Abstract
For the purposes of this discussion, “detergency” will be defined as the removal of an unwanted soil from a substrate by the physicochemical action of an aqueous bath. The bath could consist for reference purposes of pure water or of water of specified hardness, salt content, pH, etc. In the practical situation, however, the bath will contain one or more solutes that greatly increase both the rate and the degree of soil removal over that achievable by water alone. These solutes include surfactants, builders (materials that by various mechanisms promote the soil-removing action of surfactants), and antiredeposition agents (materials that inhibit the recombination of soil with previously separated substrate). Substrates can vary quite widely in both chemical composition and physical form. In general, they must be solid, with a melting or softening point well above the washing temperature, and they must be insoluble and resistant to attack by the bath; in short, the type of material that is normally cleaned with “soap and water.” Substrates are usually considered, for practical purposes, in two categories:—fibrous, comprising textile fabrics, and hard surface, comprising tile, painted surfaces, metal, glass, ceramic, and similar materials. Soil has broadly and jokingly been defined as “matter out of place.” In the study of detergency, however, certain types of “matter out of place” are usually excluded from consideration. Among these are substances easily removed by dissolution or rinsing in water alone, and at the other extreme, stains of dyelike materials that are molecularly dispersed below the surface of the substrate and can be removed in reasonably short time only by chemical action. Soils are generally grouped as solid, liquid (or “oily”), and mixed. They adhere to the substrate but do not exhibit strong chemical interaction with it. The detersive process consists essentially of a breaking or weakening of the soil-substrate adhesive bond so that the soil can be separated and carried away easily by the hydraulic action of the bath. The literature on surfactants and other detergent components and their behavior and properties is exceedingly extensive and will not be considered here. Theoretical discussions of the physical chemistry of detergency are also available elsewhere.(1)The present discussion will be concerned primarily with the methodology and techniques used in studying the detersive process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. M. Schwartz, in Surface and Colloid Science (E. Matijevic, ed.), Vol. 5, p. 195ff, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1972).
A. M. Schwartz, in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (R. E. Kirk and D. F. Othmer, eds.) (2nd ed.), Vol. 6, p. 853, Interscience, New York (1965).
F. H. Rhodes and S. W. Brainerd, Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, 60 (1929).
W. Spring, Kolloid Z. 4, 161 (1909); 6, 11, 109, 164 (1910).
ASTM Standard D2960–76. ASTM1976Book of Standards, p. 437, ASTM, Philadelphia (1976).
A. M. Schwartz, J. W. Perry, and J. Berch, Surface Active Agents and Detergents, Vol. II, p. 566ff, Interscience, New York (1958).
J. C. Harris, Detergency Evaluation and Testing, Interscience, New York (1954).
K. Durham (ed.), Surface Activity and Detergency, Macmillan, London (1961).
J. J. Cramer, in Detergency, Theory and Test Methods (W. G. Cutler and R. C. Davis, eds.), p. 323ff., Marcel Dekker, New York (1972).
C. E. Warburton, Jr. and A. T. Schindler, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 15, 2794 (1971).
H. L. Sanders and J. L. Lambert, J. Amer. Oil. Chemists’ Soc. 27, 153 (1950).
J. Compton and W. J. Hart, Textile Res. J. 23, 158, 418 (1953).
F. L. Diehl and J. B. Crowe. J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 31, 404 (1954).
E. Goette, Melliand Textilber. 35, 534 (1954).
c. W. M. Linfield et al., J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 53 60–76 (1976).
M. E. Ginn and J. C. Harris, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 38, 605 (1961).
b. L. I. Bavika et al.,USSR patent 525, 765 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 85 179418x.
A. R. Martin and R. C. Davis, Soap Chem. Specialties 36 (4), 49 (1960); (5), 73 (1960).
W. C. Powe, Textile Res. J. 29, 879 (1959).
T. P. Matson and M. A. Johnson. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 53, 218 (1976).
S. V. Vaeck and E. Maes, Tenside 5, 4 (1968).
R. C. Ferris and L. O. Leenerk, Soap Chem. Specialties, 32(7), 37 (1956).
E. Walter, Fette Sei fen Anstrichmittel 61, 188 (1959).
L. Kravetz, D. H. Scharer, and H. Stupel, Household Personal Prods. Inds. 14(1), 55 (1977).
W. G. Spangler, H. D. Cross III, and B. R. Schaefoma, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 42, 723 (1965).
J. R. Trowbridge and J. Rubinfeld, Proc. 4th Int. Congr. Surface Activity, 1964, Vol. 3, p. 221, Gordon and Breach, London (1967).
R. G. Anderson, U.S. patent 3, 714, 076 (assigned to Chevron Research Co.) (1973).
A. M. Schwartz and J. Berch, Soap Chem. Specialties 39, 5, 78 (1963).
U. S. Testing Co., Hoboken, New Jersey.
R. S. Hunter, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50 44 (1960).
R. S. Hunter, National Bureau of Standards Circular C-429 (1942).
R. S. Hunter, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 45, 362 (1968).
I. Reich, F. D. Snell, and L. Osipow, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45, 137 (1953).
P. A. Carson and P. Tissington, Brit. patent 1, 425, 343 (1976).
U.S. Federal Specification PC-431a. Non-abrasive synthetic detergent cleaning compound.
E. H. Mann and C. C. Ruchhoft, U.S. Public Health Repts. 61, 877 (1946).
J. L. Wilson and E. E. Mendenhall, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 16, 251 (1944).
A. L. Kimmel, H. M. Gadbury, and D. O. Darby, Soap Chem. Specialties 37(4), 51 (1961).
J. C. Harris, W. Stericher, and S. Spring, Amer. Soc. Testing Mater. Bull. 204, 31 (1955).
E. H. Armbruster and G. M. Ridenour, Soap Chem. Specialties 28 (6), 83 (1952).
E. H. Armbruster and G. M. Ridenour, Soap Chem. Specialties 31(7), 47 (1955). 31. F. W. Minor, A. M. Schwartz, L. C. Buckles, and E. Wulkow, Amer. Dyestuff Reptr. 49 (12), 37 (1960).
S. V. Vaeck and W. Verleye, Tenside Deterg. 13, 216 (1976).
A. M. Schwartz, Ind. Eng. Chem. 61, 10 (1969).
J. W. Hensley, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 42, 993 (1965).
J. Berch, H. Peper, and G. L. Drake, Jr., Textile Res. J., 39 (1964).
T. Fort, Jr., H. R. Billica, and T. H. Grindstaff, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 45, 354 (1968).
G. Barnett and D. H. Powers, J. Soc. Cosmetic Chemists 2, 219 (1951).
N. K. Adam, J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 53, 121 (1937).
W. Kling, E. Langer, and I. Haussner, Melliand Textilber. 25, 198 (1945).
T. H. Grindstaff, H. T. Patterson, and H. R. Billica, Textile Res. J. 37, 564 (1967).
J. Powney and A. J. Fenell, Research 2, 331 (1949).
W. J. Hart and J. Compton, Ind. Eng. Chem. 43, 1564 (1951).
J. Tuzson and B. A. Short, Textile Res. J. 30, 989 (1960).
A. D. Zimon, Adhesion of Dust and Powder, Plenum Press, New York (1969).
H. Krupp, Advan. Colloid Interface Sci. 1, 208 (1967).
W. Kling, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 69, 676 (1967).
J. Compton and W. J. Hart, Textile Res. J. 24, 263 (1954).
S. Simauchi and H. Mizushima, Amer. Dyestuff Reptr. 57, 462 (1968).
W. Kling and H. Mahl, Melliand Textilber. 35, 640 (1954).
D. G. Stevenson, J. Textile Inst. 42, T194 (1951).
D. G. Stevenson, J. Textile Inst. 43, T112 (1952).
A. S. C. Laurence, in Surface Activity and Detergency (K. Durham, ed.), p. 180ff, Macmillan, London (1961).
b. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 25 51 (1958).
I. J. Gruntfest and E. M. Young, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 26, 236 (1949).
D. G. Stevenson, J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 68, 57 (1952).
V. W. Tripp, A. T. Moore, B. R. Porter, and M. L. Rollins, Textile Res. J. 28, 447 (1958).
J. C. Harris, R. E. Kamp, and W. H. Yanko, ASTM Bull. no. 158, 49 (1949).
T. Fort, Jr., H. R. Billica, and T. H. Grindstaff, Textile Res. J. 36, 99 (1966).
M. S. Sontag, M. E. Purchase, and B. F. Smith, Textile Res. J. 40, 529 (1970).
B. A. Scott, J. Appl. Chem. (London) 13, 133 (1963).
B. E. Gordon, J. Roddewig, and W. T. Shebs, J. Amer. Oil Chemists’ Soc. 44, 289 (1967).
B. J. Rutkowski and A. R. Martin, Textile Res. J. 31, 892 (1961).
J. W. Hensley and C. G. Inks, ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. no. 268 (1959).
T. H. Vaughn, E. F. Hill, C. E. Smith, and L. R. McCoy, Ind. Eng. Chem. 41, 112 (1949).
T. Imamura and F. Tokiwa, Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1976, 869 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 85, 80054p (1976).
K. Ogino and W. Agui, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 49,1703 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 85, 80042h (1976).
K. Ogino and K. Shigemura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 49, 3236 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 86, 31251n (1977).
T. D. Blake and J. M. Haynes, Progr. Surface Membrane Sci. 6, 125 (1973).
R. Shuttleworth and G. L. J. Bailey, Discuss. Faraday Soc. 3, 16 (1948).
R. J. Hansen and T. Y. Toong, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 37, 196 (1971).
K. Shinoda (ed.), Solvent Properties of Surfactant Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York (1967).
D. G. Stevenson, J. Textile Inst. 44, T12 (1953).
Metals Handbook (8th ed.), Vol. II, Amer. Soc. for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio (1964).
E. M. Lifshitz, Soy. Phys. 2, 73 (1956).
L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, Pergamon Press, Oxford (1960).
H. Schleussler, Brauwissenschaft 29, 263 (1976); Chem. Abstr. 86, 57119a (1977).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schwartz, A.M. (1979). Research Techniques in Detergency. In: Good, R.J., Stromberg, R.R. (eds) Surface and Colloid Science. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7969-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7969-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7971-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7969-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive