, M. E. Straumanis, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 121, 7 (1974).
C. R. Hoey and M. Cohen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 105, 245 (1958).
M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2093 (1955).
J. L. Robinson and P. F. King, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108, 36 (1961).
J. H. Greenblatt, Corrosion 18, 125 (1962).
J. H. Greenblatt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 103, 539 (1956).
J. H. Greenblatt, Can. J. Chem. 36, 1138 (1958).
M. E. Straumanis and B. K. Bhatia, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110, 357 (1963).
H. H. Uhlig and R. Krutenat, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1303 (1964).
W. J. James, M. E. Straumanis, and W. J. Daniels, Corr. Sci. 7, 151 (1967).
J. Przyluski and E. Palka, Electrochim. Acta 15, 853 (1970).
M. E. Straumanis and Y. Wang, Corrosion 22, 132 (1966).
W. J. James, G. E. Stoner, and M. E. Straumanis, Techn. Rept. No. 4 to ONR (1963).
D. T. Sorenson, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 13, 64 (1960).
M. E. Straumanis, J. L. Reed, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114, 885 (1967).
J. W. Johnson, Y.C. Sun, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 11, 153 (1971).
C. Bredig, Z. Phys. Chem. 32, 127 (1900).
E. F. Burton, Phil. Mag. 11, 425 (1906).
G. R. White, J. Phys. Chem. 15, 723 (1911).
J. W. Johnson, E. Deng, S. C. Lai, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114, 424 (1967).
J. D. Corbett and R. K. McMullen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2906 (1956).
R. K. McMullen and J. D. Corbett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 4761 (1958).
J. D. Corbett, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1214 (1962).
R. E. Visco, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 202 (1965).
J. O’M. Bockris and E. Enyo, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 48 (1962).
D. N. Craig, J. I. Hoffman, C. A. Law, and W. J. Hamer, J. Res. NBS 64A, 381, 392 (1960).
P. F. Schmidt and M. Blomgren, J. Electrochem. Soc. 106, 694 (1959).
E. Wohlwill, Z. Elektrochem. 4, 402, 405, 421 (1898).
K. E. Heusler and L. Gaiser, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117, 762 (1970).
J. H. Mathewson, Private communication, 1966.
M. D. Rausch, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, Chem. Rev. 57, 417 (1957).
R. Müller, F. Hölzl, W. Knaus, F. Pianissig, and K. Prett, Monat. Chemie 44, 219 (1923).
P. E. Wei and A. H. Corvin, J. Org. Chem. 27, 3344 (1962).
H. Aida, I. Epelboin, and M. Garreau, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 1960 (1971).
M. Garreau, Metaux 544, 425 (1970).
I. A. Menzies and A. F. Averill, Electrochim. Acta 13, 807 (1968).
M. E. Straumanis and M. Dutta, Inorg. Chem. 5, 993 (1966).
A. Mazzitelli, M.S., University of Kansas (1949).
U. Sborgio and P. Marchetti, Nuovo Cimento 22, 151 (1921).
P. A. Jacquet, Metaux et Corrosion 13, 86 (1938).
A. W. Davidson and J. Kleinberg, J. Phys. Chem. 57, 571 (1953).
C. Capdecome, A. Dargent, and M. Orliac, Metaux et Corrosion 17, 53 (1942).
N. Hamsen and E. Knuth-Winterfeldt, Metall. Dtsch. 10, 299 (1956).
I. Epelboin and M. Froment, J. Chimie Phys. 4, 1301 (1963).
V. V. Gorodetsky, V. V. Lossev, and L. I. Fedostsov, Electrochimie (USSR) 11, 1271 (1969).
M. L. Rumpel, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Kansas (1962)
M. L. Rumpel, M.S. Thesis, Inorg. Chem. 2, 810 (1963)
M. L. Rumpel, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, Inorg. Chem. 3, 935 (1964).
M. E. Straumanis, G. E. Welch, and W. J. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111, 1292 (1964).
R. L. Petty, A. W. Davidson, and J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 363 (1954).
M. D. Rausch, F. D. Popp, W. E. McEwen, and J. Kleinberg, J. Inorg. Chem. 21, 212 (1956).
T. C. Franklin and C. R. Parson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 641 (1962).
J. W. Johnson, C. K. Wu, and W. J. James, Corr. Sci. 8, 309 (1968).
E. Newbery, J. Chem. Soc. 109, 1066 (1916).
W. Vaubel, Ber. 57B, 515 (1924).
F. H. Jeffery, Chem. Abstr. 18, 2998 (1924).
E. Vallesi, Ann. Chim. Appl. 27, 157 (1937).
M. E. Straumanis and P. C. Chen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 98, 351 (1951).
I. M. Novosel’skii, Kasanah Khim. Inst. 29, 78 (1960).
W. O. Kroenig and V. N. Uspenskaja, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 11, 10 (1935)
W. O. Kroenig and V. N. Uspenskaja, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 12, 123 (1936).
M. A. Streicher, J. Electrochem. Soc. 93, 304 (1948).
M. E. Straumanis, Korrosion u. Metallschutz 14, 71 (1938).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
James, W.J. (1974). Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence. In: Fontana, M.G., Staehle, R.W. (eds) Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9059-0_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9059-0_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9061-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9059-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive