Abstract
The mycotoxins are naturally-produced toxic fungal metabolites appearing in food and feed. The differences existing between the antibiotics and the mycotoxins are related to the relative toxicity to the host versus the pathogenic bacteria resident in the host. Mycotoxin residues appear in foods and feeds through natural events over which man may not have full control, or may be present because people fail to exercise and use fully the known control procedures available. By contrast, the economic poisons such as insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, or drugs generate a residue problem following a deliberate act of man to achieve a useful purpose.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allcroft, R.: Aflatoxicosis in farm animals. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Allcroft, R., and G. Lewis: Groundnut (meal) toxicity in cattle: Experimental poison¬ing of calves and a report on clinical effects in older cattle. Vet. Record 75, 487 (1963).
Allcroft, R., and B. A. Roberts: Toxic groundnut meal: The relationship between aflatoxin Bt intake by cows and excretion of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Vet Record 82, 116 (1968 a).
Allcroft, R. B. A. Roberts, and M. K. Lloyd: Excretion of aflatoxin in a laetatmg cow. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 6, 619 (1968 b).
Allcroft, R., H. Rogers, G. Lewis, J. Nabney, and P. E. Best: Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep: Excretion of the “milk toxin.” Nature 209, 154 (1966).
Andrellos, P. J., and G. R. Reid: Confirmatory tests for aflatoxin BI. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 47, 801 (1964).
Annau, E., A. H. Corner, S. E. Magwood, and K. Jericho: Electrophoretic and chemical studies on sera of swine following the feeding of toxic groundnut meal. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 28, 264 (1964).
Armbrecht, B. H., G. W. Bierbower, and P. C. Underwood: Experimental aflatoxieosis in Peking White ducklings and coturnix quail. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 7, 478, Abstr. 3 (1965).
Armbrecht, B. H., and O. G. Fitzhugh: Mycotoxins. II. The biological assay of aflatoxins in Peking White ducklings. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 6, 421 (1964).
Armbrecht, B. H., F. A. Hodges, H. R. Smith, and A. A. Nelson: Mycotoxins. I. Studies on aflatoxin derived from contaminated peanut meal and certain strains of Aspergillus flavus. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 46, 805 (1963).
Armbrecht, B. H., W. T. Shalkop, J. N. Geleta, and H. G. Wiseman: Swine feeding studies. Proc. 1967, Mycotoxin Research Seminar, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., June 8–9 (1967).
Armbrecht, B. H. W. T. Shalkop, L. D. Rollins, A. E. Pohland, and L. Stoloff: Acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in wethers. Nature 225, 1062 (1970).
Armbrecht, B. H. W. T. Shalkop, H. G. Wiseman, J. E. Jackson, and H. E. Zimmerman, Jr.: The effects produced in brood sows by feeding aflatoxin. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 14, 649 (1969).
Arseculeratne, S. N., L. M. De Silva, S. Wijesundera, and C. H. S. R. Bandunatha: Coconut as a medium for the experimental production of aflatoxin. Applied Microbiol. 18, 88 (1969).
Ashley, L. M.: Histopathology of rainbow trout aflatoxieosis. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 103 (1967).
Ashworth, L. J., Jr., J. L. Mcmeans, and C. M. Brown: Infection of cotton by Aspergillus flavus; Epidemiology of the disease. J. Stored Prod. Research 5, 193 (1969).
Ashworth, L. J. Jr., J. L. Mcmeans, B. R. Houston, M. E. Whitten, and C. M. Brown: Fungal activity, free fatty acids, and aflatoxins in California cottonseed at harvest and during the seed receiving and storage season of 1967–1968. J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 48, 129 (1971).
Ashworth, L. J. Jr., J. L. Mcmeans, J. L. Pyle, C. M. Brown, J. W. Osgood, and R. E. Ponton: Aflatoxins in cottonseeds: Influence of weathering on toxin content of seeds and on a method for mechanically sorting seeds lots. Phytopathol. 58, 102 (1968).
Asplin, F. D., and R. B. A. Carnaghan: The toxicity of certain groundnut meals for poultry with special reference to their effect in ducklings and chickens. Vet. Record 73, 1215 (1961).
Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Official Methods of Analysis, 11th Ed. Washington, D. C. (1970).
Bamberg, J. R., F. M. Strong, and E. B. Smalley: Toxins from moldy cereals. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 443 (1969).
Barber, R. S., R. Braxjde, K. G. Mitchell, J. D. J. Harding, G. Lewis, and R. M. Loosmore: The effects of feeding toxic groundnut meal to growing pigs and its interaction with high copper diets. Brit. J. Nutr. 22, 535 (1968).
Barger, G.: Ergot and ergotism, a monograph. London: Gurney and Jackson (1931).
Bassir, O., and F. Osiyemi: Biliary excretion of aflatoxin in the rat after a single dose. Nature 215, 882 (1967).
Bauer, D. H., D. J. Lee, and R. O. Sinnhuber: Acute toxicity of aflatoxins BI and Gi in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 15, 415 (1969).
Belay, V. I. (ed.): Mycotoxicoses of man and agricultural animals. JPRS 7434, Dec. 28 (1960).
Blatchford, S. M., and D. W. Hall: Methods of drying groundnuts. I. Natural methods. Trop. Sci. 5, 6 (1963 a).
Blatchford, S. M. D. W. Hall II. Artificial methods. Trop. Sci. 5, 82 (1963 b).
Blount, W. P., D. Mck. Fraser, D. Knight, and W. M. Dowling: The use of ducklings for the detection of aflatoxin. Vet. Record 75, 35 (1963).
Bodnár, M., M. Dormán, B. Juhász, and B. Szegedi: Experiments with aflatoxin- containing pig feeds (translated title). Magy. Állatory. Lap. 20, 390 (1965).
Boller, R. A., and H. W. Schroeder: Aflatoxin-producing potential of Aspergillus flavus-oryzae isolates from rice. Cereal Sci. Today 11, 342 (1966).
Booth, A. N.: Review of the biological effects of aflatoxins on swine, cattle and poultry. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 46, Abstr. 154 (1969).
Brewington, C. R., J. L. Weihrauch, and C. L. Ogg: Survey of commercial milk samples for aflatoxin M. J. Dairy Sci. 53, 1509 (1970).
Brown, J. M. M., and L. Abrams: Biochemical studies on aflatoxicosis. Onder- stepoort J. Vet. Research 32, 119 (1965).
Bücm, G., D. M. Faulkes, M. Kurono, and G. F. Mitchell: The total synthesis of raeemic aflatoxin Bi. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 88, 4534 (1966).
Bullerman, L. B., and J. C. Ayres: Aflatoxin-producing potential of fungi isolated from cured and aged meat. Applied Microbiol. 16, 1943 (1968).
Butler, W. H.: Acute liver injury in ducklings as a result of aflatoxin poisoning. J. Path. Bact. 88, 189 (1964).
Butler, W. H., and J. I. Clifford: Extraction of aflatoxin from rat liver. Nature 206, 1045 (1965).
Campbell, A. D., and J. T. Funkhouser: Collaborative study on the analysis of aflatoxins in peanut butter. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 730 (1966).
Cardeilhac, P. T., E. C. Schroeder, J. T. Perdomo, G. E. Combs, and G. T. Edds: Stunted pigs from sows fed crude aflatoxins. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 17, 548 (1970).
Carnaghan, R. B. A.: Hepatic tumors in ducks fed a low level of toxic groundnut meal. Nature 208, 308 (1965).
Carnaghan, R. B. A., G. Lewis, D. S. P. Patterson, and R. Allcroft: Biochemical and pathological aspects of groundnut poisoning in chickens. Path. Vet. 3, 601 (1966).
Chen, S., and L. Friedman: Aflatoxin determination in seed meal. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 28 (1966).
Christensen, C. M.: Germinability of seeds free of and invaded by storage fungi. Proc. Assoc. Official Seed Analysts 57, 141 (1967).
Clegg, F. G., and H. Bryson: An outbreak of poisoning in store cattle attributed to Brazilian groundnut meal. Vet. Record 74, 992 (1962).
Cottier, G. J., C. H. Moore, U. L. Diener, and N. D. Davis: Aflatoxin studies with White Rock chickens. Poultry Sci. 47, 1663 (1968).
Cottier, G. J. C. H. Moore U. L. Diener N. D. Davis The effect of feeding four levels of aflatoxin on hatchability and subsequent performance of broilers. Poultry Sci. 48, 1797 (1969).
Cysewski, S. J., A. C. Pier, G. W. Engstrom, J. L. Richard, R. W. Dougherty, and J. R. Thurston: Clinical pathologic features of acute aflatoxicosis of swine. Amer. J. Vet. Research 29, 1577 (1968).
Dalezios, J., G. N. Wogan, and S. Weinreb: Aflatoxin PI: A new aflatoxin metabolite in monkeys. Science 171, 584 (1971).
Deiongh, H., R. K. Beerthuis, R. O. Vles, C. B. Barrett, and W. O. Ord: Investigation of the factor in groundnut meal responsible for “turkey X disease.” Biochim. Biophys. Acta 65, 548 (1962).
Deiongh, H., R. O. Vles, and J. G. Van Pelt: Milk of mammals fed an aflatoxin-containing diet. Nature 202, 466 (1964).
Denault, L. J., and L. A. Underkofler: A method for the detection and estimation of aflatoxin in fungal fermentation products. Cereal Chem. 44, 1 (1967).
Dickens, J. W.: Survey of aflatoxin in farmers’ stock peanuts marketed in North Carolina during 1964–1966. Proc. 1967 Mycotoxin Research Seminar, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., June 8–9 (1967 a).
Dickens, J. W., and R. E. Welty: Detecting farmers’ stock peanuts containing aflatoxin by examining for visible growth of Aspergillus flavus. Proc. 1967 Mycotoxin Research Seminar, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., June 8–9 (1967 b).
Diener, U. L., and N. D. Davis: Limiting temperature and relative humidity for growth and production of aflatoxin and free fatty acids by Aspergillus flavus in sterile peanuts. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 44, 259 (1967).
Diener, U. L. N. D. Davis Aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Dollar, A. M., E. A. Smucker, and R. C. Simon: Etiology and epidemiology of trout hepatoma. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 1 (1967).
Duthie, I. F., M. C. Lancaster, J. Taylor, E. B. Lomax, and H. M. Clarkson: Toxic groundnut meal in feeds for pigs. II. The effect of consuming groundnut meal during part of the growing period or during the finishing period. Vet. Record 82, 427 (1968).
Duthie, I. F. M. C. Lancaster J. Taylor, D. C. Thomas, C. A. Shacklady, P. H. Attfield, and E. Fuller-Lewis: Toxic groundnut meal in feeds for pigs. I. A trial made at two laboratories with pigs from about 40 to 200 lb. live-weight fed to a restricted scale. Vet. Record 79, 621 (1966).
Dutton, M. F., and J. G. Heathcote: TWO new hydroxy aflatoxins. Biochem. J. 101, 21 (1966).
Dutton, M. F. J. G. Heathcote The structure, biochemical properties and origin of the aflatoxins B2a and G2a. Chem. & Ind. (London) 1968, 418 (1968).
Eppley, R. M.: A versatile procedure for assay and preparatory separation of aflatoxins from peanut products. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 49, 1218 (1966).
Eppley, R. M., L. Stoloff, and A. D. Campbell: Collaborative study of “a versatile procedure for assay of aflatoxins in peanut products,” including preparatory separation and confirmation of identity. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 67 (1968).
Feuell, A. J.: Types of mycotoxins in foods and feeds. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Fischbach, H.: Report of the joint AOAC-AOCS Aflatoxin Committee. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 970 (1969).
Fischbach, H. Report of the joint AOAC-AOCS-AACC committee on mycotoxins. 84th Annual Meeting AOAC, Oct. 12–15, Washington, D. C. (1970).
Fishbein, L., and H. L. Falk: Chromatography of mold metabolites. I. Aflatoxins, ochratoxins and related compounds. Chromatog. Rev. 12, 42 (1970).
Florentin, E. R., G. J. Cottier, U. L. Diener, and N. D. Davis: The effects of aflatoxin on different breeds and crosses of chickens. Poultry Sci. 48, 1807 (1969).
Frank, H. K.: Diffusion of aflatoxins in foodstuffs. J. Food Sci. 33, 98 (1968).
Gagne, W. E., L. Dungworth, and J. E. Moulton: Pathologic effects of aflatoxin in pigs. Pathol. Vet. 5, 370 (1968).
Garrett, W. N., H. Heitman, Jr., and A. N. Booth: Aflatoxin toxicity in beef cattle. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 127, 188 (1968).
Gumbmann, M. R., and S. N. Williams: Biochemical effects of aflatoxin in pigs. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 15, 393 (1969).
Hald, B., and P. Krogh: Occurrence of aflatoxins in imported cotton seed products. Nord. Vet. Med. 22, 39 (1970).
Halver, J. E.: Aflatoxicosis and trout hepatoma. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Halver, J. E., L. M. Ashley, and R. R. Smith: Aflatoxicosis in Coho salmon. NCI Monographs No. 21, 141 (1969).
Hanssen, E., and G. Hagedorn: Occurrence and penetration of aflatoxin BI in foodstuffs and the effect of some technical processing on it. Z. Lebensm.- Untersuch. 141, 129 (1969).
Harding, J. D. J., J. T. Done, G. Lewis, and R. Allcroft: Experimental groundnut poisoning in pigs. Res. Vet. Sei. 4, 217 (1963).
Harkness, C., D. Mcdonald, W. C. Stonebridge, J. A’Brook, and H. S. Darling: The problem of mycotoxins in groundnuts (peanuts) and other food crops of tropical Africa. Food Technol. 20, 72 (1966).
Heathcote, J. G., and M. F. Dutton: New metabolites of Aspergillus flavus. Tetrahedron 25, 1497 (1969).
Hesseltine, C. W., O. L. Shotwell, M. L. Smith, G. M. Shannon, E. E. Vandegraft, and M. L. Goulden: Laboratory studies on the formation of aflatoxin in forages. Mycologia 60, 304 (1968).
Hesseltine, C. W., W. G. Sorenson, and M. Smith: Taxonomic studies on the aflatoxin-producing strains in the Aspergillus flavus group. Mycologia 62, 123 (1970).
Hintz, H. F., A. N. Booth, A. F. Cucullu, H. K. Gardner, and J. Heitman, Jr: Aflatoxin toxicity in swine. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 124, 266 (1967 b).
Hintz, H. F., H. Heitman, Jr., A. N. Booth, and W. E. Gagne: Effects of aflatoxin on reproduction in swine. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 126, 146 (1967 a).
Hodges, F. A., J. R. Zust, H. R. Smith, A. A. Nelson, B. H. Armbrecht, and A. D. Campbell: Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin isolated from Penicillium puberulum. Science 145, 1439 (1964 a).
Hodges, R., P. H. Mortimer, and J. D. Smith: Toxic groundnuts offered for human consumption in New Zealand. N. Zealand Vet. J. 12, 19 (1964 b).
Holzapfel, C. W., P. S. Steyn, and I. F. H. Purchase: Isolation and structure of aflatoxins M1 and M2. Tetrahedron Letters No. 25, 2799 (1966).
Horrocks, D., A. W. A. Burt, D. C. Thomas, and M. C. Lancaster: Effects of groundnut meal containing aflatoxin in cattle diets. Animal Prod. 7, 253 (1965).
Jacobson, W. C., W. C. Harmeyer, and H. G. Wiseman: Determination of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in milk. J. Dairy Sei. 52, 881, Abstr. M 11 (1969).
Jacobson, W. C. W. C. Harmeyer H. G. Wiseman Determination of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in milk. J. Dairy Sei. 54, 21 (1971).
Joffe, A. Z.: Toxin production by cereal fungi causing toxic alimentary aleukia in man. In G. N. Wogan, ed.: Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press (1964).
Johnson, R. M., W. T. Greenaway and C. Golumbic: Sampling stored corn for aflatoxin assay. Cereal Sei. Today 14, 25 (1969 a).
Johnson, R. M. W. T. Greenaway, and W. P. Dolan: Estimation of aflatoxin in corn by “dockage” assay. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1304 (1969 b).
Kensler, C. J., and D. J. Natoli: Processing to ensure wholesome products. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Kjnoshtta, R., and T. Shikata: On toxic moldy rice. In G. N. Wogan, ed.: Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press (1965).
Köhler, H.: Zur Pathogenese der Leberzirrhose bei Enten nach Intoxikation mit Erdnutzschrot. Wein Tierärztl. Mschr. 53, 375 (1963).
Kratzer, F. H., D. Bandy, M. Wiley, and A. N. Booth: Aflatoxin in poultry. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med. 131, 1281 (1969).
Krogh, P., and B. Hald: Occurrence of aflatoxin in imported groundnut products. Nord. Vet. Med. 21, 398 (1969).
Krogh, P., and E. Hasselager: Studies on fungal nephrotoxicity. Arsskr. K. Vet- Landbokojsk, p. 198 (1968).
Lancaster, M. C., F. P. Jenkins, and J. Mcl. Phelp: Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts. Nature 192, 1095 (1961).
Landers, K. E., N. D. Davis, and U. L. Diener: Influence of atmospheric gases on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts. Phytopathol. 57, 1086 (1967).
Lee, J. L., and E. H. Marth: Formation of aflatoxin in cheddar cheese by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Dairy Sci. 50, 1708 (1967).
Levi, C. P.: Collaborative study on a method for detection of aflatoxin Bi in green coffee beans. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1300 (1969).
Levi, C. P., and E. Borker: Survey of green coffee for potential aflatoxin contamination. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 600 (1968).
Lewis, G., L. M. Markson, and R. Allcroft: The effect of feeding toxic groundnut meal to sheep over a period of five years. Vet. Record 80, 312 (1967).
Lillard, H. S., R. T. Hanlin, and D. A. Lillard: Aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus from pecans. Applied Microbiol. 19, 128 (1970).
Lillehoj, E. B., and A. Ciegler: Biological activity of aflatoxin B2a. Applied Microbiol. 17, 516 (1969).
van der Linde, J. A., A. M. Frens, H. Deiongh, and R. O. Vles: Inspection of milk from cows fed groundnut meal containing aflatoxin. Tijdschr. Dier- geneesk 89, 1082 (1964).
Ling, K. H., C. M. Tung, I. Sheh, J. J. Wang, and T. Tung: Aflatoxin B, in unrefined peanut oil and peanut products in Taiwan. J. Formosan Med. Assoc. 67, 309 (1968).
Loosmore, R. M., and L. M. Markson: Poisoning of cattle by Brazilian groundnut meal. Vet. Record 73, 813 (1961).
Lukefahr, M. J., and D. E. Martin: Evaluation of damage to lint and seed of cotton caused by the pink bollworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 710 (1963).
Lynch, G. P., and N. M. Jacoby: Aflatoxin-induced serum enzyme changes in calves. J. Animal Sci. 27, 1512 (1968).
Lynch, G. P., G. C. Todd, W. T. Shalkop, and L. A. Moore: Responses of dairy cattle to aflatoxin-contaminated feed. J. Dairy Sci. 53, 63 (1970).
Magwood, S. E., E. Annau, and A. H. Corner: Induced tolerance in turkeys to aflatoxin poisoning. Can. J. Comp. Med. 28, 17 (1966).
Marsh, P. B., M. E. Simpson, R. J. Ferretti, T. C. Campbell, and J. Donoso: Relation of aflatoxin in cottonseeds at harvest to fluorescence in the fiber. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 462 (1969 b).
Marsh, P. B. M. E. Simpson R. J. Ferretti, G. V. Merola, J. Donoso, G. O. Craig, M. W. Truckness, and P. S. Work: Mechanism of formation of a fluorescence in cotton fiber associated with aflatoxins in the seeds at harvest. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 468 (1969 a).
Masri, M. S., V. C. Garcia, and J. R. Page: The aflatoxin M content of milk from cows fed known amounts of aflatoxin. Vet. Record 84, 146 (1969 b).
Masri, M. S., R. E. Lundin, J. R. Page, and V. C. Garcia: Crystalline aflatoxin M1 from urine and milk. Nature 215, 753 (1967).
Masri, M. S., J. R. Page, and V. C. Garcia: Analysis for aflatoxin M in milk: modification of method for aflatoxin M. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 594 (1968) and 52, 3 (1969).
Mayne, R. Y., G. A. Harper, A. O. Fram, L. S. Lee, and L. A. Goldblatt: Retardation of the elaboration of aflatoxin in cottonseed by impermeability of the seedcoats. Crop Sci. 9, 147 (1969).
Mayor, O. Y.: Histopathologic aids to the diagnosis of certain poultry diseases. Vet. Bull. 38, 273 (1968).
Murakami, H., H. Sagawa, and S. Takase: Non-production of aflatoxin by Japanese industrial strains of the Aspergillus. III. Common characteristics of the aflatoxin-producing strains. J. Gen. Applied Microbiol. 14, 251 (1968).
Nabney, J., M. B. Burbage, R. Allcroft, and G. Lewis: Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 4, 475 (1966).
Nabney, J. M. B. Burbage R. Allcroft G. Lewis Metabolism of aflatoxin in sheep: Excretion pattern in the lactating ewe. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 5, 11 (1967).
National Peanut Council, Washington, D. C. 20036. Voluntary code of good practices, Aug. (1970).
Nesheim, S.: Mycotoxins: Studies of the rapid procedure for aflatoxin in peanuts, peanut meal, and peanut butter. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 47, 1010 (1964).
Nesheim, S., D. Banes, L. Stoloff, and A. D. Campbell: Note on aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and peanut products. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 47, 586 (1964).
Newberne, P. M., and W. H. Butler: Acute and chronic effects of aflatoxin on the liver of domestic and laboratory animals: A review. Cancer Research 29, 236 (1969).
Newberne, P. M., G. N. Wogan, and A. Hall III: Effects of dietary modifications on response of the duckling to aflatoxin. J. Nutr. 90, 123 (1966).
Parrish, F. W., B. J. Wiley, E. G. Simmons, and L. Long, Jr.: A survey of some species of Aspergillus and Penicillium for production of aflatoxins and kojic acid. Rept. No. 20, 1–21, Microbiology Series, U. S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Mass. (1965).
Patterson, D. S. P., and R. Allcroft: Metabolism of aflatoxin in susceptible and resistant animal species. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 8, 43 (1970).
Pettit, R. E., and R. A. Taber: Factors influencing aflatoxin accumulation in peanut kernels and the associated mycoflora. Applied Microbiol. 16, 1230 (1968).
Platinow, N.: Investigation of the possibility of the presence of aflatoxin in meat and liver of chickens fed toxic groundnut meal. Vet. Record 77, 1028 (1965).
Pohland, A. E., M. E. Cushmac, and P. J. Andrellos: Aflatoxin BI hemiacetal J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 907 (1968).
Pons, W. A., Jr.: Collaborative study on the determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 61 (1969).
Pons, W. A., A. F. Cucullu, A. O. Franz, and L. A. Goldblatt: Improved objective fluorodensitometrie determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 45, 694 (1968).
Pons, W. A., and L. A. Goldblatt: Physicochemical assay of aflatoxins. In L. A. Goldblatt, ed.: Aflatoxins. New York: Academic Press (1969).
Prohäszka, L., and S. Juhäsz: Persistent anisotropy in the livers of ducklings with aflatoxin poisoning. Avian Diseases 11, 130 (1967).
Purchase, I. F. H., and M. Steyn: Estimation of aflatoxin M in milk. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 363 (1967).
Purchase, I. F. H., and L. J. Vorster: Aflatoxin in commercial milk samples. S. Afr. Med. J. 42, 219 (1968).
Raimo, H. F., R. Correa, and B. M. Deandrade: Toxic effect of peanut meal produced in Säo Paulo for poultry and other fowl (translated title). Bol. de Indus. Anim. 20, 361 (1962).
Richert, D. A., and W. W. Westerfield: Effect of casein and soy protein on the growth of ducklings. J. Nutr. 86, 17 (1965).
Richer, C., J. Toury, M. Martineaud, and H. Dupin: Observations on fungal intoxications in ducklings. Nutritio et Dieta 6, 229 (1964).
Salmon, W. D., and P. M. Newberne: Occurrence of hepatomas in rats fed diets containing peanut meal as a major source of protein. Cancer Research 23, 571 (1963).
Sargeant, K., R. B. A. Carnaghan, and R. Allcroft: Toxic products in groundnuts. Chemistry and origin. Chem. & Ind., p. 53 (1963).
Sargeant, K., A. Sheridan, J. O’Kelly, and R. B. A. Carnaghan: Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts. Nature 192, 1096 (1961).
Scarpelli, D. G.: Ultrastructural and biochemical observations on trout hepatoma. Trout Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 60 (1967).
Schabort, J. C., and M. Steyn: Substrate and phenobarbital inducible aflatoxin-4- hydroxylation and aflatoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 2241 (1969).
Schroeder, H. W., and L. J. Ashworth, Jr.: Aflatoxins in Spanish peanuts in relation to pod and kernel conditions. Phytopathol. 55, 464 (1965).
Schroeder, H. W. L. J. Ashworth, Jr. Aflatoxins: Some factors affecting production and location of toxins in Aspergillus flavus-oryzae. J. Stored Prod. Research 1, 267 (1966).
Schroeder, H. W., P. A. Boller, and H. Hein, Jr.: Reduction in aflatoxin contamination of rice by milling procedures. Cereal Chem. 45, 574 (1968).
Scott, P. M.: Note on analysis of aflatoxins in green coffee. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 609 (1968).
Serck-Hanssen, A.: Aflatoxin-induced fatal hepatitis. Arch. Environ. Health 20, 729 (1970).
Shalkop, W. T., J. N. Geleta, B. H. Armbrecht, and H. G. Wiseman: Experimental aflatoxicosis in feeder pigs. 71st Ann. Meeting, U. S. Livestock Sanitary Assoc., p. 265 (1967).
Shank, R. C., and G. N. Wogan: Distribution and excretion of C14 labeled aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Fed. Proc., Fed. Amer. Soc. Expt. Biol. 24, 627 (1965).
Shih, C. N., and E. H. Marth: Aflatoxins not recovered from commercial mold- ripened cheeses. J. Dairy Sci. 52, 1681 (1969).
Shotwell, O. L., C. W. Hesseltine, H. R. Burmeister, W. F. Kwolek, G. M. Shannon, and H. H. Hall: Survey of cereal grains and soybeans for the presence of aflatoxin. I. Wheat, grain sorghum, and oats. Cereal Sci. 46, 446 (1969 a).
Shotwell, O. L. C. W. Hesseltine H. R. Burmeister W. F. Kwolek G. M. Shannon H. H. Hall Survey of cereal grains and soybeans for the presence of aflatoxin. II. Corn and soybeans. Cereal Sci. 46, 454 (1969 b).
Shotwell, O. L. C. W. Hesseltine M. L. Goulden, and E. E. Vandegraft: Survey of corn for aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin. Cereal Chem. 47, 700 (1970).
Shotwell, O. L. C. W. Hesseltine, R. D. Stubblefield, and W. G. Sorenson: Production of aflatoxin on rice. Applied Microbiol. 14, 425 (1966).
Simon, R. C., A. M. Dollar, and E. A. Smucker: Descriptive classification on normal and altered histology of trout livers. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 18 (1967).
Sims, W. M., Jr., D. C. Kelley, and P. E. Sanford: A study of aflatoxicosis in laying hens. Poultry Sci. 49, 1082 (1970).
Sinnhuber, R. O.: Aflatoxin in cottonseed meal and liver cancer in rainbow trout. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 48 (1967).
Sinnhuber, R. O., D. J. Lee, J. H. Wales, M. K. Landers, and A. C. Keyl: Aflatoxin Mi, a potent liver carcinogen for rainbow trout. Fed. Proc., Fed. Amer. Soc. Exptl. Biol. 29, (2), Abstract 1800 (1970).
Sisk, D. B., W. W. Carlton, and T. M. Curtin: Experimental aflatoxicosis in young swine. Amer. J. Vet. Research 29, 1591 (1968).
Smalley, E. B.: Development of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin in forages and silage. U. S. Department of Agriculture Contract 12–14-100–8896 (1970).
Smith, J. W., and P. B. Hamilton: Aflatoxicosis in broiler chicken. Poultry Sci. 49, 207 (1970).
Snow, D., M. H. G. Crichton, and N. C. Wright: Mold deterioration of feeding-stuffs in relation to humidity storage. II. The water uptake of feed- stuffs at different humidities. Ann. Applied Biol. 31, 111 (1944).
Stoloff, L.: Report on mycotoxins (for 1969). J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 330 (1970).
Stoloff, L. Report on mycotoxins (for 1970). J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 305 (1971).
Stoloff, L., A. D. Campbell, A. C. Beckwtth, S. Nesheim, J. S. Winbush, Jr., and O. M. Fordham: Sample preparation for aflatoxin assay: Nature of the problem and approaches to a solution. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 46, 678 (1969).
Stoloff, L., J. Dantzman, and B. H. Armbrecht: Aflatoxin excretion pattern in wethers. Abstr., 84th Ann. Meeting AOAC, Oct. 12–15 (1970).
Stubblefield, R. D., O. L. Shotwell, C. W. Hesseltine, M. L. Smith, and H. H. Hall: Production of aflatoxin on wheat and oats: Measurement with a recording densitometer. Applied Microbiol. 15, 186 (1967).
Taber, R. A., and H. W. Schroeder: Aflatoxin-producing potential of isolates of the Aspergillus flavus-oryzae group from peanuts (Arachis hypognea). Applied Microbiol. 15, 140 (1967).
Teng, J. I., and P. C. Hanzas: Determination of aflatoxins in moldy sugarbeet pulp. J. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 15, 438 (1969).
Theron, J. J.: Acute liver injury in ducklings as a result of aflatoxin poisoning. Lab. Invest. 14, 1586 (1965).
Tiemstra, P. J.: A study of the variability associated with sampling peanuts for aflatoxin. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 46, 667 (1969).
Trenk, H. L., and P. A. Hartman: Effects of moisture content and temperature on aflatoxin production in corn. Applied Microbiol. 19, 781 (1970).
U. S. Department of Agriculture: Guidelines for mold control in high moisture corn. Farmers’ Bull. No. 2238 (1969).
Upcott, D. H.: Blood coagulation defects in calves fed on toxic groundnut (aflatoxin). Zbl. Vet. Med. 17, 278 (1970).
Veen, W. A. G.: Changes in the fatty acid pattern of the liver of young piglets under the influence of aflatoxin Bi. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerl. 14, 448 (1967).
Wales, J. H.: Degeneration and regeneration of liver parenchyma accompanying hepatomagenesis. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 56 (1967).
Waltking, A. E.: Collaborative study of three methods for determination of aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 104 (1970).
Waltking, A. E., G. Bleffert, and M. Keernan: An improved rapid physicochemical assay method for aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 45, 880 (1968).
Wheeler, B.: An examination of cereals and feeds for aflatoxin. Irish J. Agr. Research 8, 172 (1969).
Whitaker, T. B., J. W. Dickens, and E. H. Wiser: Design and analysis of sampling plans to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in shelled peanuts. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 47, 501 (1970).
Whitaker, T. B., and E. H. Wiser: Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin. J. Amer. Oil Chemists Soc. 46, 377 (1969).
Whitten, M. E.: Occurrence of aflatoxins in cottonseed and cottonseed products. Proc. 1967 Mycotoxin Research Seminar, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., June 8–9 (1967).
Wilson, B. J., T. M. Harris, and A. W. Hayes: Mycotoxins from Penicillium puberulum. J. Bacteriol. 93, 1737 (1967 a).
Wilson, B. J., P. A. Teer, G. H. Barney, and F. R. Blood: Relationship of aflatoxin to epizootics of toxic hepatitis in southern United States. Amer. J. Vet. Research 28, 1217 (1967 b).
Wilson, B. J., D. T. C. Yang, and M. R. Boyd: Toxicity of mold-damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Nature 227, 521 (1970).
Wiseman, H. G., and W. C. Jacobson: Unpublished results of transmission of aflatoxin into eggs (1968).
Wiseman, H. G. W. C. Jacobson Unpublished results of tissue residues in feeder pigs (1969).
Wiseman, H. G. W. C. Jacobson, and W. C. Harmeyer: Preparation of confirmatory derivatives of aflatoxins Bi and Gi by action of concentrated phosphoric acid. 81st Ann. Meeting AOAC, Washington, D. C., Oct. 9–12 (1967).
Wogan, G. N.: Aflatoxin risks and control measures. Fed. Proc. 27, 932 (1968).
Yasutake, W. T., and R. R. Rucker: Nutritionally induced hepatomagenesis of rainbow trout. Trout Hepatoma Research Conf., Research Rept. 70, 39 (1967).
Van Zytveld, W. A., D. C. Kelley, and S. M. Dennis: Aflatoxicosis: The presence of aflatoxins or their metabolites in livers and skeletal muscles of chickens. Poultry Sci. 49, 1350 (1970).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1972 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Armbrecht, B.H. (1972). Aflatoxin residues in food and feed derived from plant and animal sources. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Residue Reviews, vol 41. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8479-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8479-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8481-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8479-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive