Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vitamin K

  • Chapter
The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Part of the book series: Handbook of Lipid Research ((HLRE,volume 2))

Abstract

The discovery of vitamin K resulted from a series of experiments by Henrik Dam on the possible essentiality of cholesterol in the diet of the chick. Dam (1929üa,b, 1930) was investigating reports that chicks did not thrive on diets which had been extracted with nonpolar solvents to remove the sterols, and noted that such animals developed subdural or muscular hemorrhages and that blood taken from these animals clotted slowly. It was shown in these initial experiments that addition of cholesterol, lemon juice, yeast, or cod liver oil to the diet did not decrease the incidence of this lesion. The disease was subsequently observed by McFarlane et al. (1931), who described a clotting defect seen when chicks were fed etherextracted fish or meat meal in an attempt to establish the vitamin A and D requirement of the chick. Progress in the elucidation of the nature of this disorder was confused to some extent when Holst and Halbrook (1933) reported that fresh cabbage would prevent the disease and concluded that the missing factor was vitamin C. Later Dam (1934) found that synthetic ascorbic acid would not cure the defect and concluded that the disease was due to a lack of an unknown growth factor found in seeds and cereals. Reports by Cook and Scott (1935a,b) claiming that the disease was caused by a toxic factor in fish meal complicated the interpretation of available observations, but Dam continued to study the distribution and lipid solubility of the active component in vegetable and animal sources, and in 1935 proposed (Dam, 1935a,b) that the antihemorrhagic vitamin of the chick was a new fat-soluble vitamin, which he called “vitamin K.” Not only was Kthe first letter of the alphabet which was not used to describe an existing or a postulated vitamin activity at that time, but it was also the first letter of the German word Koagulation. Dam’s reported discovery of a new vitamin was followed by an independent report by Almquist and Stokstad (1935a,b) describing their success in curing the hemorrhagic disease with ether extracts of alfalfa and clearly pointing out that microbial action in fish meal and bran preparations could lead to the development of antihemorrhagic activity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aggeler, P. M, White, S. G., Glendening, M. B., Page, E. W., Leake, T. B., and Bates, G., 1952, Plasma thromboplastin component (PTC) deficiency: A new disease resembling hemophilia, Prpc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79: 692.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., 1941, Vitamin K, Physiol. Rev. 21: 194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., 1975, The early history of vitamin K, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28: 656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., and Klose, A. A., 1939a, The anti-hemorrhagic activity of pure synthetic phthiocol, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 1611.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., and Klose, A. A., 1939b, Synthetic and natural antihemorrhagic compounds, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 2557.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R., 1935a, Dietary haemorrhagic disease in chicks, Nature (London) 136: 31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almquist, H. J., and Stokstad, E. L. R., 1935b, Hemorrhagic chick disease of dietary origin, J. Biol. Chem. 111: 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. F., and Barnhart, M. I., 1964a, Intracellular localization of prothrombin, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 116: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, G. F., and Barnhart, M. L, 1964b, Prothrombin synthesis in the dog, Am. J. Physiol. 206: 929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babior, B. M., 1966, The role of vitamin K in clotting factor synthesis. I. Evidence for the participation of vitamin K in the conversion of a polypeptide precursor to factor VII, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 123: 606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babior, B. M., and Kipnes, R. S., 1970, Vitamin K dependent formation of factor VII by a cell-free system from rat liver, Biochemistry 9: 2564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R. M., Snyder, C. D., and Rapoport, H., 1974, Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones: Dissymetry in the naphthalenic intermediate, Biochemistry 13: 1523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bang, N. U., O’doherty, G. O. P., and Barton, R. D., 1975, Selective suppression of vitamin K-dependent procoagulant synthesis by compounds structurally unrelated to vitamin K, Clin. Res. 23:521 A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Caldwell, P. T., 1973, The mechanism of warfarin resistance: Warfarin and the metabolism of vitamin K1, Biochemistry 12: 1759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Matschiner, J. T., 1969a, Synthesis and destruction of prothrombin in the rat, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 135: 152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Matschiner, J. T., 1969b, Intracellular distribution of vitamin K in the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 184: 597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Matschiner, J. T., 1970, Vitamin K activity of phylloquinone oxide, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Matschiner, J. T., 1972, Warfarin and the inhibition of vitamin K activity by an oxide metabolite, Nature (London) 237: 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., and Stark, P., 1976, Inhibition of prothrombin synthesis and epoxidation of vitam in K1by anticoagulants in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72: 619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., Sadowski, J. A., and Matschiner, J. T., 1972, Mechanism of action of warfarin: Warfarin and metabolism of vitamin K1, Biochemistry 11: 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. G., Caldwell, P. T., and Holm, E. E. T., 1976, Coumarins and the vitamin K-K epoxide cycle: Lack of resistance to coumatetralyl in warfarin-resistant rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, B. J., and Hanahan, D. J., 1975, Structural studies on bovine prothrombin: Isolation and partial characterization of the Ca2+ binding and carbohydrate containing peptides of the Neterminus region, Biochemistry 14: 3265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, R., 1975a, Biosynthesis of vitamin K and other natural naphthoquinones, Pure Appl. Chem. 41: 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, R., 1975b, Biosynthesis of quinones, in: Biosynthesis,Vol. 3, Specialists Periodical Reports, Chemical Society, pp. 181–246, Burlington House, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, R. E., and Kennison, R. D., 1959, Relationship between prothrombin time and oxidative phosphorylation in chick liver mitochondria, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 84: 63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biezunski, N., 1970, Action of warfarin injected into rats on protein synthesis in vitroby liver microsomes as related to its anticoagulating action, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19: 2645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R., Douglas, A. S., Macfarlane, R. G., Dacie, J. V., Pitney, W. R., Merskey, C., and O’brien, J. R., 1952, Christmas disease: A condition previously mistaken for haemophilia, Br. Med. J. 2: 1378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billeter, M., and Marthas, C., 1960, Über die Umwandlung von Phyllochinon (Vitamin K1) in Vitamin K2(20)im Tierkörper, Biochem. Z. 333: 430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billeter, M., and Martius, C., 1961, Über die Unwandlung von Vitamin K2(20) und K2(io) in Vitamin K2(20) in Organisms von Vögeln und Saugetieren, Biochem. Z. 334: 304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billeter, M., Bollinger, W., and Martius, C., 1964, Untersuchungen über die Unwandlung von verfütterten K-Vitaminen durch Austausch der Seitenkette und die Rolle der Darmbakterien hierbei, Biochem. Z. 340: 290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S. B., McKee, R. W., Thayer, S. A., and Doisy, E. A., 1940, The constitution of vitamin K2, J. Biol. Chem. 133: 721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjork, I., and Stenflo, J., 1973, A conformational study of normal and dicoumarol-induced prothrombin, FEBS Lett. 32: 343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, E. G., and Dyer, W. J., 1959, A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blomstrand, R., and Forsgren, L., 1968, Vitamin K1-3H in man: Its intestinal absorption and transport in the thoracic duct lymph, Int. Z. Vit. Forsch. 38: 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov, N. G., and Lider, V. A., 1967, The effect of coumarin derivatives on the activity of some external secreted enzymes (in Russian), Farmakol. Toksikol. 30: 727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov, N. G., and Lider, V. A., 1968, Role of vitamin K in biosynthesis of some exoenzymes of the digestive organs, Byul. Exsp. Biol. Med. 65: 60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, C. M., 1960, Case of apparent resistance of Rattus norvegicns barkenhoutto anticoagulant poisons, Nature (London) 188: 517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, A. F., and Ballantine, J., 1960a, Oxidative phosphorylation in fractionated bacterial systems. II. The role of vitamin K, J. Biol. Chem. 235: 226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, A. F., and Ballantine, J., 1960b, Oxidative phosphorylation in fractionated bacterial systems. III. Specificity of vitamin K reactivation, J. Biol. Chem. 235: 232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, A. F., and Watanabe, T., 1966, Mode of action of vitamin K in microorganisms, Vitamins Hormones 24: 447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, A. F., Weber, M. M., and Gray, C. T., 1957, The role of vitamin K1 in coupled oxidative phosphorylation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 25: 448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brozovic, M., and Gurd, L. J., 1973, Prothrombin during warfarin treatment, Br. J. Haematol. 24: 579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. W., Jr., and Bentley, R., 1976, Menaquinone biosynthesis: Conversion of o-succinylben-zoic acid to l,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and menaquinones by Escherichia coliextracts, Biochemistry 15: 4792.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, D., Nebelin, E., Thomsen, J., and Stenflo, J., 1976, Identification of γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues in bovine factors IX and X, and in a new vitamin K-dependent protein, FEBS Lett. 68: 293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, P. T., Ren, P., and Bell, R. G., 1974, Warfarin and metabolism of vitamin K, Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 3353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, H. A., and Link, K. P., 1941, Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. IV. The isolation and crystallization of the hemorrhagic agent, J. Biol. Chem. 138: 21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, I. M., Robins, D. J., Kelsey, M., and Bentley, R., 1971, Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones (vitamins K2), Biochemistry 10: 3069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, T. L., Shah, D. V., Schlegel, R., and Suttie, J. W., 1975, Plasma abnormal prothrombin and microsomal prothrombin precursor in various species, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 148: 140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesbron, N., Boyer, C., Guillin, M.-C, and Ménaché, D., 1973, Human coumarin prothrombin: Chromatographic, coagulation and immunologic studies, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 30: 437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Combs, A. B., Porter, T. H., and Folkers, K., 1976, Anticoagulant activity of a naphthoquinone analog of vitamin K and an inhibitor of coenzyme Q10-enzyme systems, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 13: 109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. F., and Scott, K. G., 1935a, Apparent intoxication in poultry due to nitrogenous bases, Science 82: 465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. F., and Scott, K. G., 1935b, A bioassay of certain protein supplements when fed to baby chicks, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 33: 167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couri, D., and Wosilait, W. D., 1966, The effect of coumarin anticoagulants on the adenine nucleotide content and protein synthesis in rat liver, Biochem. Pharmacol. 15: 1349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1929a, Die Bestimmung von Cholesterin nach der Digitoninmethode,besondersin Hühnereiern und Hühnchen, Biochem. Z. 215: 468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1929b, Cholesterinstoffwechsel in Hühnereiern und Hühnchen, Biochem. Z. 215: 475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1930, Über die Cholesterinsynthese in Tierkörper, Biochem. Z. 220: 158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1934, Haemorrhages in chicks reared on artificial diets: A new deficiency disease, Nature (London) 133: 909.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1935a, The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick: Occurrence and chemical nature, Nature (London) 135: 652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1935b, The antihaemorrhagic vitamin of the chick, Biochem. J. 29: 1273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1942, Vitamin K, its chemistry and physiology, Adv. Encymol. 2: 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., 1948, Vitamin K, Vitamins Hormones 6: 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., Schønheyder, F., and Tage-Hansen, E., 1936, Studies on the mode of action of vitamin K, Biochem. J. 30: 1075.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dam, H., Geiger, A., Glavind, J., Karrer, P., Karrer, W., Rothschild, E., and Salomon, H., 1939, Isolierung des Vitamins K in hochgereinigter Form, Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davie, E. W., and Fujikawa, K., 1975, Basic mechanisms in blood coagulation, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davie, E. W., and Ratnoff, O. D., 1964, Waterfall sequence for intrinsic blood clotting, Science 145: 1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLuca, H. F., and Suttie, J. W., 1970, The Fat-Soluble Vitamins,University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denson, K. W. E., 1971, The levels of factors, II, VII, IX and X by antibody neutralization techniques in the plasma of patients receiving phenindione therapy, Br. J. Haematol. 20: 643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dialameh, G. H., Yekundi, K. G., and Olson, R. E., 1970, Enzymatic alkylation of menaquinone-oto menaquinones by microsomes from chick liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 223: 332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dialameh, G. H., Taggart, W. V., Matschiner, J. T., and Olson, R. E., 1971, Isolation and characterization of menaquinone-4 as a product of menadione metabolism in chicks and rats, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 41: 391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiScipio, R. G., Hermodson, M. A., Yates, S. G., and Davie, E. W., 1977, A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX (Christmas factor), factor X (Stuart factor), and protein S, Biochemistry 16: 698.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doisy, E. A., 1971, Vitamin K in human nutrition, in: The Biochemistry, Assay, and Nutritional Value of Vitamin K and Related Compounds,pp. 79–92, Association of Vitamin Chemists, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doisy, E. A., and Matschiner, J. T., 1970, Biochemistry of Vitamin K, in: Fat-Soluble Vitamins (R. A. Morton, ed.), pp. 293–331, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downing, M. R., Butkowski, R. J., Clark, M. M., and Mann, K. G., 1975, Human prothrombin activation, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 8897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, D., 1966, Rats resistant to warfarin, New Sci. 30: 771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dua, P. N., and Day, E. J., 1966, Vitamin K activity of menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite in chicks, Poultry Sci. 45: 94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duello, T. J., and Matschiner, J. T., 1970, Identification of phylloquinone in horse liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 138: 640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duello, T. J., and Matschiner, J. T., 1971a, Characterization of vitamin K from pig liver and dog liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 144: 330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duello, T. J., and Matschiner, J. T., 1971b, The relationship between the storage forms of vitamin K and dietary phylloquinone in the dog, Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 41: 180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duello, T. J., and Matschiner, J. T., 1972, Characterization of vitamin K from human liver, J. Nutr. 102: 331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dulock, M. A., and Kolmen, S. N., 1968, Influence of vitamin K on restoration of prothrombin complex proteins and fibrinogen in plasma of depleted dogs, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 20: 136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elion, J., Benarous, R., and Labie, D., 1976, Isolation and preliminary characterization of a vitamin K dependent peptide from human prothrombin, Thromb. Haemostas. 35: 82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G. R., Odam, E. M., and Townsend, M. G., 1976, An assay procedure for the vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide-reducing system of rat liver involving high-performance liquid chromatography, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 4: 615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, M. C., Isaacs, B., and Ivy, A. C., 1940, Production of “prothrombin deficiency” and response to vitamin A, D and K, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 43: 240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enfield, D. L., Ericsson, L. H., Walsh, K. A., Neurath, H., and Titani, K., 1975, Bovine factor X1 (Stuart factor): Primary structure of the light chain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernster, L., Hall, J. M., Lind, C., Rase, B., and Golvano, M. P., 1973, DT diaphorase: Reaction mechanism and possible metabolic function, Atti Sem. Stud. Biol. 5: 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esmon, C. T., and Suttie, J. W., 1976, Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: Solubilization and properties, J. Biol. Chem. 257: 6238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esmon, C. T., Grant, G. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1975a, Purification of an apparent rat liver prothrombin precursor: Characterization and comparison to normal rat prothrombin, Biochemistry 14: 1595.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esmon, C. T., Sadowski, J. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1975b, A new carboxylation reaction: The vitamin K-dependent incorporation of H14CO3 into prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esmon, C. T., Suttie, J. W., and Jackson, C. M., 1975c, The functional significance of vitamin K action: Difference in phospholipid binding between normal and abnormal prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esmon, C. T., Stenflo, J., Suttie, J. W., and Jackson, C. M., 1976, A new vitamin K-dependent protein: A phospholipid-binding zymogen of a serine esterase, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esnouf, M. P., 1976, The blood clotting mechanism, in: Progress in Clinical and Biological Research,Vol. 5 (G. A. Jamieson and T. J. Greenwalt, eds.), pp. 69–84, Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esnouf, M. P., and Prowse, C. V., 1977, The gamma-carboxy glutamic acid content of human and bovine prothrombin following warfarin treatment, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 490: 471–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esnouf, M. P., Lloyd, P. H., and Jesty, J., 1973, A method for the simultaneous isolation of factor X and prothrombin from bovine plasma, Biochemistry 131: 781.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrand, S. K., and Taber, H. W., 1974, Changes in menaquinone concentration during growth and early sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, J. Bacteriol 117: 324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernlund, P., 1976, γ-Carboxyglutamic acid in human urine, Clin. Chim. Acta 72: 147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernlund, P., Stenflo, J., Roepstorff, R., and Thomsen, J., 1975, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of prothrombin. V. γ-Carboxyglutamic acids, the vitamin K-dependent structures in prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 250: 6125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fieser, L. F., 1939a, Synthesis of 2-methyl-3-phytyl-l,4-naphthoquinone, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 61: 2559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fieser, L. F., 1939b, Identity of synthetic 2-methyl-3-phytyl-l,4-naphthoquinone and vitamin K1, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 2561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fieser, L. F., Tishler, M., and Sampson, W. L., 1941, Vitamin K activity and structure, J. Biol. Chem. 137: 659.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. G., Riedler, G., and Brogli, H., 1967, Dose response and minimal daily requirement for vitamin K in man, J. Appl. Physiol. 23: 387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, P. A., and Shia, M., 1976, Some characteristics of a vitamin K-dependent carboxylating system from rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70: 647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganrot, P. O., and Nilehn, J. E., 1968, Plasma prothrombin during treatment with dicumarol. II. Demonstration of an abnormal prothrombin fraction, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 22: 23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, E. J., 1977, The effect of menadione (MK-o) and its derivatives on the carboxylation of pre-prothrombin in a detergent solubilized rat liver microsomal system, Fed. Proc. 36:307 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gel’man, N. S., Lukoyanova, M. A., and Ostrovskii, D. N., 1967, Respiration and Phosphorylation of Bacteria, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girardot, J.-M., Delaney, R., and Johnson, B. C., 1974, Carboxylation, the completion step in prothrombin biosynthesis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59: 1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girardot, J.-M., Mack, D. O., Floyd, R. A., and Johnson, B. C., 1976, Evidence for vitamin K semi-quinone as the functional form of vitamin K in the liver vitamin K-dependent protein carboxyla-tion reaction, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 70: 655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, J., 1970, Biosynthesis of the fat-soluble vitamins, in: Fat-Soluble Vitamins (R. A. Morton, ed.), pp. 161–221, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, S. R., Houser, R. M., and Olson, R. E., 1974, Ineffectiveness of phylloquinone epoxide as an inhibitor of prothrombin synthesis in the rat, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 61: 250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, G. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1976a, Rat liver prothrombin precursors: Purification of a second, more basic form, Biochemistry 15: 5387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, G. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1976b, Rat prothrombin: Purification characterization, and activation, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176: 650.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. P., Sondergaard, E., and Dam, H., 1956, Intracellular distribution of vitamin K in beef liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 19: 182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griminger, P., 1965, Relative vitamin K potency of two water-soluble menadione analogues, Poultry Sci. 44: 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griminger, P., 1966, Biological activity of the various vitamin K forms, Vitamins Hormones 24: 605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griminger, P., 1971, Nutritional requirements for vitamin K-animal studies, in: The Biochemistry, Assay, and Nutritional Value of Vitamin K and Related Compounds,pp. 39–59, Association of Vitamin Chemists, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillin, M.-C, Aronson, D. L., Bezeaud, A., Ménaché, D., Schlegel, N., and Amar, M., 1977, The purification of human acarboxy prothrombin: Characterization of its derivatives after thrombin cleavage, Thromb. Res. 1: 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadler, M. R., and Shadbolt, R. S., 1975, Novel 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants active against resistant rats, Nature (London) 253: 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadler, M. R., Redfern, R., and Rowe, F. P., 1975, Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide, J. Hyg. Camb. 74: 441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, J. W., and Dallam, R. D., 1968, Isolation of vitamin K from animal tissue, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 123: 514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. S., Wool, I. G., Loraine, J. A., Marrian, G. F., and Thiman, K. V., 1966, Vitamins and Hormones,Vol. 24, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R. S., Munson, P. L., Diczfalusy, E., and Glover, J., 1974, Vitamins and Hormones,Vol. 32, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, K. T., 1958, Study of hydrolysis of urinary metabolites of 2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 97: 848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauschka, P. V., Lian, J. B., and Gallop, P. M., 1975, Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid γ-earboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 3925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauschka, P. V., Reid, M. L., Lian, J. B., Friedman, P. A., and Gallop, P. M., 1976a, Probable vitamin K-dependence of γ-carboxyglutamate formation in bone, Fed. Proc. 35:1354 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauschka, P. V., Friedman, P. A., Traverso, H. P., and Gallop, P. M., 1916b, Vitamin K-dependent γ-carboxyglutamie acid formation by kidney microsomes in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71: 1207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, K., and Baloch, K. H., 1970, Vitamin K deficiency in the elderly, Gerontol. Clin. 12: 10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemker, H. C., and Reekers, P. P. M., 1974, Isolation and purification of proteins induced by vitamin K absence, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 57: 83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemker, H. C., Veltkamp, J. J., Hensen, A., and Loeliger, E. A., 1963, Nature of prothrombin biosynthesis: Preprothrombinaemia in vitamin K-deficiency, Nature (London) 200: 589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemker, H. C., Muller, A. D., and Loeliger, E. A., 1970, Two types of prothrombin in vitamin K deficiency, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 23: 633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksen, A., Christensen, T. B., and Helgeland, L., 1976, On the significance of the carbohydrate moieties of bovine prothrombin for clotting activity, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 421: 348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermodson, M. A., Suttie, J. W., and Link, K. P., 1969, Warfarin metabolism and vitamin K requirement in the warfarin-resistant rat, Am. J. Physiol. 217: 1316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. B., Paul, F., and Johnson, B. C., 1966, Oxygen consumption and NADPH oxidation in microsomes from vitamin K-deficient, warfarin-and dicumarol-treated rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121: 1287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. B., Gaetani, S., Paolucci, A. M., RamaRao, P. B., Alden, R., Ranhotra, G. S., Shah, D. V., Shah, V. K., and Johnson, B. C., 1968, Vitamin K and biosynthesis of protein and prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 243: 3930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, D., 1973, Vitamin Ki absorption by everted intestinal sacs of the rat, Am. J. Physiol. 225: 360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, D., and Rim, E., 1976, Vitamin K2 absorption by rat everted small intestinal sacs, Am. J. Physiol. 231: 415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, D., and Truscott, T. C., 1974a;, Colonic absorption of vitamin K-3, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 83: 648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, D., and Truscott, T. C., 1914b,Mechanism and site of vitamin K-3 small intestinal transport, Am. J. Physiol. 226: 1516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollander, D., Muralidhara, K. S., and Rim, E., 1976, Colonic absorption of bacterially synthesized vitamin K2in the rat, Am. J. Physiol. 230: 251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst, W. F., and Halbrook, E. R., 1933, A “scurvy-like” disease in chicks, Science 77: 354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horth, C. E., McHale, D., Jeffries, L. R., Price, S. A., Diplock, A. T., and Green, J., 1966, Vitamin K and oxidative phosphorylation, Biochem. J. 100: 424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskin, F. C. G., Spinks, J. W. T., and Jaques, L. B., 1954, Urinary excretion products of menadione (vitamin K3), Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 32: 240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hougie, C., Barrow, E. M., and Graham, J. B., 1957, Stuart clotting defect. I. Segregation of an hereditary hemorrhagic state from the heterogeneous group heretofore called “stable factor” (SPCA, proconvertin, factor VII) deficiency, J. Clin. Invest. 36: 485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. B., and Nelsestuen, G. L., 1975, Isolation and characterization of vitamin K-dependent region of bovine blood clotting factor X, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72: 1281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isler, O., and Wiss, O., 1959, Chemistry and biochemistry of the K vitamins, Vitamins Hormones 17: 53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isler, O., Rüegg, R., Chapard-dit-Jean, L. H., Winterstein, A., and Wiss, O., 1958, Synthese und Isolierung von Vitamin K2 und isoprenologen Verbindungen, Helv. Chim. Acta 41: 786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IUPAC-IUB, 1966, IUPAC-IUB—Tentative rules: Nomenclature of quinones with isoprenoid side chains, J. Biol. Chem. 241: 2989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, W. B., and Kaukeinen, D., 1972, Resistance of wild Norway rats in North Carolina to warfarin rodenticide, Science 176: 1343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, W. B., Brooks, J. E., Bowerman, A. M., and Kaukeinen, D. E., 1975, Anticoagulant resistance in Norway rats as found in U.S. cities, Pest Control 43: 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. V., Martinovic, J., and Johnson, B. C., 1971, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of the glycoprotein prothrombin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 43: 1040.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. V., Boyd, C., Martinovic, J., Valkovich, G., and Johnson, B. C., 1972, A new blood protein which increases with vitamin K deficiency, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 148: 431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. F. M., and Olson, R. E., 1972a, Studies of prothrombin biosynthesis in cell-free systems. II. Incorporation of L-[U-14C] leucine into prothrombin by rat liver microsomes and ribosomes, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 3994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. F. M., and Olson, R. E., 1972b, Studies of prothrombin biosynthesis in cell-free systems. Regulation by vitamin K and warfarin of prothrombin biosynthesis in rat liver microsomes, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 4001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. P., Fausto, A., Houser, R. M., Gardner, E. J., and Olson, R. E., 1976, Effect of vitamin K homologues on the conversion of preprothrombin to prothrombin in rat liver microsomes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72: 589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. P., Gardner, E. J., Cooper, T. G., and Olson, R. E., 1977, The species of carbon dioxide utilized in the vitamin K dependent carboxylation of preprothrombin, Fed. Proc. 36:307 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Josso, F., Lavergne, J. M, Gouault, M., Prou-Wartelle, O., and Soulier, J. P., 1968, Differents états moleculaires du facteur II (Prothrombine): Leur etude á l’aide de la staphylocoagulase et d’anticorps anti-facteur II, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 20: 88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josso, F., Lavergne, J. M., and Soulier, J. P., 1970, Les dysprothrombinemies constitutionelles et acquises, Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol. 10: 633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat, H., Stohlman, E. F., and Smith, M. I., 1944, Hypoprothrombinemia induced by administration of indandione derivatives, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 80: 160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karpatkin, M., and Karpatkin, S., 1973, Evidence for a humoral agent capable of raising vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in rabbits, Br. J. Haematol. 24: 553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karrer, P., and Geiger, A., 1939, Vitamin K aus Alfalfa, Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 945.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karrer, P., Geiger, A., Legier, R., Rüegger, A., and Salomon, H., 1939, Über die Isolierung des α-Phyllochinones (Vitamin K aus Alfalfa) sowie über dessen Entdeckungsgeschechter, Helv. Chim. Acta 22: 1464.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, W. J., Jewett, T., and Glueck, H. I., 1971, Role of feeding and vitamin K in hypoprothrombinemia of the newborn, Am. J. Dis. Child. 121: 271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kipfer, R. K., and Olson, R. E., 1970, Reversal by vitamin K of cycloheximide inhibited biosynthesis of prothrombin in the isolated perfused rat liver, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 38: 1041.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisiel, W., Ericsson, L. H., and Davie, E. W., 1976, Proteolytic activation of protein C from bovine plasma, Biochemistry 15: 4893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knauer, T. E., Siegfried, C., Willingham, A. K., and Matschiner, J. T., 1975, Metabolism and biological activity of cis-and trans-phylloquinone in the rat, J. Nutr. 105: 1519.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knauer, T. E., Siegfried, C. M., and Matschiner, J. T., 1976, Vitamin K requirement and the concentration of vitamin K in rat liver, J. Nutr. 106: 1747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, F., Loeliger, A., and Duckert, F., 1951, Experiments on a new clotting factor (factor VII), Acta Haematol. 6: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konishi, T., Baba, S., and Sone, H., 1973, Whole-body autoradiographic study of vitamin K distribution in rat, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 21: 220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koser, S. A., 1968, Vitamin Requirements of Bacteria and Yeast,Thomas, Springfield, Ill. Lev, M., and Milford, A. F., 1971, Vitamin K stimulation of sphingolipid synthesis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45: 358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lev, M., and Milford, A. F., 1973, The 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthetase of Bacteroides melanino-genicus:induction by vitamin K, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 157: 500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lian, J. B., and Prien, E. L., Jr., 1976, γ-Carboxyglutamic acid in the calcium binding matrix of certain kidney stones, Fed. Proc. 35:1763 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, K. P., 1959, The discovery of dicumarol and its sequels, Circulation 19: 97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorusso, D. J., and Suttie, J. W., 1972, Warfarin binding to microsomes isolated from normal and warfarin-resistant rat liver, Mol. Pharmacol. 8: 197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losito, R., Owen, C. A., Jr., and Flock, E. V., 1967, Metabolism of [C14]menadione, Biochemistry 6: 62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losito, R., Owen, C. A., Jr., and Flock, E. V., 1968, Metabolic studies of vitamin K1-14C and menadione-14 in the normal and hepatectomized rats, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 19: 383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., 1970, Vitamin K analogs and mechanisms of action of vitamin K, in: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins (H. F. DeLuca and J. W. Suttie, eds.), pp. 431–436, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and Birnbaum, H., 1969, Vitamin K and coumarin anticoagulants: Dependence of anticoagulant effect on inhibition of vitamin K transport, Science 164: 181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and Chowdhury, M. N. R., 1970, Synthesis of vitamin K1 analogs: A new class of vitamin K1 antagonists, Can. J. Chem. 48: 3957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and Jaeger, V., 1977, Synthesis of clotting factors by a cell-free system from rat liver in response to the addition of vitamin K1 in vitro, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74: 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and MacFarlane, J. A., 1964, The nature of the antagonism between vitamin K and indirect anticoagulants, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 143: 273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and MacFarlane, J. A., 1965, Vitamin K-like and antivitamin K activity of substituted para-benzoquinones, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 147: 130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and MacFarlane, J. A., 1967, Use of a competitive vitamin K antagonist, 2-chloro-3-phytyl-l,4-naphthoquinone, for the study of the mechanism of action of vitamin K and coumarin anticoagulants, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 157: 672.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., and Simmons, E. L., 1967, Failure of actinomycin D to inhibit appearance of clotting activity by vitamin K in vitro, Experientia 23: 421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal, J., MacFarlane, J. A., and McDonald, K. M., 1960, The inhibition of the antidotal activity of vitamin K1 against coumrin anticoagulant drugs by its chloro analogue, Experientia 16: 428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, M., 1964, Resistance to warfarin in the common rat, Nature (London) 203: 778.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacCorquodale, D. W., Cheney, L. C., Binkley, S. B., Holcomb, W. F., McKee, R. W., Thayer, S. A., and Doisy, E. A., 1939, The constitution and synthesis of vitamin K1, J. Biol. Chem. 131: 357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macfarlane, R. G., 1964, Haematology an enzyme cascade in the blood clotting mechanism, and its function as a biochemical amplifier, Nature (London) 202: 498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mack, D. O., Suen, E. T., Girardot, J.-M., Miller, J. A., Delaney, R., and Johnson, B. C., 1976, Soluble enzyme system for vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 3269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macy, L. R., and Winkler, V. W., 1971, Chemistry of vitamin K and its relationship to biological activity, in: The Biochemistry, Assay, and Nutritional Value of Vitamin K and Related Compounds,pp. 61–77, Association of Vitamin Chemists, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, S., 1973, Primary structure studies on thrombin and prothrombin, 1973, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 54: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, S., Sottrup-Jensen, L., Petersen, T. E., Morris, H. R., and Dell, A., 1974, Primary structure of the vitamin K-dependent part of prothrombin, FEBS Lett. 44: 189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, S., Petersen, T. E., Sottrup-Jensen, L., and Claeys, H., 1975, Complete primary structure of prothrombin: Isolation, structure and reactivity of ten carboxylated glutamic acid residues and regulation of prothrombin activation by thrombin, in: Proteases and Biological Control,Vol. 2 (E. Reich, D. B. Rifkin, and E. Shaw, eds.), pp. 123–149, Cold Spring Harbor Conference on Cell Proliferation, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, O. P., 1972a, Atypical prothrombins induced by dicoumarol, Nature (London) New Biol. 239: 59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, O. P., 1972b, Terminal amino acids of normal and dicoumarol-treated prothrombin, Life Sci. 11: 455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, O. P., and Carter, J. R., 1971, Isolation and purification of prothrombin from dicumarol-ized steers, J. Biol. Chem. 246: 2665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, O. P., and Carter, J. R., 1972, Biological and nonbiological activation of normal and dicoumarol-treated prothrombin, 1972, Life Sci. 11: 445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, F. N., 1972a, 2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-4-pyridinol: A new chemical structure for anticoagulant activity, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139: 223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, F. N., 1972b, Potency and coagulation factor effects of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloropyridinol compared to warfarin and its antagonism by vitamin K, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139: 806.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., 1961, Recent investigations on the chemistry and function of vitamin K, in: Ciba Foundation Symposium on Quinones in Electron Transport (G. E. W. Wolstenholme and C. M. O’Connor, eds.), pp. 312–326, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., 1967, Chemistry and function of vitamin K, in: Blood Clotting Enzymology (W. H. Seegers, ed.), pp. 551–575, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., and Esser, H. O., 1958, Über die Konstitution des im Tierkörper aus Methyl Naphtho-chinon gebildenten K-Vitamines, Biochem. Z. 331: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., and Nitz-Litzow, D., 1953, Über den Wirkungsmechanismus des Dicumarols und verwandter Verbindungen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 12: 134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., and Nitz-Litzow, D., 1954, Oxydative Phosphorylierung und Vitamin K Mangel, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 13: 152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martius, C., Burkart, W., and Stalder, R., 1971, On the mechanism of action of vitamin K in vertebrates and bacteria, FEBS Lett. 18: 257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., 1970, Occurrence and biopotency of various forms of vitamin K, in: The FatSoluble Vitamins (H. F. DeLuca and J. W. Suttie, eds.), pp. 377–397, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., 1971, Isolation and identification of vitamin K from animal tissue, in: The Biochemistry, Assay, and Nutritional Value of Vitamin K and Related Compounds,pp. 21–37, Association of Vitamin Chemists, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Amelotti, J. M., 1968, Characterization of vitamin K from bovine liver, J. Lipid Res. 9: 176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Bell, R. G., 1972, Metabolism and vitamin K activity of cisphylloquinone in rats, J. Nutr. 102: 625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Bell, R. G., 1973, Effect of sex and sex hormones on plasma prothrombin and vitamin K deficiency, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144: 316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Taggart, W. V., 1967, Separation of vitamin K and associated lipids by reversed-phase partition column chromatography, Anal. Biochem. 18: 88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Taggart, W. V., 1968, Bioassay of vitamin K by intracardial injection in deficient adult male rats, J. Nutr. 94: 57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Willingham, A. K., 1974, Influence of sex hormones on vitamin K deficiency and epoxidation of vitamin K in the rat, J. Nutr. 104: 660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., Taggart, W. V., and Amelotti, J. M., 1967, The vitamin K content of beef liver, detection of a new form of vitmain K, Biochemistry 6: 1243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., Bell, R. G., Amelotti, J. M., and Knauer, T. E., 1970, Isolation and characterization of a new metabolite of phylloquinone in the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 201: 309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., Zimmerman, A., and Bell, R. G., 1974, The influence of Warfarin on vitamin K epoxide reductase, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. Suppl. 57: 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthes, K. J., 1975, Prothrombin—Relationship between structure, function and vitamin K dependence, Med. Welt 26: 1777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, H., and Isler, O., 1971, Vitamin K group—Chemistry, in: The Vitamins,Vol. III (W. H. Sebrell, Jr., and R. S. Harris, eds.), pp. 418–443, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, W. D., Graham, W. R., and Richardson, F., 1931, The fat-soluble vitamin requirements of the chick. I. The vitamin A and vitamin D content of fish meal and meat meal, Biochem. J. 25: 358.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKee, R. W., Binkley, S. B., MacCorquodale, D. W., Thayer, S. A., and Doisy, E. A., 1939, The isolation of vitamins K1 and K2, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61: 1295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, H. R., Dell, A., Petersen, T. E., Sottrup-Jensen, L., and Magnusson, S., 1976, Mass-spectro-metric identification and sequence location of the ten residues of the new amino acid (γ-carboxy-glutamic acid) in the N-terminal region of prothrombin, Biochem. J. 153: 663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, S. A., and Esnouf, M. P., 1973, The nature of the heterogeneity of prothrombin during dicoumarol therapy, Nature (London) New Biol. 242: 92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, J. J., Jones, J. P., and Olson, R. E., 1973, Isolation and characterization of isoprothrombin in the rat, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 54: 1075.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munns, T. W., Johnston, M. F. M., Liszewski, M. K., and Olson, R. E., 1976, Vitamin K-dependent synthesis and modification of precursor prothrombin in cultured H-35 hepatoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 2803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nardacci, N. J., Jones, J. P., Hall, A. L., and Olson, R. E., 1975, Synthesis of nascent prothrombin and albumin in a heterologous system using rat liver messenger RNA purified on oligo (dT)-cellulose, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64: 51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., and Suttie, J. W., 1971, Properties of asialo and aglycoprothrombin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 45: 198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., and Suttie, J. W., 1972a, The purification and properties of an abnormal prothrombin protein produced by dicoumarol-treated cows: A comparison to normal prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 8176.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., and Suttie, J. W., 1972b, Mode of action of vitamin K: Calcium binding properties of bovine prothrombin, Biochemistry 11: 4961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., and Suttie, J. W., 1972c, The carbohydrate of bovine prothrombin: Partial structural determination demonstrating the presence of α-galactose residues, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 6096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., and Suttie, J. W., 1973, The mode of action of vitamin K: Isolation of a peptide containing the vitamin K-dependent portion of prothrombin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70: 3366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelsestuen, G. L., Zytkovicz, T. H., and Howard, J. B., 1974, The mode of action of vitamin K: Identification of γ-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noonan, S. M., Lorusso, D. J., Barnhart, M. I., and Suttie, J. W., 1974, Warfarin effect on rat liver ultrastructure, RNA content and polysome distribution, Thromb. Diath. Haemorrh. 32: 366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nyquist, S. E., Matschiner, J. T., and Morré, D. J. J., 1971, Distribution of vitamin K among rat liver cell fractions, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 244: 645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, J. P., Miller, L. L., and Troup, S. B., 1966, Synthesis of clotting factors by the isolated perfused rat liver, J. Clin. Invest. 45: 690.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. E., 1964, Vitamin K induced prothrombin formation: Antagonism by actinomycin D, Science 145: 926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. E., 1974, New concepts relating to the mode of action of vitamin K, Vitamins Hormones 32: 483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R. E., Philipps, G., and Wang, N., 1968, The regulatory action of vitamin K, Adv. Enzyme Regulation 6: 213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’reilly, R. A., 1971, Vitamin K in hereditary resistance to oral anticoagulant drugs, Am. J. Physiol. 221: 1327.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’reilly, R. A., 1976, Vitamin K and the oral anticoagulant drugs, Annu. Rev. Med. 27: 245.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, C. A., 1971, Vitamin K group: Deficiency effects in animals and human beings, in: The Vitamins,Vol. III (W. H. Sebrell, Jr., and R. S. Harris, eds.), pp. 470–491, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, C. A., Jr., Magath, T. B., and Bollman, J. L., 1951, Prothrombin conversion factors in blood coagulation, Am. J. Physiol. 166: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paolucci, A. M., Rao, P. B. R., and Johnson, B. C., 1963, Vitamin K deficiency and oxidative phosphorylation, J. Nutr. 81: 17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paolucci, A. M., Gaetani, S., and Johnson, B. C., 1964, Vitamina K e sintesi proteica. I. Sintesi indotta di triptofano pirrolasi in ratti carenti di vitamina K, Quad. Nutr. 24: 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, S. S., and Lowenthal, J., 1962, Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from animals treated with 2-chloro-3-phytyl-l,4-naphthoquinone, an antagonist of vitamin K1, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 8: 107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, M., and Couri, D., 1971, Studies on the site of action of dicumarol on prothrombin biosynthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 237: 348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, M. A., and Couri, D., 1972, Site of inhibition by dicoumarol of prothrombin biosynthesis: Carbohydrate content of prothrombin from dicoumarol-treated rats, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 261: 375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, J. M., and Benson, R., 1975, Congenital malformations associated with the administration of oral anticoagulants during pregnancy, J. Pediatr. 86: 459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poison, J. B., and Wosilait, W. D., 1969, Effect of selected antibiotics on prothrombin time of rats and the relationship to coumarin anticoagulants, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pool, J. G., and Borchgrevink, C. F., 1964, Comparison of rat liver response to coumarin administered in vivoversus in vitro, Am. J. Physiol. 206: 229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pool, J. G., O’Reilly, R. A., Schneiderman, L. J., and Alexander, M., 1968, Warfarin resistance in the rat, Am. J. Physiol. 215: 627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, P. A., Otsuka, A. S., Poser, J. W., Kristaponis, J., and Raman, N., 1976a, Characterization of a γcarboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 1447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, P. A., Poser, J. W., and Raman, N., 1976b, Primary structure of the 7-carboxyglutamic acidcontaining protein from bovine bone, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 3374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prowse, C. V., Mattock, P., Esnouf, M. P., and Russell, A. M., 1976, A variant of prothrombin induced j in cattle by prolonged administration of warfarin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 432: 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prydz, H., 1964, Studies on proconvertin (factor VII). V. Biosynthesis in suspension cultures of rat liver cells, Scan. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 16: 540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pyörälä, K., 1965, Determinants of the clotting factor response to warfarin in the rat, Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 43:Suppl. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quick, A. J., 1937, The coagulation defect in sweet clover disease and in the hemorrhagic chick disease of dietary origin: A consideration of the source of prothrombin, Am. J. Physiol. 118: 260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramasarma, T., 1968, Lipid quinones, Adv. Lipid Res. 6: 107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranhotra, G. S., and Johnson, B. C., 1969, Vitamin K and the synthesis of factors VII-X by isolated rat liver cells, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 132: 509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reekers, P. P. M., Lindhout, M. J., Kop-Klaassen, B. H. M., and Hemker, H. C., 1973, Demonstration of three anomalous plasma proteins induced by vitamin K antagonist, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 317: 559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, P., Laliberte, R. E., and Bell, R. G., 1974, Effects of warfarin, phenylindanedione, tetrachloro-pyridinol, and chloro-vitamin K1 on prothrombin synthesis and vitamin K metabolism in normal and warfarin-resistant rats, Mol. Pharmacol. 10: 373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renk, E., and Stoll, W. G., 1968, Orale antikoagulantien, Progr. Drug Res. 11: 226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rennison, B. D., and Hadler, M. R., 1975, Field trials of difenacoum against Warfarin-resistant infestations of Rattus norvegicus, J. Hyg. Camb. 74: 449.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rez, G., and Prydz, H., 1971, The mode of action of warfarin: An intracellular precursor for factor VII in rat liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 244: 495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rietz, P., Gloor, U., and Wiss, O., 1970, Menachinone aus menschlicher Leber und Faulschlamma, Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 40: 351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, J. A., 1976, The in vivoand in vitrometabolism of vitamin K1 during the synthesis of prothrombin: The significance of the cyclic interconversion of vitamin K1 and its 2,3-epoxide, Ph. D. thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, J. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1974, Mechanism of action of coumarins: Significance of vitamin K epoxide, Biochemistry 13: 3696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, J. A., Esmon, C. T., and Suttie, J. W., 1976, Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: Requirements of the rat liver microsomal enzyme system, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 2770.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, J. A., Schnoes, H. K., and Suttie, J. W., 1977, Vitamin K epoxidase: Properties and relationship to prothrombin synthesis, Biochemistry 16: 3856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasarman, A., Purvis, P., and Portelance, V., 1974, Role of menaquinone in nitrate respiration in Staphylococcus aureus, J. Bacteriol. 117: 911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. L., 1966, Vitamin K in animal nutrition, Vitamins Hormones 24: 633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebrell, W. H., Jr., and Harris, R. S., 1954, The Vitamins,Vol. II, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebrell, W. H., Jr., and Harris, R. S., 1971, The Vitamins,Vol. III, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seegers, W. H., Novoa, E., Henry, R. L., and Hassouna, H. I., 1976, Relationship of “new” vitamin Independent protein C and “old” autoprothrombin II-A, Thromb. Res. 8: 543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seerley, R. W., Charles, O. W., McCampbell, H. C., and Bertsch, S. P., 1976, Efficacy of menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite as a source of vitamin K in swine diets, J. Anim. Sci. 42: 599.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., and Suttie, J. W., 1971, Mechanism of action of vitamin K: Evidence for the conversion of a percursor protein to prothrombin in the rat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., and Suttie, J. W., 1972, The effect of vitamin K and warfarin on rat liver prothrombin concentrations, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 150: 91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., and Suttie, J. W., 1973, The chloro analog of vitamin K: Antagonism of vitamin K action in normal and Warfarin-resistant rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143: 775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., and Suttie, J. W., 1974, The vitamin K-dependent, in vitroproduction of prothrombin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60: 1397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., Tews, J. K., Harper, A. E., and Suttie, J. W., 1978, Metabolism and transport of γ-carboxyglutamic acid, Biochim. Biophys. Acta (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah, D. V., Suttie, J. W., and Grant, G. A., 1973, A rat liver protein with potential thrombin activity: Properties and partial purification, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 159: 483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, M. J., and Barkhan, P., 1973, Studies on the metabolites of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in the urine of man, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 297: 300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, M. J., Barkhan, P., and Webster, G. R., 1970, Absorption and excretion of an oral dose of tritiated vitamin K1 in man, Br. J. Haematol. 18: 297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, M. J., Mallinson, C. N., Webster, G. R., and Barkhan, P., 1972, Clearance from plasma and excretion in urine, faeces and bile of an intravenous dose of tritiated vitamin K1 in man, Br. J. Haematol. 22: 579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, M. J., McBurney, A., and Barkhan, P., 1973, Effect of warfarin anticoagulation on vitamin-K1metabolism in man, Br. J. Haematol. 24: 471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, M. J., McBurney, A., and Barkan, P., 1974, Studies on the absorption and metabolism of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in man, Vitamins Hormones 32: 513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shineberg, B., and Young, I. G., 1976, Biosynthesis of bacterial menaquinones: The membraneassociated 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate octaprenyltransferase of Escherichia coli, Biochemistry 15: 2754.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skotland, T., Holm, T., østerud, B., Flengsrud, R., and Prydz, H., 1974, The localization of a vitamin K-induced modification in an N-terminal fragment of human prothrombin, Biochem. J. 143: 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, P., and Kofler, M., 1966, Physicochemical properties and methods of analysis of phylloquinones, menaquinones, ubiquinones, phosphoquinones, menadione and related compounds, Vitamins Hormones 24: 349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahmann, M. A., Huebner, C. F., and Link, K. P., 1941, Studies on the hemorrhagic sweet clover disease. V. Identification and synthesis of the hemorrhagic agent, J. Biol. Chem. 138: 513.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., 1970, Dicumarol-induced prothrombin in bovine plasma, Acta Chem. Scand. 24: 3762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., 1972, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of prothrombin. II. Structural comparison of normal and dicoumarol-induced bovine prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 8167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., 1973, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of prothrombin. III. Structural comparison of an NH2terminal fragment from normal and from dicoumarol-induced bovine prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., 1974, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of prothrombin. IV. Isolation of peptides containing prosthetic groups from normal prothrombin and the corresponding peptides from dicoumarolinduced prothrombin, J. Biol. Chem. 249: 5527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., 1976, A new vitamin K-dependent protein: Purification from bovine plasma and preliminary characterization, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., and Ganrot, P. O., 1972, Vitamin K and the biosynthesis of prothrombin. I. Identification and purification of a dicoumarol-induced abnormal prothrombin from bovine plasma, J. Biol. Chem. 247: 8160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., and Ganrot, P. O., 1973, Binding of Ca2+ to normal and dicoumarol-induced prothrombin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 50: 98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., and Suttie, J. W., 1977, Vitamin K-dependent formation of γ-carboxyglutamic acid, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46: 157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenflo, J., Fernlund, P., Egan, W., and Roepstorff, P., 1974, Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 2730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., 1967, Control of prothrombin and factor VII biosynthesis by vitamin K, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 118: 166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., 1970, The effect of cycloheximide administration on vitamin K-stimulated prothrombin formation, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141: 571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., 1973a, Mechanism of action of vitamin K: Demonstration of a liver precursor of prothrombin, Science 179: 192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., 1973b, Anticoagulant-resistant rats: Possible control by the use of the chloro analog of vitamin K, Science 180: 741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., 1974, Metabolism and properties of a liver precursor to prothrombin, Vitamins Hormones 32: 463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., and Jackson, C. M., 1977, Prothrombin structure, activation, and biosynthesis, Physiol. Rev. 57: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., Grant, G. A., Esmon, C. T., and Shah, D. V., 1974, Postribosomal function of vitamin K in prothrombin synthesis, Mayo Clin. Proc. 49: 933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suttie, J. W., Hageman, J. M., Lehrman, S. R., and Rich, D. H., 1976, Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: Development of a peptide substrate, J. Biol. Chem. 251: 5827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, W. V., and Matschiner, J. T., 1969, Metabolism of menadione-6,7-3H in the rat, Biochemistry 8: 1141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tai, J. Y., and Liu, T.-Y., 1976, Isolation of a coagulating enzyme from Limulus polyphemus, Fed. Proc. 35: 1486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. D., Millar, G. J., Jaques, L. B., and Spinks, J. W. T., 1956, The distribution of administered vitamin K1-14C in rats, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 34: 1143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tejani, N., 1973, Anticoagulant therapy with cardiac valve prosthesis during pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol. 42: 785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierry, M. J., and Suttie, J. W., 1969, Distribution and metabolism of menadiol diphosphate in the rat, J. Nutr. 97: 512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierry, M. J., and Suttie, J. W., 1971, Effect of warfarin and the chloro analog of vitamin K on phylloquinone metabolism, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 147: 430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thierry, M. J., Hermodson, M. A., and Suttie, J. W., 1970, Vitamin K and warfarin distribution and metabolism in the warfarin-resistant rat, Am. J. Physiol. 219: 854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Buskirk, J. J., and Kirsch, W. M., 1973, Loss of hepatoma ribosomal RNA during warfarin therapy, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 52: 562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer, C., Soute, B. A. M., Govers-Riemslag, J., and Hemker, H. C., 1976, In vitroprothrombin synthesis from a purified precursor protein. I. Development of a bovine liver cell-free system, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 444: 926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Vogeler, E. F., Reinauer, H., and Hollmann, S., 1972, The influence of vitamin K on clotting factors and enzymes with short half lives in rat liver, Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 10: 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, G. C., Kassner, R. J., and Kamen, M. D., 1974, Redox potentials of certain vitamins K: Implications for a role in sulfite reduction by obligately anaerobic bacteria, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin, R., and Prydz, H., 1975, Purification from bovine blood of the warfarin-induced precursor of prothrombin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 62: 398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F., and Wiss, O., 1971, Vitamin K group: Active compounds and antagonists, in: The Vitamins,Vol. III (W. H. Sebrell, Jr., and R. S. Harris, eds.), pp. 457–466, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, F., Wiss, O., and Isliker, H., 1963, Über die Beeinflussung des Serumkomplementes durch Vitamin-K-mangel beim Küken, Experientia 19: 142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willingham, A. K., and Matschiner, J. T., 1974, Changes in phylloquinone epoxidase activity related to prothrombin synthesis and microsomal clotting activity in the rat, Biochem. J. 140: 435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willingham, A. K., Laliberte, R. E., Bell, R. G., and Matschiner, J. T., 1976, Inhibition of vitamin K epoxidase by two non-coumarin anticoagulants, Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 1063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiss, O., and Gloor, H., 1966, Absorption, distribution, storage and metabolites of vitamin K and related quinones, Vitamins Hormones 24: 575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, D. W., 1947, Recent advances in the study of biological competition between structurally related compounds, Physiol. Rev. 27: 308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, D. W., and McCarter, J. R., 1940, Antihemorrhagic compounds as growth factors for the Johne’s bacillus, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 45: 357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wosilait, W. D., 1961, Role of vitamin K in electron transport, Fed. Proc. 20: 1005.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wosilait, W. D., 1966, Effect of vitamin K deficiency on the adenosine nucleotide content of chicken liver, Biochem. Pharmacol. 15: 204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, A., and Matschiner, J. T., 1974, Biochemical basis of hereditary resistance to warfarin in the rat, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 1033.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zytkovicz, T. H., and Nelsestuen, G. L., 1976, γ-Carboxyglutamic acid distribution, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 444: 344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA

    J. W. Suttie

Authors
  1. J. W. Suttie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

    Hector F. DeLuca

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Suttie, J.W. (1978). Vitamin K. In: DeLuca, H.F. (eds) The Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Handbook of Lipid Research, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8870-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8870-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8872-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8870-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation