Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The movement and persistence of insecticides in plant tissue

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 9))

Abstract

Recent advances in methodology and instrumentation have made possible very close study of the movement of insecticides1 in plants, their persistence in food, fodder and soil, and their conversion to compounds more toxic or less. Labelling compounds with radioactive tracers has made it comparatively easy to follow the movement of insecticides within plants and to determine their fate and deposition. In this review the term “labelled” refers to the use of radioactive phosphorus in a chemical compound; where other labels have been used, they are named. Knowledge of the persistence of compounds or metabolites resulting from treatment with insecticides has been advanced by recent refinements in gas phase chromatography which have made possible the detection and identification of infinitesimal residues.

Common names of insecticides (Billings 1963) are used throughout the text: where common names have not been assigned, registered names or numbers are used; all are identified chemically in Table VI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Al-Azawi, A. F., and J. E. Casida: The efficiency of systemic insecticides in the control of the smaller European elm bark beetle. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 789 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Azawi, A. F., D. M. Norris, Jr., and J. E. Casida: Hazards associated with the implantation of Tetram into elm trees for Dutch elm disease control. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 127 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. R., A. M. Harper, and C. E. Lilly: Private communication 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. D., and F. A. Gunther: Nicotine residues in field treated cauliflower, celery, green beans, kale, mustard greens, and spinach. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 64 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, M. A., J. T. Schulz, and E. T. Hibbs: Biological activity and localization of phorate residue toxins in soil drench treated chrysanthemums. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 827 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, L. A., H. T. Reynolds, and T. R. Fukuto: The use of systemic insecticides for control of the cabbage aphid on cabbage and cauliflower. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 1045 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashdown, D., and H. B. Cordner: Some effects on insect control and plant response of a systemic insecticide applied as a spray, a seed treatment, or a soil treatment. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 302 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, E. L. Jr., R. C. Blinn, T. R. Fukuto, and F. A. Gunther: Residues on oranges resulting from the use of DDT, parathion, Phosdrin, and TDE for the control of orangeworms. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 455 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bacon, O. G.: Systemic insecticides applied to cut seed pieces and to soil at planting time to control potato insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 835 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bardner, R.: Effect of formulation on toxicity to plants and insects of some systemic insecticidal seed dressings. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 736 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, E. W., L. H. Dawsey, D. W. Woodham, D. B. Leuck, and L. W. Morgan: Insecticide residues on peanuts grown in soil treated with granular aldrin and heptachlor. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 953 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, C. W.: Plant tissue relations of sugar-beet curly-top virus. J. Agr. Res. 48, 665 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S. H.: Preliminary experiments with systemic insecticides. Ann. Appl. Biol. 36, 160 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S. H.: The behavior of systemic insecticides applied to plants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 2, 279 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S. H., and W. D. E. Thomas: Absorption, translocation, and breakdown of schradan applied to leaves using phosphorus-32 labelled material. II. Evaporation and absorption. Ann. Appl. Biol. 41, 484 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biddulph, S., R. Cory, and H. Koontz: Circulation patterns for phosphorus, sulfur, and calcium in the bean plant. Plant Physiol. 33, 293 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, S. C.: Consolidated list of approved common names of insecticides and certain other pesticides. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 9, 189 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, G. E.: A new physiological approach to the selective action of 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. In: Plant growth regulation. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Press 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C., G. E. Carman, W. H. Ewart, and F. A. Gunther: Residual behavior of various insecticides on and in lemons and oranges. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 42 (1959 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C., R. W. Dorner, J. H. Barkley, L. R. Jeppson, F. A. Gunther, and C. C. Cassil: Locale of aged Tedion residues on citrus fruits. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 723 (1959 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdarina, A. A.: Penetration of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH) and its transformation in plant tissues. Fiziol Rastenii (Transl.) 4, 247 (1957); through Biol. Abstr. 33, 43120, p. 3575 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowling, C. C.: Tests with systemic insecticides on rice. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 937 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, J. A., and J. E. Casida: Metabolism of the systemic insecticide O, O- diethyl S-ethylthiomethyl phosphorodithioate (Thimet) in plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 192 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, J. A., and J. E. Casida: Systemic insecticides for Theobroma cacao L., their translocation and persistence in foliage and residues in cacao beans. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 773 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, F. R.: The systemic action of benzene hexachloride seed dressings. Ann. Appl. Biol. 52, 361 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, F. R., and W. O. Whitaker: The systemic action of benzene hexa- diloride in plants: Quantitative measurements. J. Sci. Food Agr. 7, 248 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brass, C. L., and G. W. Ware: BHC translocation in treated soil and the effect on growth of red clover. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 110 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. E.: Insecticidal control of hessian fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 501 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buhl, C.: Untersuchungen über die Wirkung hochprozentiger Lindansaatgutpuder zur Bekämpfung des Rapserdflohs (Psylliodes ebrysoeephala L.) und des Kohlgallenrüßlers (Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma Mrsh.). 2. Pflkrankh. 67, 321 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, D. L., D. A. Lindquist, and J. Hacskaylo: Absorption and metabolism of dimethoate in the bollworm and boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 129 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, P. E., L. Broadbent, and G. D. Heathcote: The use of soil insecticides to control potato aphids and virus disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 48, 580 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carnegie, A. J. M.: Woolly aphid of apple, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.) and its control in Southern Rhodesia. Bull. Entomol. Res. 53, 609 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, W., and W. H. Gortner: The translocation of radioactive (S35) Bayer 19639 in pineapple plants. J. Econ Entomol. 51, 905 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casida, J. E.: Metabolism of organophosphate insecticides by plants. In: Radioisotopes and radiation in entomolgy. New York: International Publications 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casida, J. E., R. K. Chapman, and T. C. Allen: Relation of absorption and metabolism of octamethylpyrophosphoramide. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 568 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, Seng Tsi: Protection against aphids by seed treatment. Nature 166, 909 (1950).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterji, S., G. W. Rahlkar, G. R. Sethi, and P. N. Saxena: Studies on the translocation of radioactive schradan in plants and its uptake from films by insects. Current Sci. 30, 105 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chilwell, E. D., and P. T. Beecham: Residues of O, O-dimethyl S-(AT-methyl- carbamoylmethyl) phosphorothiolothionate (dimethoate) in sprayed crops. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 400 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, Ch’ien, and Yün Shen Chao: Seed treatment with benzene hexadiloride to control flea beetles on Chinese mustard. Kun Chong Chih Shih 5, 222 (1959); through Chem. Abstr. 54, 6016 d (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, M. L.: Soil injection as a means of applying systemic acaricides to fruit trees. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 144 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Condrashoff, S. F., and J. C. Arrand: Chemical control of the aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 59, 3 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, W. C., L. Butler, K. C. Walker, and P. E. Featherston: Granular in- furrow treatments with phorate and Di-Syston against pea aphids on peas. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 95 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombe, B. G.: Absorption and movement of phosphorus-32-labelled systemic insecticides in the grape vine (Vitis vinifera L.). Australian J. Agr. Res. 13, 17 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppel, H. C., and D. M. Norris, Jr.: Systemic insecticides for control of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis, with notes on parasite survival. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 648 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coppel, H. C., and D. M. Norris, Jr.: Systemic insecticidal action of certain phosphates in Pinus strobus against Diprion similis. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 1061 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crafts, A. S.: Translocation of herbicides. I. The mechanism of translocation: Methods of study with C14-labelled 2, 4-D. Hilgardia 26, 287 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crafts, A. S., and C. L. Foy: The chemical and physical nature of plant surfaces in relation to the use of pesticides and to their residues. Residue Reviews 1, 112 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crafts, A. S., and S. Yamaguchi: Absorption of herbicides by roots. Amer. J. Bot. 47, 248 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N. E.: Greenbug control with Di-Syston used as a soil treatment. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 606 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauterman, W. C, G. B. Viado, J. E. Casida, and R. D. O’brien: Persistence of dimethoate and metabolites following foliar applications to plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 115 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, W. A. L., and B. O. C. Gardiner: The aphicidal action of some systemic insecticides applied to seeds. Ann. Appl. Biol. 43, 594 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, W. A. L., and B. O. C. Gardiner: Action of the systemic insecticide fluoro- acetamide on certain aphids and on Pieris brassicae L. Bull. Entomol. Res. 50, 25 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • David, W. A. L., R. L. Metcalf, and M. Winton: The systemic insecticidal properties of certain carbamates. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 1021 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Pietri-Tonelli, P., and A. Barontini: Comportamento del Rogor-P32 applicato sulle piante. I. Penetrazione e traslocazione del Rogor-P32 applicato sul tronco di piante di limone. Contributi (1960) I V, 39 (1961 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pietri-Tonelli, P., and A. Barontini: Comportamento del Rogor-P32 applicato sulle piante. II. Penetrazione e traslocazione del Rogor-P32 applicato per irrorazione su piante di agrumi. Contributi (1960) I V, 53 (1961 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pietri-Tonelli, P., and A. Barontini: Comportamento del Rogor-P32 applicato sulle piante. III. Penetrazione e traslocazione del Rogor-P32 applicato per irrorazione su piante erbacee ed arboree. Contributi (1961) V, 1 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pietri-Tonelli, P., and A. Barontini: Penetration and translocation of Rogor-P32 applied to plants. Presented at Vth Internat. Pesticide Congress, London 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmer, H. J.: A quantitative study of the roots and root hairs of a winter rye plant (Secale cereale). Amer. J. Bot. 24, 417 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doucette, C. F.: Systemic insecticides for control of aphids of field-grown Easter lily. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 595 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dybing, C. D., and H. B. Currier: Foliar penetration by chemicals. Plant Physiol. 36, 169 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entomol. Res. Div., Agr. Res. Service, U. S. Dept. Agr.: Residues in fatty tissues, brain and milk of cattle from insecticides applied for grasshopper control on rangeland. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 1206 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, D. C., and H. T. Reynolds: The effect of seed treatment of cotton with Thimet, a systemic insecticide, on Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. Plant Disease Reporter 42, 174 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erwin, D. C., and M. J. Garber: Effect of seed treatment with Thimet, a systemic insecticide, on seedling diseases in the field. Plant Disease Reporter 43, 558 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadigas, M., Jr., and N. Suplicy Filho: Controle de algumas pragas inciais do algodäo por meio de produtos sist£micos nas sementes. Arq. Inst. Biol. [Sao Paulo] 28, 85 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, D. G.: The effect of certain insecticides on the germination and growth of onions. II. Insecticides applied to the seed. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 48, 70 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, D. G.: Further experiments on the control of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), in the interior of British Columbia. Can. J. Plant Sci. 37, 252 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, D. G.: Persistence and movement of insecticides in soil and plant tissue. Canada Dept. Agr., Pesticide Tech. Information Office, Insecticide Newsletter 10, 154 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, D. G.: Summary of experiments with organophosphate insecticides for controlling root maggots in rutabaga in British Columbia. Canada Dept. Agr., Pesticide Tech. Information Office, Insecticide Newsletter 11, 123 (1962); Summary of experiments to determine the effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling carrot rust fly, cabbage maggot, and turnip maggot in British Columbia. Canada Dept. Agr., Pesticide Tech. Information Office, Pesticide Progress 1, 13 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogg, G. E.: Quantitative studies on the wetting of leaves by water. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 134, 503 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Über Beziehungen der Ektodesmen zur Stoffaufnahme durch Blätter. I. Mitt.: Beobachtungen an Plantago major L. Planta (Berlin) 55, 390 (1960 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Über Beziehungen Der Ektodesmen Zur Stoff Aufnähme Durch Blätter. Ii. Mitt.: Beobachtungen an Helxine soleirolii Reg. Planta (Berlin) 55, 525 (1960 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Ectodesmata and foliar absorption. Amer. J. Bot. 48, 683 (1961 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Tröpfchenausscheidung und Ektodesmenverteilung in Zwiebelschuppenepidermen. Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ektodesmenfunktion (with English summary). Planta (Berlin) 57, 266 (1961 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Ektodesmenstudien. I. Mitt.: Über pilzförmig erscheinende Ektodesmen. Kritische Abhandlung über das Wesen der Ektodesmen. Planta (Berlin) 59, 222 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Weitere Untersuchungen zur Stoff auf nähme durch Blätter und deren Beziehung zu Ektodesmen. Ber. dtsch. bot. Ges. 75, 295 (1962 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Dienen Ektodesmen als Transportbahnen bei Stoff aufnähme und Stoffabgabe der Blätter? Umsdiau 16, 501 (1962 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W.: Ectodesmata and the entrance of pesticides into leaves. Presented at Vth Internat. Pesticide Congress, London 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frehse, H., and H. Niessen: Die Analyse von Pflanzenschutzmittelrückständen. 2. analyt. Chemie 192, 94 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey-Wyssling, A.: Sub-microscopic morphology of protoplasm and its derivatives. New York: Elsevier 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuto, T. R., and R. L. Metcalf: Isomerization of /?-ethylmercaptoethyl diethyl thionophosphate (Systox). J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 5103 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuto, T. R., R. B. March, and M. G. Maxon: Chemical behavior of Systox isomers in biological systems. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 347 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuto, T. R., J. P. Wolf Iii, R. L. Metcalf, and R. B. March: Identification of the sulfoxide and sulfone plant metabolites of the thiol isomer of Systox. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 147 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuto, T. R., J. P. Wolf Iii, R. L. Metcalf, and R. B. March: Identification of the sulfone plant metabolite of the thiono isomer of Systox. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 399 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, N., and J. H. Biggar: The conversion of aldrin and heptachlor to their epoxides in soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 1 (1958 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, N., and J. H. Biggar: The conversion of heptachlor to its epoxide on plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 3 (1958 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, N., and J. H. Biggar: The conversion of aldrin to dieldrin on plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 8 (1958 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, R.: Über das Verhalten von selektiven Insektiziden mit Tiefenwirkung in der Pflanze. Ber. Schweiz, bot. Ges. 62, 66 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getzin, L. W., and R. K. Chapman: Effect of soils upon the uptake of systemic insecticides by plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 1160 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getzin, L. W., and R. K. Chapman: The fate of phorate in soils. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 47 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giese, R. L., D. M. Benjamin, and J. E. Casida: Results of trunk implantation of systemic insecticides in conifers. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 400 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glasser, R. F., R. G. Blenk, J. E. Dewey, B. D. Hilton, and M. H. J. Weiden: Occurrence of a toxic non-aldrin residue in carrots grown on aldrin-treated soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 337 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Instrumentation in pesticide residue determinations. Adv. Pest Control Res. 5, 191 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn: Analysis of insecticides and acaricides. New York-London: Interscience 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn: Persisting residues in plant materials. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1, 167 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., L. R. Jeppson, J. H. Barkley, L. M. Elliot, R. C. Blinn, and C. L. Dunn: Persistence of residues of 2,3-p-dioxanedithiol S,S-bis (O,O-diethyl phosphoro- dithioate) as an acaricide on and in mature lemons and oranges. J. Agr. Food Chem. 6, 210 (1958 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., W. H. Ewart, R. C. Blinn, H. S. Elmer, and G. B. Wacker: Field persistence comparisons of residues of the insecticide, diazinon, in lemons ana Valencia oranges and effects on juice flavor. J. Agr. Food Chem. 6, 521 (1958 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., G. E. Carman, L. R. Jeppson, J. H. Barkley, R. C. Blinn, and G. G. Patchett: Residual behavior of S-(p-chlorophenylthio) methyl O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate (Trithion) on and in mature lemons and oranges. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 28 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., R. C. Blinn, and G. E. Carman: Residue of Sevin on and in lemons and oranges. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 222 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., R. C. Blinn, and G. E. Carman: Residues of Ethion on and in lemons and oranges as determined by an infrared spectrophotometric procedure. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 224 (1962 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J.: Growth and fruiting properties and carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus levels of cotton plants as influenced by Thimet. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 280 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J., and D. L. Bull: Metabolism of dimethoate in cotton leaves. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 464 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J., and D. R. Ergle: Effect of schradan on growth and photosynthetic pigments of the cotton plant. Bot. Gaz. 117, 120 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J., and R. B. Stewart: Efficacy of phorate as a fungicide. Phytopathol. 52, 371 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J., D. A. Lindquist, and T. B. Davich: Dimethoate absorption and its translocation and distribution in the cotton plant. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 1206 (1961 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, J., and H. L. Morton: Accumulation of phorate by cotton plants from solutions and sand cultures. Bot. Gaz. 123, 46 (1961 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, R. G.: Evidence of lindane translocation in corn plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 563 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, A. D., W. Heatherington, H. R. Mapother, and R. Wickens: An investigation into the possible control of the mealybug vectors of cacao swollen-shoot virus by trunk implantation with dimefox. Bull. Entomol. Res. 50, 209 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, A. M., C. E. Lilly, and P. Bergens: Effect of insecticides on emergence of sugar-beet seedlings and on control of the sugar-beet root maggot. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 895 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F.: Organophosphorus poisons, anticholinesterases, and related compounds. Internat. Series Monograph, Pure and Applied Biology, Vol. 13. London: Pergamon Press 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. F., and Mrs. M. V. Llewellyn: Systemic insecticides on sprayed surfaces. In: Radioisotope techniques, vol. 1, Medical and physiological applications (Proc. Isotope Tech. Conference, Oxford 1951 ). London: H. M. Stationery Office 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, N. D., and L. K. Peterson: Heptachlor as a systemic against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. Can. Entomol. 95, 792 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houston, B. R., K. Esau, and W. B. Hewitt: The mode of vector feeding and the tissues involved in the transmission of Pierce’s disease virus in grape and alfalfa. Phytopathol. 37, 247 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurd-Karrer, A. M., and F. W. Poos: Toxicity of selenium-containing plants to aphids. Science 84, 252 (1936).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, M. T.: Systox for control of the leafhopper vector of cranberry false-blossom. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 222 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, S., and C. Hirano: Translocation of γ-BHC in rice plants cultured in aqueous solution of C14-γ-BHC. [In Japanese with English summary.] Japanese J. Appl. Zool. 6, 28 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, H. R.: Benzene hexachloride liquid seed dressing for the control of the turnip flea beetle. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 528 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeppson, L. R., M. J. Jesser, and J. O. Complin: Tree trunk application as a possible method of using systemic insecticides on citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 669 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeppson, L. R., L. M. Elliott, and F. A. Gunther: Persistence of residues of Neotran on and in mature lemons and oranges. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 914 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jepson, W. F., and P. Mathias: The control of the frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.), in sweet corn (Zea mays) by Thimet (O, O-diethly S-ethylthiomethyl) phosphorodithioate. Bull. Entomol. Res. 51, 427 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Juniper, B. E.: The surfaces of plants. Endeavour 18, 20 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaloostian, G. H., and H. N. Pollard: Experimental control of phony peach virus vectors with Di-Syston. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 566 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenaga, E. E., A. E. Doty, and J. L. Hardy: Laboratory insecticidal tests with 4-dimethylamino-3, 5-xylyl methylcarbamate. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 466 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knaak, J. B., M. A. Stahmann, and J. E. Casida: Peroxidase and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid-ferrous iron catalyzed oxidation and hydrolysis of parathion. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 154 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulman, H. M., and C. K. Dorsey: Granular application of systemics for control of European pine shoot moth. J. Econ Entomol. 55, 304 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambertz, P.: Untersudhungen iiber das Yorkommen von Plasmodesmen in den Epidermisaufienwanden. Planta (Berlin) 44, 147 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, W. H.: Seed treatment as a method of insect control. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 4, 363 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Sung-Yang: The mode of action of endrin on the bean stem miner, Melanagromyza sojae with special reference to its translocation in soybean plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 956 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E. P.: Absorption of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides from the soils into various crops. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 430 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E. P.: Insecticidal residues in various crops grown in soils treated with abnormal rates of aldrin and heptadilor. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 448 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E. P., W. F. Millington, and G. T. Cowley: Insecticidal effects on plant growth, effect of various insecticides on growth and respiration of plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 251 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E. P., and K. R. Schulz: Translocation of some chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides into the aerial parts of pea plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 452 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein, E. P., G. R. Myrdal, and K. R. Schulz: Effect of formulation and mode of application of aldrin on the loss of aldrin and its epoxide from soils and their translocation into carrots. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 133 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, D. A., J. Hacskaylo, and T. B. Davich: Absorption and translocation of phorate and phosphorus by cotton seedlings. Bot. Gaz. 123, 137 (1961 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, D. A., J. C. Clark, and T. B. Davich: Systemic activity of dimethoate applied to cotton seeds. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 1132 (1961 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, D. A., and T. B. Davich: Laboratory and field investigations with phorate-treated cotton seed. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 379 (1961 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, J. H.: Soil insects and their control. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 1, 203 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, E. C. S., and G. E. Blackman: The movement of growth regulators in plants. III. Comparative studies of transport in Phaseolus vulgaris. New Phytol. 62, 173 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, K. A.: Esterase inhibition by organo-phosphorus residues, with some observations on possible effects on plant metabolism. Ann. Appi. Biol. 43, 192 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maccarthy, H. R.: Insecticides for control of brassica pests in British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 59, 5 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • March, R. B., R. L. Metcalf, T. R. Fukuto, and M. G. Maxon: Metabolism of Systox in the white mouse and American cockroach. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 355 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H.: In: The Grower 27, 481 (1947); through Bennett (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H.: Guide to the chemicals used in crop protection. Pubi. 1093 ( 4th ed. ), Canada Dept. Agr., Research Branch (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura, F.: Malathion residues on and in the leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 452 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcbride, J. J., Jr.: Persistence of residues of 2, 4, 5, 4’-tetrachlorodiphenylsulfone in Florida on citrus fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 255 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcleod, W. S.: Effect of hexachlorocyclohexane on onion seedlings. J. Econ. Entomol. 39, 815 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzer, R. E., and L. P. Ditman: Effects of environmental factors on phosphamidon degradation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 170 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, R. L.: The role of systemic insecticides in world agriculture. In: Proc. 2nd Internai. Plant Prot. Conference ( 1956 ). London: Butterworth 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, R. L., T. R. Fukuto, R. B. March, and E. M. Stafford: The systemic behavior of Systox thiol isomer sulfoxide and methosulfate in plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 738 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, R. L., R. B. March, T. R. Fukuto, and M. G. Maxon: The nature and significance of Systox residues in plant material. J. Econ. Entomol. 48, 364 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, R. L., H. T. Reynolds, M. Winton, and T. R. Fukuto: Effects of temperature and plant species upon the rates of metabolism of systemically applied Di-Syston. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 435 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J. R. W.: Private communication 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, J. R. W., W. W. Sans, H. B. Wressel, and G. F. Manson: Growth-dilution as a factor in the decline of pesticide residues on alfalfa-grass forage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 44, 37 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. W., B. C. Smale, and R. L. Metcalf: Absorption and translocation of regulators and compounds used to control plant diseases and insects. Adv. Pest Control Res. 3, 359 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C. V. G., P. T. Yee, and F. E. Brinton: Sevin as a systemic miticide for the pear leaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.) (Acarina: Eriophyidae). Can. Entomol. 94, 680 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosebach, E.: Arbeiten über Rückstände von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf oder in Erntegut. X. Über die Beständigkeit von Aldrin-Rückständen in lagernden Spätmöhren. Nachrichtenbl. dtsdi. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig) 14, 156 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosebach, E., and P. Steiner: Arbeiten über Rückstände von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf oder in Erntegut. V. Biologischer Nachweis von Aldrin- bzw. Dieldrin-Rückständen auf Radieschen und Möhren. Nachrichtenbl. dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig) 11, 150 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosebach, E., and P. Steiner: Arbeiten über Rückstände von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf oder in Erntegut. VI. Biologischer Nachweis von Diazinon- und Parathion-Rückstände bei Radieschen und Möhren. Nachrichtenbl. dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig) 12, 129 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motsinger, R. E., and O. D. Morgan: Control of root-knot nematode and aphid on tobacco. Plant Disease Reporter 44, 399 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muns, R. P., M. W. Stone, and F. Foley: Residues in vegetable crops following soil applications of insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 832 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neiswander, R. B.: The use of systemic insecticides on potted chrysanthemums in the greenhouse. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 497 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niessen, H., H. Tietz, and H. Frehse: On the occurrence of biologically active metabolites of the active ingredient S1752 after application of Lebaycid Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten “Bayer” (English ed.) 15, 125 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, K., K. Shod A, and Y. Sawazaki: Phytotoxicity of fruit trees caused by painting of methyl demeton (Metasystox). Japanese J. Appl. Entomol. and Zool. (English summary) 6, 257 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, D. M., Jr.: Systemic insecticidal action in the cortical tissues of elm twigs. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 1034 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, D. M., and H. C. Coppel: Translocation and stability of Chipman R-6199 in Pinus strobus related to its control of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 159 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’brien, R. D.: Toxic phosphorus esters: Chemistry, metabolism, and biological effects. New York: Academic Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, D. P.: Control of the apple aphid on dwarf apple trees with bark applications of dimethoate. Can. J. Plant Sci. 41, 407 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, D. P.: Note on the control of the apple aphid by new systemic insecticides translocated from bark to foliage. Can. J. Plant Sci. 42, 374 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, D. P., and R. S. Downing: Dimethoate, a systemic of low mammalian toxicity, as an orchard insecticide in British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia 57, 52 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pielou, D. P., and K. Williams: Is foliar spraying the most efficient way of applying systemic insecticides to fruit trees? Canada Dept. Agrs Pesticide Tech. Information Office, Pesticide Progress 1, 106 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigatti, A., and A. Orlando: Tratamento de tubérculos de batatinha com insecticidas sistêmicos para o contrôle de pulgôes (Homoptera: Aphididae). Arq. Inst. Biol. [Säo Paulo] 26, 153 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pigatti, A., and R. Dos Santos Garruti: Determinaçao de residuos e eventuais alterações de gosto em tubérculos de batatinha cultivados em solo tratado com insecticidas. Arq. Inst. Biol. [Sao Paulo] 28, 41 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plapp, F. W., Jr., and D. A. Lindquist: Radioisotopes in the study of the fate of insecticides applied to animals and plants. In: Radiation and radioisotopes applied to insects of agricultural importance. Internat. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, pp. 171–184 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pond, D. D.: Control of popato aphids with systemic insecticides. J. Econ Entomol. 56, 227 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Race, S. R.: Early-season thrips control on cotton in New Mexico. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 974 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, A. P.: A laboratory test of three systemic insecticides against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura jumijerana (Clem.) Can. Entomol. 94, 1156 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, A. P., and C. Jackson: Laboratory evaluation of DDT and phosphamidon on the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hülst). Can. Entomol. 95, 365 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinecke, W., and H. Zeumer: Arbeiten über Rückstände von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf oder in Erntegut. XI. Rückstände von Aldrin in Möhren. Nach- richtenbl. dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig) 15, 57 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H., G. L. Gilpin, and I. Hornstein: Palatability and chemical studies on peanuts grown in rotation with cotton dusted with insecticides containing benzene hexachloride. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1, 772 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H., G. L. Gilpin, and I. Hornstein: Flavor and benzene hexachloride content of peanuts in rotation with cotton dusted with insecticides containing benzene hexachloride. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. #952 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H. T.: Research advances in seed and soil treatments with systemic and nonsystemic insecticides. Adv. Pest Control Res. 2, 135 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H. T., T. R. Fukuto, R. L. Metcalf, and R. B. March: Seed treatment of field crops with systemic insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 527 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H. T., and R. L. Metcalf: Effect of water solubility and soil moisture upon plant uptake of granulated systemic insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 2 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ripper, W. E.: Systemic Insecticides. Presented at Illrd Internat. Congr. Crop Protection, Paris. Cambridge: Foister and Jagg 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripper, W. E.: The status of systemic insecticides in pest control practices. Adv. Pest Control Res. 1, 305 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, J. G.: Systemic insecticides as soil treatments for control of mimosa webworm, Homadaula albizziae. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 523 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, V. D.: Alfalfa seed treatments for spotted alfalfa aphid control in southwestern Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 654 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • San Antonio, J. P.: Demonstration of lindane and a lindane metabolite in plants by paper chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 322 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santi, R.: Penetrazione, traslocazione e metabolismo del Rogor-P32 applicato sul tronco di piante di limone. Contributi (1961) V, 47 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santi, R., and R. Giacomelli: Metabolic fate of P32-labelled dimethoate in olive fruits and some toxicological implications. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 257 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santi, R., and P. De Pietri-Tonelli: Mode of action and biological properties of the S- (methylcarbamyl) methyl O,O-dimethyl dithiophosphate. Nature 183, 398 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santi, R., and P. De Pietri-Tonelli: Ricerche sul meccanismo d’azione della iV-monometilamide dell’acido O,O-dimetilditiofosforilacetico. Contributi (1959) I II, 3 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santi, R., M. Radice, R. Giacomelli, and B. Bazzi: Studio sul metabolismo del Rogor-P32 nelle bietole da zucchero e da foraggio. Contributi (1962) V I, 3 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent, J. A., and G. E. Blackman: Studies on foliar penetration. I. Factors controlling the entry of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. J. Expt. Bot. 13, 348 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satchell, J. E., and M. D. Mountford: A method of assessing caterpillar populations on large forest trees using a systemic insecticide. Ann. Appl. Biol. 50, 443 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnepf, E.: Untersuchungen über Darstellung und Bau der Ektodesmen und ihre Beeinflußbarkeit durch stoffliche Faktoren. Planta (Berlin) 52, 644 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schräder, G.: The development of new insecticides. Brit. Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee, Final Rept. No. 714 (revised). London: H. M. Stationery Office 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schread, I. C.: Tests of systemics for control of birch leaf miner. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 562 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, W., and W. Halbsguth: Über den Anschluß einiger höherer Parasiten an die Siebröhren der Wirtspflanzen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 87, 324 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, W., and P. Lambertz: Uber die Beziehungen zwischen der Stoif aufnähme durch Blattepidermen und der Zahl der Plasmodesmen in den Außenwänden. Planta (Berlin) 47, 47 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Severin, H. H. P.: Curly leaf transmission experiments. Phytopathol. 14, 80 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shipp, O. E., D. A. Lindquist, and J. R. Brazzel: Characteristics of residues of methyl parathion applied to field cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 793 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sievers, A.: Untersuchungen über die Darstellbarkeit der Ektodesmen und ihre Beeinflussung durch physikalische Faktoren. Flora (Jena) 147, 263 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell, F. D.: Detergents and detergency. Chem. and Ind. 539 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, E. Y., and J. R. Robinson: Metabolism of the systemic insecticide O,O- dimethyl l-carbomethoxy-l-propen-2yl phosphate (Phosdrin) in the pea plant. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 293 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starnes, O.: Absorption and translocation of insecticides through the root systems of plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 338 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey, H. H.: Transmission studies of maize streak disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 15, 1 (1928).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, C. A., and E. D. El-Shishiny: Translocation of sugars in the Concord grape. Plant Physiol. 33, 33 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taschenberg, E. F., and A. W. Avens: Parathion and EPN residue studies on Concord grapes. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 441 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. E.: Control of the bean stem maggot by insecticidal dressings. Rhodesia Agr. J. 56, 195 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terranova, A. C., and G. C. Ware: Studies of endosulfan in bean plants by paper and gas chromatography. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 596 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terriere, L. C., and D. W. Ingalsbe: Translocation and residual action of soil insecticides. J. Econ Entomol. 46, 751 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, H. E.: European elm scale control investigations. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 430 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietz, H.: The P32-marked diethyl thionophosphoric ester of β-oxyethyl thio- ethylether (active ingredient of the systemic insecticide “Systox”), its absorption and translocation in plants. Höfchen-Briefe 7, 1 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toms, A. M.: Control of cotton pests in the Sudan: the use of endrin. Agr. and Yet. Chemicals 4, 13 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonks, N. V.: Private communication 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, C. H., and E. W. Clark: Absorption and translocation of Di-Syston by cotton plants. J. Econ. Entomol 54, 1228 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsukano, Y., and T. Suzuki: Absorption and translocation of BHC by rice plants. Botyo-Kagaku 27, 12 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Unterstenhöfer, G.: Über den gegenwärtigen Stand der inneren Therapie der Pflanze. 2. f. Pflanzenkrankh. (Pflanzenpath.) u. Pflanzenschutz 57, 272 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Middelem, C. H., and R. E. Waites: Demeton residues on turnips, squash, tomatoes, peppers, and snap beans. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 741 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Overbeek, J.: Absorption and translocation of plant regulators. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 7, 355 (1956).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. K., Jr., J. Hacskaylo, and E. G. Pires: Some effects of joint applications of pre-emergence herbicides and systemic insecticides on seedling cotton in the greenhouse. Prog. Rept. 2284, Texas Agr. Expt. Sta., College Station (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, L. E.: Field-plot tests of chemicals for wheat stem sawfly control. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 908 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Way, M. J.: Experiments on the mode of action of insecticidal seed-dressings, especially against Leptohylemyia coarctata Fall., Muscidae, the wheat bulb fly. Ann. Appl. Biol. 47, 783 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherly, P. E., A. J. Peel, and G. P. Hill: The physiology of the sieve tube. Preliminary experiments using aphid mouth parts. J. Expt. Bot. 10, 1 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, R. J., and H. R. Derose: Absorption and translocation of 2, 4-dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid. Bot. Gaz. 107, 509 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedding, R. T., and R. L. Metcalf: Translocation of radioactive octamethyl- pyrophosphoramide (OMPA) in black valentine bean plants. Bot. Gaz. 114 180 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, A. T. S., D. G. Finlayson, and H. V. Morley: Toxic residues in soil 9 years after treatment with aldrin and heptachlor. Science 143, 681 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, H. R., J. W. Elliot, and W. F. Durham: The trend of DDT and parathion residues on apples grown in central Washington. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 1053 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, M., and H. T. Reynolds: Effects of various soil types and methods of application upon uptake of three systemic insecticides by cotton plants in the greenhouse. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 568 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeid, M. M. I., and L. K. Cutkomp: Effects associated with toxicity and plant translocation of three phosphate insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 44, 898 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Contribution No. 66, Research Station, Canada Agriculture, 6660, N. W. Marine Drive, Vancouver 8, British Columbia, Canada

    D. G. Finlayson & H. R. MacCarthy

Authors
  1. D. G. Finlayson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. R. MacCarthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

    Francis A. Gunther

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1965 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Finlayson, D.G., MacCarthy, H.R. (1965). The movement and persistence of insecticides in plant tissue. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Residue Reviews, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8395-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8395-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8397-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8395-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation