Skip to main content

The utilization of infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometric procedures for assay of pesticide residues

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 2))

  • 68 Accesses

Abstract

In the United States, the field of residue analytical chemistry has recently emerged from its infancy. This gestation logically can be divided into that period preceding the introduction of DDT1 in 1942 and that period extending from the introduction of DDT until the enactment of Public Law 518 (the Miller Pesticide Residue Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) in 1954 and of Public Law 929 (the Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act) in 1958. The first portion of this infancy, the pre-DDT period, was devoted principally to the elucidation of analytically scrutinizable factors pertaining to the field performance of available pest-control chemicals, e.g., the effects of stickers, spreaders, and other adjuvants on depositing efficiencies and residue longevities. Awakening interest as to the amounts of pest-control agent present at the time of consumption, as associated with possible hazards to the public health, was apparent at this time. The post-DDT period was evidenced by ever increasing concern with the hazards to health that might result from some penetrated pesticide residues, with associated concern about the possible risks to be associated with metabolites of pesticides that might be formed either during residual existence or after mammalian ingestion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Armstrong, W.: The determination of warfarin in rodenticidi. Chem. Ind. 154 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bann, J. M., T. J. de Cino, N. W. Earle, and Y. P. Sun: The fate of aldrin and dieldrin in the animal body. J. Agr. Food Chem. 4, 937 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrette, J. P., and R. Payfer: The determination of rotenone in liquid and aerosol formulations. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 44, 581 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, A. N.: Analysis of endrin residues in flour by infrared spectroscopy. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 751 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellamy, L. J.: The infrared spectra of complex molecules. 2ed. London: Methuen, and New York: Wiley 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beroza, M., N. Green, S. I. Gertler, L. F. Steiner, and D. H. Miyashita: New attractants for the Mediterranean fruit fly. J. Agr. Food Chem. 9, 361 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, A. I.: The spectrophotometric identification and determination of parathion. Analyst 80, 279 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C: The utility of ultraviolet spectrophotometry in determining pesticide residues in foodstuiffs. In Instrumental Methods of Analysis of Food Additives. New York—London: Interscience 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C, and F. A. Gunther: Determination of residues of O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidyl) phosphorothioate in milk. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 1013 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C, and F. A. Gunther: Indirect ultraviolet determination of sulfur dioxide by means of plumbous ion. Analyst 88, 675 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C, R. W. Dorner, J. H. Barkley, L. R. Jeppson, F. A. Gunther, and C. C. Cassil: Locale of aged Tedion residues on citrus fruits. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 723 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C, F. A. Gunther, and M. J. Kolbezen: Microdetermination of the acaricide ethyl p,p-dichlorobenzilate (Chlorobenzilate). J. Agr. Food Chem. 2, 1080 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. C, and M. S. Mulla: Infrared determination of aldrin and dieldrin in aldrin-treated soil. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 1129 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bombaugh, K. J., and W. C. Bull: Assay of Barban, 4-chloro-2-butynyl-N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate. J. Agr. Food Chem. 9, 386 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottini, E., and C. Sapetti: Absorption spectra as a modern method of investigating pesticides. Ann. sper. agrar. (Rome) 12, 77 (1958); Chem. Abst. 53, 16691 a (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, J. S., and J. E. Casida: Metabolism of the systemic insecticide O,O-diethyl S-(ethylthio)methyl phosphorodithioate (Thimet) in plants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 192 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braid, P. E., and J. le Bocuf: Determination of trace amounts of lindane in air by infrared spectrophotometry. Anal. Chem. 29, 1625 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandenberger, H., and H. Bader: Determination of powder moisture by azeotropic distillation and near-infrared spectrophotometry. Anal. Chem. 33, 1947 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brieger, H., F. Rieders, and W. A. Hodes: Acrylonitrile: spectrophotometric determination, acute toxicity and mechanism of action. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupational Med. 6, 128 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, R. B., J. W. Howard, and J. B. Zink: Determination of diphenylamine residues on apples. J. Agr. Food Chem. 6, 597 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunger, W. B., and R. W. Richburg: Infrared determination of dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane and benzene hexachloride in insecticides. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 127 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calderbank, A., C. B. Morgan, and S. H. Yuen: Determination of Diquat residues in potato tubers. Analyst 86, 569 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carman, G. E., F. A. Gunther, R. C. Blinn, and R. D. Garmus: The physical fate of parathion applied to citrus. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 767 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S. C.: Chromatographic separation of active components of natural pyrethrins and their characterizations. J. Agr. Food Chem. 9, 390 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. S.: Microdetermination of parathion (and related compounds). Bull. Assoc. Agr. Chem. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 8, 21 (1959); Chem. Abst. 53, 22707i (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W. H.: Infrared analysis of the isomers of 2V,N-diethyltoluamide. Anal. Chem. 31, 197 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W. H.: Infrared analysis of insecticides to determine toxaphene alone or in the presence of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 214 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleverley, B.: The estimation of mixtures of DDT and BHC isomers using infrared differential null-analysis. Anal. Chem. 33, 1621 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colthup, N. B.: Spectra-structure correlations in the infrared region. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 40, 397 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conkin, R. A., and E. G. Jaworski: Detection of 2-chloroallyl diethyldithio-carbamate residues in field-treated crops. Presented at 133rd National Meeting, Amer. Chem. Soc. San Francisco, California. (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. W.: Paper chromatography of some organic phosphate insecticides. III. Effects of light on systox and isosystox. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 37, 989 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulson, D. M.: Gas chromatography of pesticides. Adv. Pest Control Research 5, 153 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daasch, L. W.: Infrared spectroscopic analysis of five isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexa-chlorocyclohexane. Anal. Chem. 19, 779 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daasch, L. W., and D. C. Smith: Infrared spectra of phosphorus compounds. Anal. Chem. 23, 1853 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauterman, W. C., J. E. Casida, J. B. Knack, and T. Kowalczyk: Bovine metabolism of organophosphorus insecticides. Metabolism and residues associated with oral administration of dimethoate to rats and three lactating cows. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 188 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidow, B., and G. Woodard: An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of benzene hexachloride. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 32, 751 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derkosch, J., H. Jansch, R. Leutner, and F. X. Mayer: Identification of insecticide E-605. Monatssch. 85, 684 (1954); Chem. Abst. 48, 14090 b (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Derkosch, J., H., and F. X. Mayer: Detection and identification of the insecticide E-605 in forensic chemistry. Microchim. Acta 495 (1955); Chem. Abst. 49, 11508 a (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Diephuis, F., and C. L. Dunn: Toxaphene in tissues of cattle and sheep fed toxaphene-treated alfalfa. Montana State Coll. Agr. Expt. Stat. Bull. 461, 22 (1949); Chem. Abst. 43, 8600 g (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, A. B. F.: Theory of electronic spectra. Chemical applications of spectroscopy. In Technique of Organic Chemistry Vol. IX. New York—London: Interscience 1956 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, A. B. F.: Theory of infrared and raman spectra. Chemical applications of spectroscopy. In Technique of organic chemistry Vol. IX. New York—London: Interscience 1956 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, M.: The pyrethrins and related compounds. II. Infra-red spectra of the pyrethrins and other constituents of pyrethrum extract. J. Appl. Chem. 11, 19 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Englis, D. T., B. B. Burnett, R. A. Schrieber, and J. W. Miles: Determination of benzoic and salicylic acids in food products. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 964 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewing, G. W.: Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. 2ed. New York— Toronto—London: McGraw-Hill 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagen, H. J., E. P. Kolen, and R. V. Hussory: Spectrophotometric method for determining piperine in oleoresins of black pepper. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 860 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrenfort, J.: Attenuated total reflection. A new principle for the production of useful infrared reflection spectra of organic compounds. Spectrochim. Acta 17, 698 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, C. E. jr., L. N. Gard, and K. S. Dress: An infrared analytical method for determining residues of isopropyl iV-(3-chlorophenyl)carbamate (CIPC) in white potatoes treated for sprout inhibition. Presented at 141st National Meeting, Amer. Chem. Soc. Washington, D.C. (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, W., and U. Ulrich: Detection of plant pesticides in mixtures by infrared spectroscopy. 2. Anal. Chem. 172, 175 (1960); Nachrbl. deut. Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Stuttgart) 12, 133 (1960); Chem. Abst. 54, 13525 i (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, S. E., B. L. Gilbert, G. S. Johnson, C. A. Erickson, and H. Adelman: Thiodan-5a,9a-C 24 J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 193 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, S. K.: Infrared spectrophotometric determination of allethrin. Anal. Chem. 27, 1268 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, S. K.: Stability of Allethrin vs pyrethrins. Soap and Chem. Specialties 32 (No$12), 131, 133, 135; (No. 3), 150, 153, 166, 170, 173, 197 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedel, R. A., and M. Orchin: Ultraviolet spectra of aromatic compounds. New York: Wiley, and London: Chapman & Hall 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, N., and G. C. Decker: The conversion of heptachlor to its epoxide on plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 3 (1958 a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gannon, N.: The conversion of aldrin to dieldrin on plants. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 8 (1958 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatterdam, P. E., J. E. Casida, and D. W. Stoutamire: Relation of structure to stability, antiesterase activity and toxicity with substituted-vinyl phosphate insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 270 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gersdorff, W. A., S. K. Freeman, and P. G. Piquett: Some Barthrin isomers and their toxicity to houseflies in space sprays. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 548 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershman, L. L.: Infrared determination of endrin residues. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 44, 212 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gersmann, H. R., and J. A. A. Ketelaar: Chemical studies on insecticides. VIII. Ultraviolet spectra and opposing resonance in phosphate esters. Rec. Trav. Chim. 77, 1018 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigger, R. P.: Ultraviolet procedure for determination of Diazinon residues. Geigy Chemical Corp. Mimeo. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glastonbury, H. A., and M. D. Stevenson: The microestimation of Y-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butyric acid, y-(2:4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid, and rc-butyl y-(2:4-dichlorophenoxy) butyrate, in plant material. J. Sci. Food Agr. 10, 379 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goddu, R. F.: Near-infrared spectrophotometry. Hercules Chemist No. 34, 5 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddu, R. F., and D. A. Delker: Spectra-structure correlations for the near-infrared region. Anal. Chem. 32, 140 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, N., and M. Beroza: Spectrophotometric determination of small quantities of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Anal. Chem. 24, 1968 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gore, R. C.: Infrared spectra of organic thiophosphates. Disc. Faraday Soc. 9, 138 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, N.: Synthesis of carboxy-labelled C14-2V,2V-diethyl-m-toluamide, an insect repellent. J. Ecan. Entomol. 51, 707 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grummitt, O., D. Marsh, and J. A. Stearns: Analysis and properties of bis(p-chlorophenyl)methyl carbinol. Anal. Chem. 24, 702 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Analytical evaluation of residues of pesticide chemicals in foods and feeds. Proc. 17th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chem. Verlag Chemie, pp. 387–426, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Pesticide residues in foods. Analytical philosophy, technology and capabilities in other countries. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 44, 620 (1961 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Analytical evaluation of residues of specific chemical additives in foods. In Instrumental methods for the analysis of food additives. New York—London: Interscience 1961 b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Instrumentation in pesticide residue determination. Adv. Pest Control Research 5, 191 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn: Analysis of insecticides and acaricides. New York—London: Interscience 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Ultraviolet spectrophotometric microdetermination of the acaricide 4,4-dichloro-a-(trichloromethyl) benzhydrol (FW-293). J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 517 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Unpublished data (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., J. H. Barkley, M. J. Kolbezen, R. C. Blinn, and E. A. Staggs: Quantitative microdetermination of gaseous ammonia by its absorption at 204.3 m/4. Anal. Chem. 28, 1985 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., R. C. Blinn, and J. H. Barkley: Infrared procedure for quantitative determination of residues of 2,4,4/,5-tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone (Tedion) on and in citrus fruit peel. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 104 (1959 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Procedure for determining amounts of biphenyl and of o-phenylphenol on and in a single sample of citrus fruit. Univ. of Calif. Citrus Expt. Sta. Mimeo. (1959 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and M. M. Barnes: Infrared determination of p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulfide and its oxidation to its sulfone on pears. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 198 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., E. Benjamini, W. R. Kinkade,, and L. D. Anderson: Magnitudes and natures of nicotine residues on and in field-treated Texas mustard greens. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 330 (1959 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and G. E. Carman: Residues of Ethion on and in lemons and oranges as determined by an infrared spectrophotometric procedure. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 224 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., and C. C. Cassil: Unpublished data (1962 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A., M. J. Kolbezen, C. W. Wilson, and R. A. Conkin: Evaluating concentrations of spectrally absorbing vapors in dynamic systems. Anal. Chem. 30, 1089 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddock, L. A., and L. G. Phillips: The determination of a-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid in commercial acid of this name. Analyst 84, 94 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haenni, E. O.: A new idea in the design of infrared absorption cells for liquids. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 42, 215 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harford, A. D., E. Thornton, and N. G. Mctaggart: The analysis and biological assessment of petroleum-based insecticides. Proceedings 22nd Midyear Meeting, Am. Pet. Inst. Div. of Refining, Philadelphia, Pa. p. 389; Chem. Abst. 52, 9503d (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J. H., and S. E. Wiberley: Instrumental analysis. New York: Wiley 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. R., and P. G. Marshall: The depletion of insecticides in sheep-dipping baths. J. Sci. Food Agr. 10, 568 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. R., and P. G. Marshall: The depletion of insecticides in sheep-dipping baths. Further field trials. J. Sci. Food Agr. 12, 548 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, S., and K. Nagai: Hydrolysis of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Doshisha Kogaku Kaishi 8, 76 (1957); Sci. Eng. Rev. Doshisha Univ. 1, 225 (1960); Chem. Abst. 54, 22421 i (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, J. C.: Infrared spectroscopy as a quantitative analytical method in general chemicals manufacture. J. Appl. Chem. 7, 123 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heagy, A. B.: Infrared determination of DDT in dusts. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 43, 342 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herriott, R. M.: A spectrophotometric method for the determination of p,p-DDT. Science 104, 228 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirt, R. C., W. R. Doughman, R. G. Schmitt, and S. T. Moore: Spectrophotometric determination of melamine and formaldehyde in lard. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 1044 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, H. J., J. E. Weiler, and N. C. Angelotti: Visible and infrared spectroscopic determination of trace amounts of silicones in foods and biological materials. Anal. Chem. 32, 1858 (1960); also in Instrumental methods for the analysis of food additives. New York—London: Interscience 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, M., I. Hornstein, and R. T. Murphy: The analysis of milk for rotenoids. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 42, 174 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, E. C., jr., and D. G. Edwards: Determination of methoxychlor in insecticide-treated paperboard by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Anal. Chem. 25, 1179 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolliffe, V. A.: Determination of diethylene glycol-bis-(2,2-dichloropropionate) (dalapon ester) in Bermuda grass. Univ. of Calif. Citrus Expt. Sta. Unpublished procedure (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. C., jr., and L. W. Taylor: Far-ultraviolet absorption spectra of unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. Anal. Chem. 27, 228 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. N., and C. Sandorfy: The application of infrared and raman spectrometry to the elucidation of molecular structure. Chemical applications of spectroscopy. In Technique of organic chemistry Vol. IX. New York—London: Interscience 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, S. E.: Ultraviolet method for determination of streptomycin in feeds. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 50 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, W. I.: Near-infrared spectroscopy. I. Spectral identification and analytical applications. Spectrochim. Acta 6, 257 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. R., and P. G. Marshall: Near-infrared spectroscopy. II. Instrumentation and technique. Spectrochim. Acta 7, 181 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. R., and P. G. Marshall: The application of far-ultraviolet spectroscopy to gas chromatography. Beckman Analyzer 2 (No. 3), 4 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, I. R.:Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic detection of gas chromatograph effluent. Anal. Chem. 34, 287 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, W. C.: Infrared absorption spectrum of toxaphene. Anal. Chem. 24, 1197 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketelaar, J. A. A., and H. R. Gersmann: Chemical studies on insecticides. IX. Infrared absorption spectra on phosphorus acid esters. Rec. Trav. Chim. 78, 190 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knodel, L. R., and E. J. Elvin: Infrared determination of biphenyl in treated fiberboard cartons. Anal. Chem. 24, 1824 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoerlein, R. G.: The infrared analysis of rotenone. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 577 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krivis, A. F., G. E. Bronson, W. A. Struck, and J. L. Johnson: Infrared identification of paper chromatographed compounds. Microchemical Journal Symposium, p. 277. New York—London: Interscience 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, J. S., and C. E. Waterhouse: The quantitative determination of low concentrations of warfarin in aqueous solution. Analyst 85, 1012 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lykken, L.: Total chlorine and infrared methods for the determination of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin formulations. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 595 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccaulley, D. F., and J. W. Cook: The infrared spectra of organic phosphate pesticides and their applications to some problems in phosphate pesticide analysis. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 43, 710 (1960); also in Instrumental methods for the analysis of food additives. New York: Interscience 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald, I. R. C., and C. C. Watson: Quantitative infrared analysis of mixtures of isomeric or closely related substances. Anal. Chem. 29, 339 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mctaggart, N. G., E. Thornton, and A. D. Harford: The determination of pyrethrins and other insecticidal compounds by infrared spectrometry. Pyrethrum Post 4 (No. 4), 12 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maehly, A. C.: A micro technique for identifying barbiturates in forensic chemistry. Analyst 87, 116 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • March, R. B.: The resolution and chemical and biological characterization of some constituents of technical chlordane. J. Econ. Entomol. 45, 452 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, P. G.: The determination of 2:6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline in Ditranil and some fungicidal formulations by infrared spectroscopy. Analyst 85, 681 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsen, F. A.: Applications of the theory of electronic spectra. Chemical applications of spectroscopy. In Technique of organic chemistry Vol. IX. New York—London: Interscience 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellon, M. G.: Analytical absorption spectroscopy. New York: Wiley 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, F. A.: Applications of infrared and ultraviolet spectra to organic chemistry. In Advanced treatise of organic chemistry Vol. III. New York: Wiley 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, L. C.: The effect of ultraviolet light (2537 A.) on 141 pesticide chemicals by paper chromatography. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 643 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mold, J. D., R. C. Gore, J. M. Lynch, and E. J. Schantz: Creatine ethyl ether. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 178 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, W. W., jr., and E. O. Haenni: Characterization of tocopherols in vegetable oils by infrared spectrophotometry. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 45, 92 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newell, J. E., R. J. Mazaika, and W. J. Cook: The microdetermination of 2,3-dichloro-l,4-naphthoquinone (Phygon) in water. J. Agr. Food Chem. 6, 669 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newhall, W. F., E. J. Elvin, and L. R. Knodel: Infrared determination of biphenyl in citrus fruits. Anal. Chem. 26, 1234 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patchett, G. G.: Ultraviolet determination of R-242. Stauffer Chemical Co. Mimeo. (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulig, G.: Determination of alodan residues in grain. Z. Anal. Chem. 168, 401 (1959); Chem Abst. 54, 768 e (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulig, G.: Infrared spectrophotometric determination of pentachloronitrobenzene residues. Deut. Lebensm.-Rundschau 56, 296 (1960); Chem. Abst. 55, 13747h (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulig, G.: Infrared spectrophotometric determination of Thiodan residues in fruit juices. Deut. Lebensm.-Rundschau 57, 230 (1961); Chem. Abst. 56, 1813 h (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. D., G. E. Pollard, and S. B. Soloway: Thermal isomerization of endrin and its behavior in gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 217 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinder, A. R.: Physical methods in organic chemistry. Part II. Physicochemical measurements. Chem. & Ind. 1180 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, G. E.: Application of infrared spectrophotometry to the determination of pesticide residues. Presented at 131st National Meeting. Amer. Chem. Soc. Miami, Fla. (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, G. E., W. M. Saltman, and P. YIN: Infrared determination of dieldrin and DDT in mixtures. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 38, 478 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Presnell, A. K.: Rapid preparation of mineral oil mulls. Anal. Chem. 27, 571 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, L. L.: Report on dehydroacetic acid in cheese. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 36, 83 and 744 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A. A., and F. M. Middleton: Chlorinated insecticides in surface waters. Anal. Chem. 31, 1729 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfield, D., A. I. Epstein, E. F. Stier, and W. A. Maclinn: A study of a spectrophotometric method for the flavor evaluation of insecticide treated vegetables. Food Research 25, 513 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, B. L.: Modifications of the Knoerlein infrared method for rotenone. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 580 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sassman, W. A., and S. P. Cohen: Ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometric analysis of an insect repellent mixture. Appl. Spectroscopy 8, 67 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. H., and P. A. Dahm: The synthesis of C14-labelled piperonyl butoxide and its fate in the Madeira roach. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 729 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, C. H., M. C. Bowman, and F. Acree jr.: Ultraviolet determination of the insect repellent diethyltoluamide. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 694 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzman, G.: Determination of nicotine residues in foods. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 177 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjoberg, B.: Determination of chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid by infrared spectrophotometry. Acta Chem. Scand. 4, 798 (1950); Chem. Abst. 45, 1465 i (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparagana, M., and W. B. Mason: Infrared microspectrophotometry using reflecting-type 6X beam condensing optics in reference and sample beams. Anal. Chem. 34, 242 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, E. Y., R. D. O’Brien, and R. W. White: Permanganate oxidation products of schradan.. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 123 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, W. L.: Determination of menthyl salicylates in lemon oil. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 42, 643 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strouts, C. R. H., J. H. Gilfillan, and H. N. Wilson: Analytical chemistry, the working tools Vol. II. Oxford: Clarenden Press 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumiki, Y., and A. Matsuyama: Infrared spectrophotometric determination of traces of parathion in water. Bull. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 21, 329 (1957); Chem. Abst. 52, 5706 g (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Susi, H., and H. E. Rector: Quantitative infrared analysis of pesticides in the solid state. Anal. Chem. 30, 1933 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szalkowski, C. R.: Report on glycarbylamide in feeds. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 42, 241 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szonyi, C., and J. D. Craske: A simple micro-mull technique for obtaining infrared spectra. Anal. Chem. 34, 448 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, L. C., and R. A. Chittenden: Infrared group frequency correlations for organophosphorus compounds. Chem. & Ind. 1913 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tietz, H., and H. Frehse: Method of determining residues of systemic insecticides of the Metasystox group in plants. Hofchen-Briefe 13 (No. 4), 212 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Toren, P. E., L. D. Goodhue, W. R. Kirkham, and D. E. Howell: Determination of small quantities of 2,3,4,5-bis (¿l2-butenylene) tetrahydrofurfural (Repellent R-ll) in milk. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 749 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torkington, P., and H. W. Thompson: Solvents for use in the infrared. Trans. Faraday Soc. 41, 184 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuyuki, H., M. A. Stahmann, and J. E. Casida: Preparation, purification, isomeration, and biological properties of octameriiylpyrophosphoramide AT-oxide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 922 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, W. F.: Far-ultraviolet absorption studies on biologically active substances. Beckman Analyzer 3 (No. 2), 3 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Union Carbide Chemicals Company: Infrared spectroscopy method of analysis for “Sevin” insecticide formulations. Mimeo. (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Upham, S. D.: Methods for determining malathion. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 43, 360 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urone, P. F., and M. L. Druschel: Infrared determination of chlorinated hydrocarbon vapors in air. Anal. Chem. 24, 626 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner, W. H., and M. E. Chambers: Solid state ultraviolet spectra. J. Org. Chem. 26, 298 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware, J. H.: Determination of malathion in formulations. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 608 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, C. C.: Absorption spectrum of β-chlorobenzyl-P-chlorophenyl sulphide (chlorobenside). Chem. & Ind. 349 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, C. C.: Determination of p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulfide, (chlorobenside) and p-chlorobenzyl p-chlorophenyl sulfoxide (chlorobenside sulfoxide) residues on apples. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 679 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinkauff, O. J., R. W. Radue, R. E. Keller, and H. R. Crane: Identification of Cajffein as natural or synthetic. J. Agr. Food Chem. 9, 397 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, A. R.: Determination of Perthane residues. Rohm & Haas Co. Mimeo. (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • West, W.: Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. In physical methods of organic chemistry Vol. II. New York—London: Interscience 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, W.: Introductory survey of molecular spectra. Chemical applications of spectroscopy. In Technique of Organic chemistry Vol. IX. New York—London: Interscience 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. T., and G. G. Mckinley: Determination of phosdrin insecticide and methyl parathion in formulations. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 589 (1961a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, T. T.: Determination of aldrin, dieldrin, or endrin in formulations. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 44, 591 (1961 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, G., and T. E. Archer: Quantitative determination of Thiodan by gas chromatography. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 190 (I960).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. T., and D. Rubinstein: Residue analysis of a chlorinated insecticide (Thiodan) by combination of gas chromatography and infrared spectrophotometry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 403 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. T., and D. Raz: Residue determination of naphthaleneacetic acid and its methyl ester in potatoes by a combination of gas chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 199 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1963 Springer-Verlag OHG Berlin · Göttingen · Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Blinn, R.C., Gunther, F.A. (1963). The utilization of infrared and ultraviolet spectrophotometric procedures for assay of pesticide residues. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8374-5_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8374-5_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8376-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8374-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics