Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 34))

Abstract

Although there has been so much discussion on the pros and cons of pesticide use, it would be unthinkable to start this review without a few comments on the controversy. The recent banning of DDT by some countries and the widespread and increasing animosity towards the use of the organochlorine pesticides in general are due to a number of factors including:

  1. a)

    The large annual additions of the pesticides to the environment coupled with their apparent persistence.

  2. b)

    Their known acute toxicities.

  3. c)

    Their widespread distribution in biological materials and their reported buildup in the food chains.

  4. d)

    Their more recent implication in the derangement of calcium metabolism (PEAKALL 1967, SIMKIS 1967, Welch et al 1969) possibly causing the decrease in eggshell thickness and the population decline of certain raptorial species of birds (Ratcliffe 1967, Hickey and Anderson 1968, Stickel 1969).

  5. e)

    Their adverse effects on fish reproduction (Burdick et al. 1964) and high residue levels found in Coho salmon in Lake Michigan in 1969.

  6. f)

    Certain “fears” involving chronic toxicities and sublethal doses with possible deleterious effects on man and wildlife and the ultimate survival of man.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Block, S. S.: Insecticidal surface coatings. Soap & Sanit. Chem. 24 (2), 138 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. M.: On the toxicity of the “ArocJors”. Chemist Analyst 36, 33 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burdick, G. E., E. J. Harris, H. J. Dean, T. M. Walker, J. Skea, and D. Colby: The accumulation of DDT in lake trout and the effect on reproduction. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 93 (2), 127 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. A.: Gas chromatography for pesticide residue analysis; some practical aspects. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 48, 1037 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chau, A. S. Y.: Derivative formation for the confirmation of endosulfan by gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1240 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and W. P. Cochrane: Cyclodiene chemistry. III. Derivative formation for the identification of heptachlor epoxide, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, dieldrin, and endrin pesticide residues by gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1220 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, W. P., and A. S. Y. Chau: Note on gas chromatographic identification of heptachlor pesticide residues by derivative formation. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 1267 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, K. P.: Combined effects of pesticides. In: Current views on pesticides, p. 35. Symposium sponsored by Food and Drug Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, 1968; reprinted from Can. Med. Assoc. J. 100 (No. 4) (Jan. 25, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. R., and N. Wong: Residues of organochlorine insecticides and their metabolites in soils in the Atlantic provinces of Canada. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 457 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenburg, L., M. R. Mayers, A. R. Smith: The systemic effects resulting from exposure to certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 21, 29 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Instrumentation in pesticide residue determinations. Adv. Pest Control Research 5, 191 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hammence, J. H., P. S. Hale, and D. J. Caverly: The identification and determination of chlorinated pesticides residues. Analyst 90, 649 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. B.: Residues in wildlife with special reference to endrin. J. Sci. Food Agr. 17, 10 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hickey, J. J., and D. W. Anderson: Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science 162, 271 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, A. V., and K. Marsden: The examination of surface waters and sewage effluents for organochlorine pesticides. J. Proc. Inst. Sewage Purif. p. 295 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • — — Organochlorine pesticides in seals and porpoises. Nature 216, 1274 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, D. C., J. H. Simmons, and J. O’G. Tatton: Chlorinated hydrocarbons in British wildlife. Nature 216, 227 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornstein, I., and W. N. Sullivan: The role of chlorinated polyphenyls in improving lindane residues. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 937 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S.: Report of a new chemical hazard. New Scientist 32, 612 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • —, A. G. Johnels, M. Olsson, and G. Otterlind: DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedish waters. Nature 224, 247 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and G. Wedmark: Swedish report at the OECD pesticide conference on “Unintended residues in the environment’ (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. W., and H. S. Alden: An acneform dermatergosis. Arch. Dermatol. Syphilol. 33, 1022 (1936).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. K., and J. O. Watts: Separation and measurement of perthane, DDD (TDE), and DDT in leafy vegetables by electron capture gas chromatography. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 47, 311 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koeman, J. H., A. A. G. Oskamp, J. Veen, E. Brouwer, J. Rooth, P. Zwart, E. v. d. Broek, and H. van Genderen: Meded. Rijks-faculteit Landbouw-wetenschappen Gent. 32, 841 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koeman, J. H., M. C. ten Noever de Brau, and R. H. de Vos: Chlorinated biphenyls in fish, mussels and birds from the River Rhine and the Netherlands coastal area. Nature 221, 1126 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, A. W., A. H. Madden, H. G. Wilson, and E. F. Knipling: DDT as a residual-type treatment for control of house flies. J. Econ. Entomol. 38, 257 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, J., Jr., J. P. Marliac, M. J. Verrett, M. K. Mutchler, and O. G. Frtzhugh: The injection of chemicals into the yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation as a toxicity test. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 5, 760 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. W.: Pathologic changes in animals exposed to a commercial chlorinated diphenyl. U. S. Public Health Reports 59, 1085 (1944).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monsanto Co.: The Aroclor compounds, p. 17 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Aroclor plasticizers. Tech. Bull. 0/PL-306 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Osadchuck, M., and E. B. Wanless: Identification and quantitative estimation of aldrin residues in the presence of interfering materials in samples of plant and animal origin. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 51, 1264 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peakall, D. B.: Pesticide-induced enzyme breakdown of steroids in birds. Nature 216, 505 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penning, C. H.: Physical characteristics and commercial possibilities of chlorinated biphenyl. Ind. Eng. Chem. 22, 1180 (1930).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratcliffe, D. A.: Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds of prey. Nature 215, 208 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichel, W.: Personal communication (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, L. M.: Canadian wildlife service reports (Unpublished data) (1968, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Pesticide residue analysis in the presence of PCB’s. 4th Annual W. Can. Seminar on Pesticide Residue Analysis. Winnipeg, June 2–4 (1969 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • — Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB’s) and their interference with pesticide residue analysis. Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol. 4, 128 (1969 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risebrough, R. W., P. Rieche, S. G. Herman, D. B. Peakall, and M. N. Kirven: Polychlorinated biphenyls in the global eco-system. Nature 220, 1098 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, P. Rieche, and H. S. Olcott: Current progress in the determination of the polychlorinated biphenyls. Bull. Environ. Contamination Toxicol. 4, 192 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.: Residues of organochlorine insecticides in dead birds in the United Kingdom. J. Chem. Ind., p. 1974 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roburn, J.: A simple concentration-cell technique for determining small amounts of halide ions and its use in the determination of residues of organochlorine pesticides. Analyst 90, 467 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, B. L., and H. K. Hodges: Insecticide screening methods for organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides in foods and feeds. Residue Reviews 17, 35 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sans, W. W.: Multiple insecticide residue determination using column chromatography, chemical conversion, and gas liquid chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 15, 192 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, H., and G. Schultz: Patent for manufacture of pentachlorobiphenyl. Ann. 207, 338 (1881).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, L.: An outbreak of halowax acne (“cable rash”) among electricians. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 122, 158 (1943).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, and F. A. Barlow: Chloracne from cutting oils. Public Health Rept. 57, 1747 (1942).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, and S. M. Peck: Occupational acne. N. Y. State Med. J. 43, 1711 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, M. S., S. B. Soloway, R. A. Hayes, and H. L. Haller: Colorimetric determination of DDT. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. ed. 17, 704 (1945).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simkiss, K.: Calcium in reproductive physiology. New York: Reinhold (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stickel, L.: Wisconsin hearings. Science 163, 551 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, W. N., and I. Hornstein: Chlorinated polyphenyls to improve lindane residues. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 158 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. F., A. C. Walker, and R. F. Moseman: Study of the performance of gas chromatographic columns under severe injection loading. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1251 (1969 a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • — — — Evaluation of eight chromatographic columns for chlorinated pesticides. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1263 (1969 b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, C. H., W. N. Sullivan, and I. Hornstein: A comparison of evaporation rates and toxicity to house flies of lindane and lindane-chlorinated polyphenyl deposits. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 882 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U. S. Food and Drug Administration: Pesticide Analytical Manual, Vol. I and II, revised annually. Washington, D.C. (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tiel, N.: Improvement of the residual toxicity of DDT solutions by the addition of coumarone resin. Bull. Entomol. Research 43, 413 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer, K., and L. M. Reynolds: Organochlorine residues in aquatic birds in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. (In preparation, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch, R. M., M. Levine, and A. H. Conney: Effect of chlorinated insecticides on steroid metabolism. In: Chemical fallout. Proc. 1st Rochester Conf. on Environmental Toxicity, Univ. of Rochester (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Widmark, G.: IUPAC commission on methods of pesticide residue analysis. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 50, 1069 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiencke, W. W., and J. A. Burke: Derivatization of dieldrin and endrin for confirmation of residue identity. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 1277 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, G. (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides, plant growth regulators and food additives, vol. I, p. 1. New York: Academic Press (1963).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1971 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Reynolds, L.M. (1971). Pesticide residue analysis in the presence of Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB’s). In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Rückstände von Pestiziden und anderen Fremdstoffen in Nahrungs- und Futtermitteln. Residue Reviews, vol 34. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8470-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8470-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8472-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8470-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics