Abstract
There is an enormous body of evidence indicating that ACh is synthesized and stored in, and released from, motor nerve terminals. Release of ACh from nerve terminals occurs spontaneously in multimolecular amounts (quanta) which can be detected by the resulting depolarization (m.e.p.p.) of the muscle membrane at the end plate. Nerve impulses accelerate quantal release. The quantal nature of release is currently thought to arise because ACh is stored in, and released from, the synaptic vesicles found in great number in nerve terminals (vesical hypothesis). Quantal release is then the release of the contents of vesicles into a synaptic cleft (reviewed by Martin, 1966; Hubbard, 1970, 1973).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adamic, S., 1970, Accumulation of acetylcholine by the rat diaphragm, Biochem. Pharmacol. 19:2445.
Andersson-Cedergren, E., 1959, Ultra-structure of motor end-plate and sarcoplasmic components of mouse skeletal muscle fibre as revealed by three dimensional reconstructions from serial sections, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 1:1.
Baker, P. F., 1972, Transport and metabolism of calcium ions in nerve, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 24:111.
Baker, P. F., Hodgkin, A. L., and Ridgway, E. B., 1971, Depolarization and calcium entry in squid giant axons, J. Physiol. Lond. 218:709.
Bartley, J., Abraham, S., and Chaikoff, I. L., 1965, Concerning the form in which acetyl units produced in mitochondria are transferred to the site of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the cell, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 19:770.
Benoit, P. R., and Mambrini, J., 1970, Modification of transmitter release by ions which prolong the presynaptic action potential, J. Physiol. Lond. 210:681.
Berg, P., 1956a, Acyl adrenylates: An enzyme mechanism of acetate activation, J. Biol. Chem. 222:991.
Berg, P., 1956b, Acyl adrenylates: The synthesis and properties of adrenyl acetate, Biol. Chem. 222:1015.
Betz, W. J., 1970, Depression of transmitter release at neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol. 206:629.
Birks, R. I., 1966, The fine structure of motor nerve endings at frog myoneural junctions, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 135:8.
Birks, R. L., and Cohen, M. W., 1965, Effects of sodium on transmitter release from frog motor nerve terminals, in: Muscle (W. M. Paul, E. E. David, C. M. Kay, and G. Monckton, eds.), pp. 403–420, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Birks, R., and Macintosh, F. C., 1961, Acetylcholine metabolism of a sympathetic ganglion, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 39:787.
Birks, R., Huxley, H. E., and Katz, R., 1960, The fine structure of the neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol. Lond 150:134.
Bligh, J., 1952, The level of free choline in plasma, J. Physiol. Lond. 117:234.
Blioch, Z. L., Glagoleva, I. M., Liberman, E. A., and Nenashev, V. A., 1968, A study of the mechanism of quantal transmitter release at a chemical synapse, J. Physiol. Lond. 199:11.
Boyd, I. A., and Martin, A. R., 1956, Spontaneous subthreshold activity at mammalian neuromuscular junctions, J. Physiol. Lond. 132:61.
Braun, M., and Schmidt, R. F., 1966, Potential changes recorded from the frog motor nerve terminal during its activation, PflĂĽgers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 287:56.
Bunt, A. H., 1969, Formation of coated and synaptic vesicles within neurosecretory axon terminals of the crustacean sinus gland, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 28:411.
Capek, R., Esplin, D. W., and Salehmoghaddam, S., 1971, Rates of transmitter turnover at the frog neuromuscular junction estimated by electrophysiological techniques, J. Neurophysiol. 34:831.
Canepa, F. G., 1964, Acetylcholine quanta, Nature 201:184.
Chang, C. C., and Lee, C., 1970, Studies on the [3H]choline uptake in rat phrenic nervediaphragm preparations, Neuropharmacology 9:223.
Chen, I. L., and Lee, C. Y., 1970, Ultrastructural changes in the motor nerve terminals caused by Ăź bungarotoxin, Virchows Arch. Abt. B. Zellpathol 6:318.
Christensen, B. N., and Martin, A. R., 1970, Estimates of probability of transmitter release at the mammalian neuromuscular junction. J. Physiol. Lond. 210:933.
Clark, A. W., Hurlbut, W. P., and Mauro, A., 1972, Changes in the fine structure of the neuromuscular junction of the frog caused by black widow spider venom, J. Cell Biol. 52:1.
Colomo, F., and Rahamimoff, R., 1968, Interaction between sodium and calcium ions in the process of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 198:203.
Cooke, J. D., Okamoto, K., and Quastel, D. N. J., 1973, The role of calcium in depolarization-secretion coupling at the motor nerve terminal, J. Physiol. 228:459.
Couteaux, R., and Pécot-Dechavassine, M., 1970, Vesicles synaptiques et poches an niveau des “zones actives” de la jonction neuromusculaire, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 271:2346.
Csillik, B., and Bense, S., 1971, Function dependent alterations in the distribution of synaptic vesicles, Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 22:131.
De Duve, C., Wattiaux, R., and Baudhuin, P., 1962, Distribution of enzymes between subcellular fractions in animal tissues, in: Advances in Enzymology, Vol. 24 (R. F. Nord, ed.), pp. 192–358, Interscience, New York.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1954a, Quantal components of the endplate potential, J. Physiol. 124:560.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1954b, Changes in endplate activity produced by presynaptic polarization, J. Physiol. Lond. 124:586.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1954c, Statistical factors involved in neuromuscular facilitation and depression, J. Physiol. Lond. 124:574.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1955a, On the localization of acetylcholine receptors, J. Physiol. Lond. 128:157.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1955b, Local activity at a depolarized nerve-muscle junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 128:396.
Del Castillo, J., and Katz, B., 1956, Biophysical aspects of neuromuscular transmission, Progr. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 6:121.
Dodge, F. A., Jr., and Rahamimoff, R., 1967, Co-operative action of calcium ions in transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 193:419.
Dodge, F. A., Jr., Miledi, R., and Rahamimoff, R., 1969, Strontium and quantal release of transmitter at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 200:267.
Eccles, J. C., and Jaeger, J. C., 1957, The relationship between the mode of operation and the dimensions of the junctional regions at synapses and motor end-organs, Proc. Roy. Soc. Sci. B 148:38.
Eccles, J. C., Katz, B., and Kuffler, S. W., 1941, Nature of the “end-plate potential” in curarized muscle, J. Neurophysiol. 4:363.
Ekstrom, J., and Emmelin, N., 1971, Movement of choline acetyltransferase in axons disconnected from their cell bodies, J. Physiol. Lond. 216:247.
Elmqvist, D., and Quastel, D. M. J., 1965a, Presynaptic action of hemicholinum at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 167:463.
Elmqvist, D., and Quastel, D. M. J., 1965b, A quantitative study of end-plate potentials in isolated human muscle, J. Physiol. Lond. 178:505.
Emmelin, H., and Macintosh, F. C., 1956, The release of acetylcholine from perfused sympathetic ganglia and skeletal muscle, J. Physiol. Lond. 131:477.
Feng, T. P., 1941, Studies on the neuromuscular junction. XXVI. The changes of the end-plate potential during and after the prolonged stimulation, Chin. J. Physiol. 16:341.
Fonnum, F., 1968, Choline acetyltransferase binding to and release from membranes, Biochem. J. 109:389.
Fonnum, F., 1970, Surface charge of choline acetyltransferase from different species, J. Neurochem. 17:1095.
Fonnum, F., Frizell, M., and SjФstrand, J., 1973, Transport, turnover and distribution of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in the vagus and hypoglossal nerves of the rabbit, J. Neurochem. 21:1109.
Frankenhaeuser, B., 1957, The effect of calcium on the myelinated nerve fibre, J. Physiol. Lond. 137:245.
Frizell, M., Hasselgren, P. O., and SjФstrand, J., 1970, Axoplasmic transport of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the vagus and hypoglossal nerve of the rabbit, Exptl. Brain. Res. 10:526.
Gage, P. W., and Hubbard, J. I., 1965, Evidence for a Poisson distribution of miniature end-plate potentials and some implications, Nature 208:395.
Gage, P. W., and Hubbard, J. I., 1966, An investigation of the post-tetanic potentiation of end-plate potentials at a mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 184:353.
Gage, P. W., and Quastel, D. M. J., 1966, Competition between sodium and calcium ions in transmitter release at a mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 185:95.
Glagoleva, I. M., Liberman, E. A., and Khashaev, Z. Kh.-M., 1970, Effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on output of acetylcholine from nerve endings, Biofizika 15:76.
Hagiwara, S., and Saito, N., 1959, Voltage-current relations in nerve cell membrane of Onechidium verruculatum, J. Physiol. Lond. 148:161.
Hagiwara, S., and Tasaki, I., 1958, A study of the mechanism of impulse transmission across the giant synapse of the squid, J. Physiol. Lond. 143:114.
Hebb, C., 1963, Formation, storage and liberation of acetylcholine, in: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents (G. B. Koelle, ed.), pp. 55–88, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Hebb, C. O., and Silver, A., 1961, Gradient of choline acetylase activity, Nature 189:123.
Hebb, C. O., and Waites, G. M. H., 1956, Choline acetylase in antero- and retrograde degeneration of a cholinergic nerve, J. Physiol. Lond. 132:667.
Hebb, C. O., KrnjevĂc, K., and Silver, A., 1964, Acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase in the diaphragm of the rat, J. Physiol. Lond. 171:504.
Heuser, J., and Miledi, R., 1971, Effect of lanthanum ions on function and structure of frog neuromuscular junctions, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 179:247.
Heuser, J., and Reese, T. S., 1972, Stimulation induced uptake and release of peroxidase from synaptic vesicles in frog neuromuscular junctions, Anat. Rec. 172:329.
Hodgkin, A. L., and Katz, B. J., 1949, The effect of sodium ions on the electrical activity of the giant axon of the squid, J. Physiol. Lond. 108:37.
Hodgkin, A. L., and Keynes, R. D., 1957, Movement of labelled calcium in squid giant axons, J. Physiol. Lond. 138:253.
Hubbard, J. I., 1961, The effect of calcium and magnesium on the spontaneous release of transmitter from mammalian motor nerve endings, J. Physiol. Lond. 159:507.
Hubbard, J. I., 1963, Repetitive stimulation at the mammalian neuromuscular junction and the mobilization of transmitter, J. Physiol. Lond. 169:641.
Hubbard, J. I., 1970, Mechanism of transmitter release, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 21:33.
Hubbard, J. I., 1973, Microphysiology of vertebrate neuromuscular transmission, Physiol. Rev. 53:674.
Hubbard, J. I., and Jones, S., 1973, Spontaneous quantal transmitter release: A statistical analysis and some implications, J. Physiol. Lond. 232:1.
Hubbard, J. I., and Kwanbunbumpen, S., 1968, Evidence for the vesicle hypothesis, J. Physiol. Lond. 194:407.
Hubbard, J. I., and Schmidt, R. F., 1963, An electrophysiological investigation of mammalian motor nerve terminals, J. Physiol. London. 166:145.
Hubbard, J. I., and Wilson, D. F., 1973, Neuromuscular transmission in a mammalian preparation in the absence of blocking drugs and the effect of D-tubocurarine, J. Physiol. Lond. 228:307.
Hubbard, J. I., Jones, S. F., and Landau, E. M., 1968a, On the mechanism by which calcium and magnesium affect the spontaneous release of transmitter from mammalian motor nerve terminals, J. Physiol. Lond. 194:355.
Hubbard, J. I., Jones, S. F., and Landau, E. M., 1968b, On the mechanism by which calcium and magnesium affect the release of transmitter by nerve impulses, J. Physiol. Lond. 196:75.
Hubbard, J. I., Jones, S. F., and Landau, E. M., 1971, The effect of temperature change upon transmitter release, facilitation and post-tetanic potentiation, J. Physiol. Lond. 216:591.
Hutter, O. F., and Kostial, K., 1955, The relationship of sodium ions to the release of acetylcholine, J. Physiol. Lond. 129:159.
Israel, M., Gautron, J., and Lesbats, B., 1968, Isolement des vésicules synaptiques de l’organe électrique de la Torpille et localization de l’acetylcholine à leur niveau, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 266:273.
Jenkinson, D. H., 1957, The nature of the antagonism between calcium and magnesium ions at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 138:438.
Jones, S. F., and Kwanbunbumpen, S., 1970, The effects of nerve stimulation and hemicholinium on synaptic vesicles at the mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 207:31.
Kanaseki, T., and Kadota, K., 1969, The vesicle in a “basket”: A morphological study of the coated vesicle fraction isolated from the nerve endings of the guinea pig brain with special reference to the mechanism of membrane movements, J. Cell Biol. 42:202.
Kao, C. T., 1966, Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena, Pharmacol. Rev. 18:997.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1965a, Propagation of electric activity in motor nerve terminals, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 161:453.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1965b, The measurement of synaptic delay, and the time course of acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 161:483.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1965c, The effect of calcium on acetylcholine release from motor nerve endings, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 161:496.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1965d, The effect of temperature on the synaptic delay at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 181:656.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1967a, Tetrodotoxin and neuromuscular transmission, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 167:8.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1967b, The release of acetylcholine from nerve endings by graded electric pulses, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 167:23.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1967c, The timing of calcium action during neuromuscular transmission, J. Physiol. Lond. 189:535.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1968a, The role of calcium in neuromuscular facilitation, J. Physiol. Lond. 195:481.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1968b, The effect of local blockage of motor nerve terminals, J. Physiol. Lond. 199:729.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1969a, Tetrodotoxin-resistant electric activity in presynaptic terminals, J. Physiol. Lond. 203:459.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1969b, Spontaneous and evoked activity of motor nerve endings in calcium Ringer, J. Physiol. Lond. 203:689.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R., 1970, A further study of the role of calcium in synaptic transmission, J. Physiol. Lond. 207:789.
Katz, B., and Miledi, R,, 1972, The statistical nature of the acetylcholine potential and its molecular components, J. Physiol. Lond. 224:665.
Kelly, J. S., 1968, The antagonism of Ca+ + by Na+ and other monovalent ions at the frog neuromuscular junction, Quart. J. Exptl. Physiol. 53:239.
Korneliussen, H., Barstad, J. A. B., and Lilleheil, G., 1972, Vesicle hypothesis, effect of nerve stimulation on the synaptic vesicles of motor endplates, Experientia 28:1055.
Krnjević, K., and Miledi, R., 1959, Presynaptic failure of neuro-muscular propagation in rats, J. Physiol. Lond. 149:1.
Krnjević, K., and Mitchell, J. F., 1961, The release of acetylcholine in the isolated rat diaphragm, J. Physiol. Lond. 155:246.
Kuba, K., and Tomita, T., 1972, Effect of noradrenaline on miniature end-plate potentials and on end-plate potential, J. Theoret. Biol. 36:81.
Kuno, M., Turkanis, S. A., and Weakley, J. N., 1971, Correlation between nerve terminal size and transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol Lond. 213:545.
Landau, E. M., 1969, The interaction of presynaptic polarization with calcium and magnesium in modifying spontaneous transmitter release from mammalian motor nerve terminals, J. Physiol. Lond. 203:281.
Laskowski, M. B., and Thies, R., 1972, Interaction between clacium and barium on the spontaneous release of transmitter from mammalian motor nerve terminals, Internat. J. Neurosci. 4:11.
Lermer, H., 1971, Estimation of quantal content in detubulated nerve-muscle preparation, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth International Congress of Physiology, Vol. 9, German Physiological Society, Munich, p. 344.
Liley, A. W., 1956, The effects of presynaptic polarization on the spontaneous activity at the mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 134:427.
Liley, A. W., and North, K. A. K, 1953, An electrical investigation of effects of repetitive stimulation on mammalian neuromuscular junction, J. Neuro-Physiol. 16:509.
Llinas, R., Blinks, J. R., and Nicholson, C., 1972, Calcium transient in presynaptic terminals of squid giant synapse: Detection with aequorin, Science N. Y. 176:1127.
Longenecker, H. E., Hurlbut, W. P., Mauro, A., and Clark, A. W., 1970, Effects of black widow spider venom on the frog neuromuscular junctions: Effects on endplate potential, miniature endplate potential and nerve terminal spike, Nature 225:701.
Lowenstein, J. M., 1964, in: Oxygen in the Animal Organism (F. Duhens and E. Neil, Eds.), p. 163, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Lundberg, A., and Quilisch, H., 1953, Presynaptic potentiation and depression of neuromuscular transmission in frog and rat, Acta Physiol. Scand. 30: Suppl. III.
Macintosh, F. C., 1959, Formation, storage, and release of acetylcholine at nerve endings, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:343.
Mallart, A., and Martin, A. R., 1967, An analysis of facilitation of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol. Lond. 193:679.
Mallart, A., and Martin, A. R., 1968, The relation between quantum content and facilitation at the neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol. Lond. 196:593.
Martin, A. R., 1955, A further study of the statistical composition of end-plate potential, J. Physiol. Lond. 130:114.
Martin, A. R., 1966, Quantal nature of synaptic transmission, Physiol. Rev. 46:51.
Meiri, U., and Rahamimoff, R., 1971, Activation of transmitter release by strontium and calcium ions at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 215:709.
Miledi, R., 1961, From nerve to muscle, Discovery 22:442.
Mitchell, J. F., and Silver, A., 1963, The spontaneous release of acetylcholine from the denervated hemidiaphragm of the rat, J. Physiol. Lond. 165:117.
Musick, J., and Hubbard, J. I., 1972, Release of protein from mouse motor nerve terminals, Nature 237:279.
Nagasawa, J., Douglas, W. W., and Schulz, R. A., 1970, Ultrastructural evidence of secretion by exocytosis and of a synaptic vesicle formation in posterior pituitary glands, Nature 221:401.
Nickel, E., Vogel, A., and Waser, P. G., 1967, “Coated vesicles” in der Umgebung der neuro muskularen Synapsen, Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 78:261.
Potter, L. T., 1970, Synthesis, storage and release of [14C] acetylcholine in isolated rat diaphragm muscles, J. Physiol. Lond. 206:145.
Rahamimoff, R., 1968, A dual effect of calcium ions on neuromuscular facilitation, J. Physiol. Lond. 195:471.
Rahamimoff, R., and Yaari, Y., 1973, Delayed release of transmitter at the frog neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol. Lond. 228:241.
Rosenthal, J., 1969, Post-tetanic potentiation at the neuromuscular junction of the frog, J. Physiol. Lond. 203:121.
Roth, T. F., and Porter, K. R., 1964, Yolk protein uptake in the oocyte of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L., J. Cell Biol. 20:313.
Saekens, T. K., and Stoll, W. R., 1965, Radiochemical determination of choline and acetylcholine flux from isolated tissue, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 147:336.
Samojloff, A., 1925, Zur Frage des Ăśberganges der Erregung vom motorischen Nerven auf der quergestreiften Muskel, PflĂĽgers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 208:508.
Sheridan, M. N., Whittaker, V. P., and Israel, M., 1966, The subcellular fractionation of the electric organ of Torpedo, Z. Zellforsch. Mikroskop. Anat. 74:291.
Silinsky, E., and Hubbard, J. I., 1973, Release of ATP from rat notor nerve terminals, Nature 243:404.
Sollenberg, J., and Sorbo, B., 1970, On the origin of the acetylcholine in brain studied with a differential labelling technique using 3H-14C-mixed labelled glucose and acetate, J. Neurochem. 17:201.
Straughan, D. W., 1960, The release of acetylcholine from mammalian motor nerve endings, Brit. J. Pharmacol. 15:417.
Takeuchi, A., 1958, The long-lasting depression in neuromuscular transmission of frog, Jap. J. Physiol. 8:102.
Takeuchi, A., and Takeuchi, N., 1962, Electrical changes in the pre- and postsynaptic axons of the giant synapse of Loligo, J. Gen. Physiol. 45:1181.
Thies, R. E., 1965, Neuromuscular depression and apparent depletion of transmitter in mammalian muscle, J. Neurophysiol. 28:427.
Tucek, S., 1967, Observations on the subcellular distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the brain tissue of mammals and comparison of acetylcholine synthesis from acetate and citrate in homogenates and nerve ending fractions, J. Neurochem. 14:519.
Tucek, S., 1968, Motor nerve and the activity of choline acetyltransferase in the skeletal muscle, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 170:457.
Tucek, S., and Cheng, S.-C., 1970, Precursors of acetyl groups in acetylcholine in the brain in vivo, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 208:538.
Wallach, M. B., Goldberg, A. M., and Shideman, F. E., 1967, The synthesis of labelled acetylcholine by the isolated cat heart and its release by vagal stimulation, Internat. J. Neuropharmacol. 6:317.
Weinrich, D., 1971, Ionic mechanism of post-tetanic potentiation at neuromuscular junction of frog, J. Physiol. Lond. 212:431.
Werman, R., 1971, The number of receptors for calcium ions at the nerve terminals of one endplate, Comp. Gen. Pharmacol. 2:129.
Whittaker, V. P., 1965, The application of subcellular fractionation techniques to the study of brain function, Progr. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 15:39.
Whittaker, V. P., 1970, The vesicle hypothesis, in: Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms (P. Anderson and J. K. S. Jansen, eds.), pp. 66–76, Universitetforslaget, Oslo.
Whittaker, V. P., 1971, Origin and function of synaptic vesicles, Ann. NY, Acad. Sci. 183:21.
Zacks, S. I., and Saito, A., 1969, Uptake of exogenous horseradish peroxidase by coated vesicles in mouse neuromuscular junctions, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17:161.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hubbard, J.I. (1974). Neuromuscular Transmission—Presynaptic Factors. In: Hubbard, J.I. (eds) The Peripheral Nervous System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8701-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8699-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive