Abstract
Research on the toxicity of an insecticide to insects and mites can have two major goals. One of them is to develop reproducible criteria of poisonous effects by applying exact methods of dosing and evaluation. The resulting data can serve as a basis for a variety of comparative investigations. The other goal is to predict a poisonous effect under practical conditions, with a high degree of reliability, by exploiting reliable analogies or by exact reproduction of criteria which are decisive for the toxic effect in practice. Both trends in entomological work are interesting, the first for a solid foundation of knowledge on a pesticide, the second for its use. The ways in which to reach both aims differ mainly in the methods of experimentation. Classical toxicological work is based on the dosage- or time-response of test animals to doses of a poison which are measured out exactly and applied to the candidate. Criteria of intoxication are commonly LD50 or LT50 values. In entomological practice the standardized method of topical application anwers to these specifications. As an equivalent in mite work the slide-dip technique has become the method of choice. It produces an unknown, but constant dosage of the toxicant as a deposit on immobilized individuals. Greater variability than with the above methods must be expected when insects are tested on living plants, because secondary contact through movement on residues or feeding on poisoned parts make the dosage response dependent on individual behaviour patterns of test animals. The further the imitation of field conditions goes, the greater is the variability to be expected. For example, it is very difficult to establish a dosage-mortality relationship between different quantities of granulated insecticide in soil and the response of aphids on a plant rooting in the treated soil sample. Thus, with increasing realism of testing arrangements, the judgement of results becomes a problem requiring statistical interpretation.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bartlett, B. R.: The contact toxicity of some pesticide residues to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 694 (1963).
Bartlett, B. R.: Toxicity of some pesticides to eggs, larvae, and adults of the green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 366 (1964).
Bartlett, B. R.: The toxicity of some pesticide residues to adult Amblyseius hibisci, with a compilation of the effect of pesticides upon phytoseiid mites. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 559 (1964).
Beran, F.: Selektivität einiger Phosphorinsektizide mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Bienentoxizität. Pflanzenschutzber. 23, 37 (1965).
Brown, A. W. A.: Insecticide resistance-genetic implications and applications. World Rev. Pest. Control 6, 104 (1967).
Dittrich, V.: A comparative study of toxicological test methods on a population of the two-spotted spider mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 644 (1962).
Eldefrawi, M. E., A. H. Hosny, A. Toppazada, and S. Hassan: Susceptibility to acaricides of the mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus infesting cotton in Egypt. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 1106 (1965).
Ghobrial, A., V. Dittrich, M. Hafiz, H. Attiah, and G. Voss: Population analyses of resistance patterns in spider mites of the Tetranychus telarius complex (red and green forms) occuring in Egypt. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 1262 (1969).
Hall, W. E., and Y.-P. Sun: Mechanism of detoxication and synergism of Bidrin insecticide in houseflies and soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 845 (1965).
Hough, W. S.: Toxicity of some insecticides to larvae of codling moth after they enter apples. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 378 (1962).
Jaycox, E. R.: Effect on honey bess of nectar from systemic insecticide-treated plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 31 (1964).
Kojima, K.: Studies on the selective toxicity of organophosphorus compounds. Special Rept. Inst. Agr. Chem. Toa Noyaku Co, pp. 1–126 (1961).
Kojima, K., and Y. Nagae: Reports on the biological effects of phosphamidon, Ciba 885 and other organophosphorus insecticides. Special Rept. Inst. Agr. Chem. Toa Noyaku Co, pp. 1–28 (1958).
Kooy, H. J., JR. (to Hoffmann-La Roche), Dutch Pat. No. 6601-926 (Aug. 17, 1966 ).
Lindgren, P. D., and R. L. Ridgway: Toxicity of five insecticides to several insect predators. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 1639 (1967).
Loewe, S., and H. Muischnek: Über Kombinationswirkungen. Arch. exp. Path. Pharmak. 114, 313 (1929).
Metcalf, R. L.: Mode of action of insecticide synergists. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 12, 229 (1967).
Mittler, T. E., and R. H. Dadd: Gustatory discrimination between liquids by the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). Ent. Exp. & Appl. 7, 315 (1964).
Moorefield, H. H.: Synergism of the carbamate insecticides. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 19, 501 (1958).
Müller, P.: Der Einfluß von Piperonylbutoxid auf die Wirkung einiger substituierter Phenyl-N-Methyl-Carbamate. Angew. Parasitol. 8, 101 (1967).
Parry, W. H., and J. B. Ford: The artificial feeding of phosphamidon to Myzus persicae: II. The effects of phosphamidon on liquid uptake through a Parafilm membrane. Ent. Exp. & Appl. 12, 1 (1969).
Sacher, R. M., R. L. Metcalf, and T. R. Fuxuro: Propynyl naphthyl ethers as selective carbamate synergists. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 779 (1968).
Shaw, R. D., M. Cook, and R. E. Carson: Developments in the resistance status of the southern cattle tick to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 61, 1590 (1968).
Sun, Y.-P.: Toxicity index — An improved method of comparing the relative toxicity of insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 43, 45 (1950).
Sun, Y.-P., and E. R. Johnson: Synergistic and antagonistic actions of insecticide-synergist combinations and their mode of action. J. Agr. Food Chem. 4, 261 (1960).
Sun, Y.-P., and E. R. Jofnson: Integration of physico-chemical and biological techniques in specific bioassay, with special reference to Bidrin insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 838 (1965).
Sun, Y.-P., and E. R. Jofnson: Relationship between structure of several Azodrin® insecticide homologues and their toxicities to houseflies, tested by injection, infusion, topical application, and spray methods with and without synergists. J. Econ. Entomol. 62, 1130 (1969).
Tammes, P. M. L.: Isoboles, a graphic representation of synergism in pesticides. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 70, 73 (1964).
Voss, G.: Weitere Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Dimecron, Carbicron und Nuvacron in und auf Pflanzen. Unpublished report CIBA, Agr. Chem. Div., Basle, Switzerland (1968).
Wiesmann, R.: Neue Mittel und Methoden zur Fliegenbekämpfung im Stall. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkde. 102, 134 (1960).
Zschintzsch, J.: Der Einfluß von Piperonylbutoxid und anderen Pyrethrum-Synergisten auf die insektizide Wirkung einiger organischer Phosphorsäure-Derivate. Arzneimittelforsch. 11, 579 (1961).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1971 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dittrich, V. (1971). Toxic effects of phosphamidon to insects and mites. In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Phosphamidon. Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte, vol 37. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8473-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8473-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8475-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8473-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive