Skip to main content

The Non-Specific Nature of Defense in Bark and Wood During Wounding, Insect and Pathogen Attack

  • Chapter
The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood

Part of the book series: Recent Advances in Phytochemistry ((RAPT,volume 11))

Abstract

Lack of knowledge of the nature of a host response when attacked by a pathogen* is the major factor contributing to the inadequate understanding of disease. In this chapter, evidence is presented to show that whenever the functioning of tissues essential to a tree is affected, regardless of cause, non-specific autonomous processes are triggered: of the three processes described here, two involve restoration of vital lateral meristems, namely, the phellogen and the vascular cambium, and the third, blocking of conductive sap-wood. These processes involve dynamic metabolic and anatomical alterations, and once triggered, occur automatically in pre-existing totipotent cells.

Studies of Periderm, IX. See reference 35 for Part VIII

Part of the research reported here was carried out under a University of British Columbia and Canadian Forestry Service cooperation project while the author was seconded (1967–1973) to Faculty of Forestry, UBC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adams, J. B., J. W. McAllan., 1958. Pectinase in certain insects. Can. J. Zool. 36: 305–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Akai, S., 1959. Histology of defense in plants. In Plant Pathology Vol. I ( J. G. Horsfall, A. E. Dimond, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 392–467.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Allen, P. J., 1959. Physiology and biochemistry of defense. In Plant Pathology Vol. I. ( J. G. Horsfall and A. E. Dimond, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 435–467.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Artschwager, E., 1927. Wound periderm formation in the potato as affected by temperature and humidity. J. Agria. Res. 35: 995–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Balch, R. E., 1952. Studies of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) and its effects on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Can. Dep. Agric. Pubi. 867, 76 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Balch, R. E., J. Clark, and J. M. Bonga., 1964. Hormonal action in production of tumours and compression wood by an aphid. Nature 202: 721–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bloch, R., 1941. Wound healing in higher plants. Bot. Rev. 7: 110–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bloch, R., 1952. Wound healing in higher plants. II. Bot. Rev., 15: 655–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bloch, R., 1953. Defense reactions of plants to the presence of toxins. Phytopathology 43: 351–354.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Carter, W., 1952. Injuries to plants caused by insect toxins. II. Bot. Rev., 18: 680–721.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carter, W., 1962. Insects in relation to plant disease. Interscience Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dessureault, M., T. A. Tattar., 1975. Dye movement associated with discolored wood in red maple. Can. J. For. Res. 5: 330–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Doppelreiter, H., 1973. Preliminary observations on exophylactic and necrophylactic periderms in western white pine. B. Sc. F. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Esau, K., 1965. Plant anatomy. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fahn, A., 1967. Plant anatomy. Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Forbes, A. R., D. B. Mullick., 1970. The stylets of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Can. Entomol., 102: 1074–1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hare, R. C., 1966. Physiology of resistance to fungal diseases in plants. Bot. Rev. 32: 95–137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kozlowski, T. T., 1973. Shedding of plant parts. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lipetz, J., 1970. Wound healing in higher plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 27: 1–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. McMullen, L. H., J. P. Skovsgaard., 1972. Seasonal history of the balsam woolly aphid in coastal British Columbia. J. Entomol. Soc. B.C. 69: 33–40.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Miles, P. W., 1968. Insect secretion in plants. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 6: 137–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mitchell, R. G., 1967. Translocation of dye in grand and subalpine firs infested by the balsam woolly aphid. U. S. For. Serv. Res. Note PNW-46.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mullick, D. B., 1969a. Reddish-purple pigments in the secondary periderm tissues of western North American conifers (studies of periderm I). Phytochemistry 8: 2205–2211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mullick, D. B., 1969b. Anthocyanidins in secondary periderm tissue of amabilis fir, grand fir, western hemlock, and western red-cedar (studies on periderm II). Can. J. Bot. 47: 1419–1422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Mullick, D. B., 1969c. Thin-layer chromatography of anthocyanidins, I. J. Chromatogr. 39: 291–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mullick, D. B., 1969d. New tests of microscale identification of anthocyanidins on thin-layer chromatograms. Phytochemistry 8: 2003–2008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mullick, D. B., 1971. Natural pigment differences distinguish first and sequent periderms through a cryofixation and chemical techniques (studies of periderm, III). Can. J. Bot. 49: 1703–1711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Mullick, D. B., 1975. A new tissue in the bark of four conifers and its relationship to the origin of necro- phylactic periderms (studies of periderm, VI). Can. J. Bot. 53: 2443–2457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mullick, D. B., V. C. Brink., 1970. A method for exposing aleurone tissue of barley for colour classification. Can. J. Plant Sci. 50: 551–558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mullick, D. B., G. D. Jensen., 1973a. Cryofixation reveals uniqueness of reddish-purple sequent periderm and equivalence between brown first and brown sequent periderms of three conifers (studies of periderm, IV). Can. J. Bot. 51: 135–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mullick, D. B., G. D. Jensen., 1973b. New concepts and terminology of coniferous periderms: Necrophylactic and exophylactic periderms (studies of periderm, V). Can. J. Bot. 51: 1459–1470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mullick, D. B., G. D. Jensen., 1976. Rates of non-suberized impervious tissues development after wounding at different times of the year in three conifer species (studies of periderm, VII). Can. J. Bot. 54: 881–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Oechssler, G., 1962. Studien über die saugehäden mitteleuropäischer tannenläuse im gewebe einheimischer und ausländischer tannen. Z. Angew. Entomol. 504: 408–454.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Puritch, G. S., 1976. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Puritch, G. S., D. B. Mullick., 1975. Effect of water stress on the rate of non-suberized impervious tissue (NIT) formation following wounding in Abies grandis (studies of periderm, VIII). J. Exp. Bot. 24: 903–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rahe, J. W., R. M. Arnold., 1975. Injury-related phaseollin accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris and its implications with regard to specificity of host-parasite interaction. Can. J. Bot. 53: 921–928.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Reid, R. W., H. S. Whitney, J. A. Watson., 1967. Reactions of lodgepole pine to attack by Dendroetonus ponderosae Hopkins and blue stain fungi. Can. J. Bot. 45: 1115–1126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Saigo, R. H., 1969. Anatomical changes in the secondary phloem of grand fir (Abies grandis (Doug.) Lindl.), induced by the balsam woolly aphid (Adelges piceae Ratz.). Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Schellenberg, B. D., 1974. Extension of necrophylactic and exophylactic periderm terminology to Sitka spruce. B.Sc.F. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shain, L., 1971. The response of sapwood of Norway spruce to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 61: 301–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Shaw, M., 1972. Physiology of rust resistance. In Biology of Rust Resistance in Forest Trees. Proc. Nato-IUFRO Advanced Study Institute, p. 87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Shigo, Alex L., W. E. Hillis., 1973. Heartwood, discolored wood, microorganisms in living trees. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 11: 197–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Shigo, Alex L., E. M. Sharon., 1970. Mapping columns of discolored and decayed tissues in sugar maple, Acer saocharum. Phytopathology 60: 232–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Soc, B., 1977. The occurrence of non-suberized impervious tissues in woody plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (in preparation).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Srivastava, L. M., 1964. Anatomy, chemistry and physiology of bark. Int. Rev. For. Res., 1: 203–277.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Treshow, M., 1970. Environment and plant response. McGraw Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Van der Plank, J. E., 1975. Principles of plant infection. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Wood, R. K. S., 1967. Physiological plant pathology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mullick, D.B. (1977). The Non-Specific Nature of Defense in Bark and Wood During Wounding, Insect and Pathogen Attack. In: Loewus, F.A., Runeckles, V.C. (eds) The Structure, Biosynthesis, and Degradation of Wood. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8873-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8873-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8875-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8873-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics