Abstract
The principal function of the circulatory system is to transport molecules, both nutritive and informational, to the various tissues of the body. In trying to understand this process, early physiologic experiments (Pappenheimer et al., 1951; Landis and Pappenheimer, 1963; Renkin, 1964) established that the exchange process was mediated by a semipermeable “membrane.” That is, molecular exchange between the blood and tissue spaces takes place across a selective barrier that on the one hand allows the free exchange of molecules less than 45 Å in diameter (Landis and Pappenheimer, 1963) and on the other hand restricts the movement of larger diameter molecules (Garlick and Renkin, 1970; Landis and Pappenheimer, 1963). The discontinuous nature of molecular transport across this “membrane” has been explained by assuming that exchange occurs through pores of two general classes: small pores (diam. ∼90 Å; freq. 15–20/µm2) and large pores (diam. ∼500–700 Å; freq. 1/15–20 µm2) (Landis and Pappenheimer, 1963; Simionescu et al., 1976a; Lassen and Trap-Jensen, 1970). This theory has been developed in recent years to explain the differing permeabilities of the various vascular compartments; more permeable compartments such as those found in the liver and adrenal cortex have more pores of both classes, whereas relatively impermeable compartments such as those found in the brain (Crone and Lassen, 1969; Simionescu et al., 1976a) have fewer pores.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahkong, Q.F., Fisher, D., Tampion, W., and Lucy, I.A., 1973, The fusion of erythrocytes by fatty acids, esters, retinol and α-tacopherol. Biochem. J., 136:147–155.
Allison, A.C., and Davies, P., 1974, Mechanisms of endocytosis and exocytosis. Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 28:419–446.
Allison, A.C., Davies, P., and De Pétris, S., 1971, Role of contractile microfilaments in macrophage movement and endocytosis. Nature [New Biol.], 232:153–155.
Anderson, R.G.W., Goldstein, J.L., and Brown, M.S., 1976, Localization of low density lipoprotein receptors on plasma membrane of normal human fibroblasts and their absence in cells from a familial hypercholesterolemia homozygote. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 73:2434–2438.
Anderson, R. G.W., Brown, M.S., and Goldstein, J.L., 1977, Role of the coated endocytic vesicle in the uptake of receptor-bound low density lipoprotein in human fibroblasts. Cell, 10:351–364.
Ashwell, G., and Morell, A.G., 1974, Role of surface carbohydrates in hepatic recognition and transport of circulating glycoproteins. Adv. Enzymol., 41:99–128.
Atkins, R.C., and Ford, W.L., 1974, Early cellular events in a systemic graft-vs.-host reaction. I. The migration of responding and nonresponding donor lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 141:664–680.
Beers, R.F., and Bassett, E.G. (eds.), 1976, “Cell Membrane Receptors for Viruses, Antigens and Antibodies. Polypeptide Hormones, and Small Molecules.” Raven Press, New York.
Ben-Bassat, I., Bensch, K.G., and Schrier, S.L., 1972, Drug-induced erythrocyte membrane internalization. J. Clin. Invest., 51:1833–1844.
Bergelson, L.D., and Barsukov, L.I., 1977, Topological asymmetry of phospholipids in membranes. Science, 197:224–230.
Bessis, M., Weed, R.I., and Leblond, P.F. (eds.), 1973, “Red Cell Shape: Physiology, Pathology, Ultrastructure.” Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Birchmeier, W., and Singer, S.J., 1977a, On the mechanism of ATP-induced shape changes in human erythrocyte membranes. II. The role of ATP. J. Cell Biol., 73:647–659.
Birchmeier, W., and Singer, S.J., 1977b, Muscle G-actin is an inhibitor of ATP-induced erythrocyte ghost shape changes and endocytosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 77:1354–1360.
Blanchette-Mackie, E.J., and Scow, R.O., 1971, Sites of lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue perfused with chylomicrons: Electron microscope cytochemical study. J. Cell Biol., 51:1–25.
Blitz, A.L., Fine, R.E., and Toselli, P.A., 1977, Evidence that coated vesicles isolated from brain are calcium-sequestering organelles resembling sarcoplasmic reticulum. J. Cell Biol., 75:135–147.
Bode, F., Baumann, K., and Kinne, R., 1976, Analysis of the pino-cytic process in rat kidney. II. Biochemical composition of pinocytic vesicles compared to brush border microvilli, lysosomes and basolateral plasma membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 433:294–310.
Bradfield, J.W.B., and Born, G.V.R., 1973, The migration of rat thoracic duct lymphocytes through spleen in vivo. Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 54:509–517.
Branton, D., 1966, Fracture faces of frozen membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 55:1048–1056.
Bretscher, M.S., 1973, Membrane structure—some general principles. Science, 181:622–629.
Bretscher, M.S., 1974, Some aspects of membrane structure, in “Perspectives in Membrane Biology.” (S. Estrada-O. and C. Gitler, eds.), pp. 3–20, Academic Press, New York.
Brightman, M.W., Reese, T.S., and Feder, N., 1970, Assessment with the electron-microscope of the permeability to peroxidase of cerebral endothelium and epithelium in mice and sharks, in “Capillary Permeability.” (C. Crone and N.A. Lassen, eds.) pp. 468–476, Academic Press, New York.
Brightman, M.W., Hori, M., Rapaport, S.I., Reese, T.S., and Westergaard, E., 1973, Osmotic opening of tight junctions in cerebral endothelium. J. Comp. Neurol., 152:317–326.
Brown, M.V., Shaw, W., Baginsky, M., Boberg, J., and Augustin, J., 1976, Lipases and lipoproteins, in “Lipoprotein Metabolism.” (H. Greten, ed.) pp. 2–6, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Bruns, R.R., and Palade, G.E., 1968a, Studies on blood capillaries. I. Genera] organization of blood capillaries in muscle. J. Cell Biol., 37:244–276.
Bruns, R.R., and Palade, G.E., 1968b, Studies on blood capillaries. II. Transport of ferritin molecules across the wall of muscle capillaries. J. Cell Biol., 37:277–299.
Buonassisi, V., 1973, Sulphated mucopolysaccharide synthesis and secretion in endothelial cell-cultures. Exp. Cell Res., 76:363–368.
Buonassisi, V., and Root, M., 1975, Enzymatic degradation of heparin-related mucopolysaccharides from the surface of endothelial cell cultures. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 385:1–10.
Butcher, E.C., Scollay, R.G., and Weissman, I.L., 1979, Lymphocyte adherence to high endothelial venules: Characterization of a modified in vitro assay, and examination of the binding of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocyte populations. J. Immunol., 123:1996–2003.
Caldwell, P., Seegal, B.C., and Hsu, K., 1976, Angiotensin-connecting enzyme: Vascular endothelial localization. Science, 191:1050–1051.
Caro, C.G., and Nerem, R.M., 1973, Transport of 14C-4-cholesterol between serum and wall in the perfused dog common carotid artery. Circ. Res., 32:187–205.
Carpenter, G., and Cohen, S., 1976, 125labeled human epidermal growth factor—binding, internalization, and degradation in human fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol., 71:159–171.
Casley-Smith, J.R., 1976, The functioning and interrelationships of blood capillaries and lymphatics. Experientia, 32:1–12.
Casley-Smith, J.R., and Chin, J.C., 1971, The passage of cytoplasmic vesicles across endothelial and mesothelial cells. Microsc., 93:167–189.
Casley-Smith, J.R., Green, H.S., Harris, J.L., and Wadey, P.J., 1975, The quantitative morphology of skeletal muscle capillaries in relation to permeability. Microvasc. Res., 10:43–64.
Chapman, D., 1975a, Phase transitions and fluidity characteristics of lipids and cell membranes. Q. Rev. Biophys., 8:185–235.
Chapman, D., 1975b, Fluidity and phase transitions of cell membranes, in “Biomembranes.” (H.K. Eisenberg, E. Katchalski-Katzer, and L.A. Mauson, eds.) Vol. 7, pp. 1–9, Plenum Press, New York.
Chapman, D., and Cornell B.A., 1977, Phase transitions, protein aggregation and membrane fluidity, in “Structure of Biological Membranes.” (S. Abrahamsson and I. Pascher, eds.) pp. 85–93, Plenum Press, New York.
Chen, L.L., and Haines, T.H., 1976, The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of the flagellar membrane, axonemes and mastigonemes. J. Biol. Chem., 251:1835–1842.
Chen, L.L., Pousada, M., and Haines, T.H., 1976, The flagellar membrane of Ochromonas danica. Lipid composition. J. Biol. Chem., 251:1835–1842.
Claude, P., and Goodenough, D.A., 1973, Fracture faces of zonulae occludentes from “tight” and “leaky” epithelia. J. Cell Biol., 58:390–400.
Climenti, F., and Palade, G.E., 1969, Intestinal capillaries. I. Permeability to peroxidase and ferritin. J. Cell Biol., 41:33–58.
Cliff, W.J., 1976, “Biological Structure and Function. 6. Blood Vessels.” (R.J. Harrison, R.M.H. McMinn, and I.E. Treherne, eds.) Cambridge University Press, New York.
Connell, C.J., and Mercer, K.L., 1974, Freeze-fracture appearance of the capillary endothelium in the cerebral cortex of mouse brain. Am. J. Anat., 140:595–599.
Crone, C, and Lassen, N.A. (eds.), 1969, “Capillary Permeability,” Proceedings of the Alfred Benzon Symposium II, Alfred Benzon Symposium, 2d, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1969, Academic Press, New York.
Crone, C, and Thompson, A.M., 1970, Permeability of brain capillaries, in “Capillary Permeability.” (C. Crone and N.A. Lassen, eds.) pp. 447–453, Proceedings of the Alfred Benzon Symposium II, Alfred Benzon Symposium, 2d, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1969, Academic Press, New York.
Danielli, J., and Davson, H., 1935, A contribution to the theory of permeability of thin films. J. Cell. Physiol., 5:495–508.
Danon, D., 1970, Blood vessel surface charge analysis by electron microscopy. (J. Ditzel and D.H. Lewis, eds.) 6th Eur. Conf. Microcirc., 1971:415–419, Basel, New York, Karger.
Depierre, J.P., and Dallner, G., 1975, Structural aspects of the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 415:411–472.
De Pierre, J.W., and Ernster, L., 1977, Enzyme topology of intracellular membranes. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 46:201–262.
Dermietzel, R., 1975, Junctions in the central nervous system of the cat. IV. Interendothelial junctions of cerebral blood vessels from selected areas of the brain. Cell Tissue Res., 164:45–62.
Deuticke, B., 1968, Transformation and restoration of biconcave shape of human erythrocytes induced by amphiphilic agents and changes of ionic environment. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 163:494–500.
Dorer, F.E., Kahn, J.R., Lentz, K.E., Levine, M., and Skeggs, L.T., 1974, Hydrolysis of bradykinen by angiotensin-converging enzyme. Circ. Res., 34:824–827.
Du Praw, E.J., 1968, “Cell and Molecular Biology.” Academic Press, New York.
Edelman, G.M., Yahara, I., and Wang, J.L., 1973, Receptor mobility and receptor-cytoplasmic interactions in lymphocytes (Cell surface lymphocyte receptor mobility — Lectins — Concanavalin-A). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 70:1442–1446.
Edidin, M., 1974, Rotational and translational diffusion in membranes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng., 3:179–201.
Elfvin, L.-G., 1965, The ultrastructure of the capillary fenestrae in the adrenal medulla of the rat. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 12:687–704.
Elias, P.M., Goerke, J., and Friend, D.S., 1978, Freeze-fracture identification of sterol-digitonin complexes in cell and liposome membranes. J. Cell Biol., 78:577–596.
Evans, E.A., 1974, Bending resistance and chemically induced moments in membrane bilayers. Biophys. J., 14:923–931.
Farquhar, M.G., 1960, An electron microscope study of glomerular permeability. Anat. Rec., 136:191 (Abstract).
Farquhar, M.G., and Palade, G.E., 1963, Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J. Cell Biol., 17:375–412.
Farr, A., and De Bruyn, P., 1975, The mode of lymphocyte migration through postcapillary vesicle endothelium in lymph node. Am. J. Anat., 143:59–92.
Fawcett, D.W., 1965, Surface specializations of absorbing cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 13:75–91.
Ford, W.L., and Sedgely, M., 1976, The mgiration of lymphocytes across vascular endothelium. Agents & Actions 6(1–3):248–250.
Ford, W.L., Sedgley, M., Sparshott, S.M., and Smith, M.E., 1976, The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium II. The contrasting consequences of treating lymphocytes with trypsin or neuraminidase. Cell Tissue Kinet., 9:351–361.
Fowler, V., and Branton, D., 1977, Lateral mobility of human erythrocyte integral membrane proteins. Nature 268:23–26.
Friend, D.S., and Farquhar, M.G., 1967, Functions of coated vesicles during protein absorption in the rat vas deferens. J. Cell Biol., 35:357–376.
Freitas, A.A., and De Sousa, M., 1976, The role of cell interactions in the control of lymphocyte traffic. Cell. Immunol., 22:345–350.
Frye, L.D., and Edidin, M., 1970, The rapid intermixing of cell surface antigens after formation of mouse-human heterokaryons. J. Cell. Science, 7:319–335.
Garlick, D.G., and Renkin, E.M., 1970, Transport of large molecules from plasma to interstitial fluid and lymph in dogs. Am. J. Physiol., 219(6):1595–1605.
Gesner, B.M., and Ginsburg, V., 1964, Effect of glycosidases on the fate of transfused lymphocytes. P.N.A.S., 52:750–755.
Gesner, B.M., Woodruff, J.J., and McCluskey, R.T., 1969, An autoradiographic study of the effect of neuraminidase or trypsin on transfused lymphocytes. Am. J. Pathol., 57:215–230.
Gillette, R.W., McKenzie, G.O., and Swanson, M.H., 1973, Effect of concanavalin A on the homing of labeled T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 111(6):1902–1905.
Ginn, F.L., Hochstein, P., and Trump, B.F., 1969, Membrane alterations in hemolysis: Internalization of plasmalemma induced by primaquine. Science, 164:843–845.
Goldschneider, I., and McGregor, D., 1968, Migration of lymphocytes and thymocytes in the rat. I. The route of migration from blood to spleen and lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med., 127:155–168.
Goldstein, G.W., Csejtey, J., and Diamond, I., 1976, Carrier mediated glucose transport in capillaries isolated from rat brain. J. Neurochem., 28:725–728.
Goldstein, J.L., and Brown, M.S., 1977, The low-density lipoprotein pathway and its relation to atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 46:897–930.
Goldstein, J.L., Anderson, R.G.W., and Brown, M.S., 1979, Coated pits, coated vesicles and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nature, 279:679–685.
Goodenough, D.A., and Revel, J.P., 1970, A fine structural analysis of intercellular junctions in the mouse liver. J. Cell Biol., 45:272–290.
Gordon, S., 1975, Cell fusion and some subcellular properties of heterokaryons and hybrids. J. Cell Biol., 67:257–280.
Gorter, E., and Grendel, F., 1925, Bimolecular layers of lipids on chromocytes of blood. J. Exp. Med., 41:439–443.
Gowans, J., and Knight, E., 1964, The route of re-circulation of lymphocytes in the rat. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 159:257–282.
Gray, G.M., 1974, Glycosphingolipids in biological membranes, in “Perspectives in Membrane Biology.” (S. Estrada and C. Gitler, eds.) pp. 85–106, Academic Press, New York.
Green, H.S., and Casley-Smith, J.R., 1972, Calculations on the passage of small vesicles across endothelial cells by Brownian motion. J. Theor. Biol., 35:103–111.
Guidotti, G., 1972, Membrane proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 41:731–752.
Gutman, G., and Weissman, I., 1973, Homing properties of thymus-independent follicular lymphocytes. Transplantation, 16(6):621–629.
Guyton, A.C., 1976, “Textbook of Medical Physiology.” W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Hackenbrock, C.R., 1977, Molecular organization and the fluid nature of the mitochondrial energy transducing membrane, in “Structure of Biological Membranes.” (S. Abrahamsson and I. Pascher, eds.) pp. 199–234, Plenum Press, New York.
Hayashi, H., Plishker, G.A., Vaughan, L., and Penniston, J.T., 1975, Energy-Dependent endotycosis in erythrocyte ghosts. IV. Effects of Ca++, Na+ + K+, and 5′-adenyl-inidodiphosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 382:218–229.
Hendler, R.W., 1971, Biological membrane ultrastructure. Physiol. Rev., 51(1):66–97.
Heuser, J., 1980, Three-dimensional visualization of coated vesicle formation in fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol., 84:560–583.
Howard, J.C., 1972, The life span and recirculation of marrow-derived small lymphocytes from the rat thoracic duct. J. Exp. Med., 135:185–199.
Huang, H.W., 1973, Mobility and diffusion in the plane of cell membrane. J. Theor. Biol., 40:11–17.
HÜttner, I., More, R.H., and Rona, G., 1970, Fine structural evidence of specific mechanism for increased endothelial permeability in experimental hypertension. Am. J. Pathol., 61:395–412.
Hü, I., Boutet, M., and More, R.H., 1973, Studies on protein passage through arterial endothelium. II. Regional differences in permeability to fine structural protein tracers in arterial endothelium of normotensive rat. Lab. Invest., 28:678–685.
Jain, M.K., 1975, Role of cholesterol in biomembranes and related systems, in “Current Topics in Membranes and Transport.” (F. Bronner and A. Kleinzeller, eds.) Vol. 6, pp. 1–58, Academic Press, New York.
Jarrett, H.W., Reid, T.B., and Penniston, J.T., 1977, Concurrent inhibition of the low-affinity Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and MgATP-dependent endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts by N-napthylmaleimide and carbomylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 183:498–510.
Jennings, M.A., and Florey, L., 1967, An investigation of some properties of endothelium related to capillary permeability. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.], 167:39–63.
Johnson, A., and Erdos, E., 1977, Metabolism of vasoactive peptides by human endothelial cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest., 59:684–695.
Jod, F., 1971, Increased production of coated vesicles in the brain capillaries during enhanced permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 52:646–649.
Kahn, C.R., 1976, Membrane receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters. J. Cell Biol., 70:261–286.
Kanaseki, T., and Kadota, K., 1969, The “vesicle in a basket.” A morphological study of the coated vesicle isolated from the nerve endings of the guinea pig brain, with special reference to the mechanism of membrane movement. J. Cell Biol., 42:202–220.
Karlsson, K., 1977, Aspects on structure and function of sphingo-lipids in cell surface membranes, in “Structure of Biological Membranes.” (S. Abrahamsson and I. Pascher, eds.) pp. 245–274, Plenum Press, New York.
Karnovsky, M.J., 1967, The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability studied with peroxidase as a tracer. J. Cell Biol., 35:213–236.
Karnovsky, M.J., 1968, The ultrastructural basis of transcapillary exchanges. J. Gen. Physiol., 52(Suppl.):64–95.
Karnovsky, M.J., 1970, Morphology of capillaries with special reference to muscle capillaries, in “Capillary Permeability.” (C. Crone and N.A. Lassen, eds.) pp. 341–350, Proceedings of the Alfred Benzon Symposium II, Alfred Benzon Symposion, 2d, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1969, Academic Press, New York.
Katchalsky, A.D., Danon, D., Nevo, A., and de Vries, A., 1959, Interaction of basic polyelectrolytes with the red blood cell. II. Agglutination of red blood cells by polymeric bases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 33:120–138.
Katz, B., 1969, “The Release of Neural Transmitter Substances.” pp. 1–12, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Kitchens, C.S., and Weiss, L., 1975, Ultrastructural changes of endothelium associated with thrombocytopenia. Blood, 46(4):567–578.
Klenk, H.-D., and Choppin, P.W., 1969, Lipids of plasma membranes of monkey and hamster kidney cells and of parainfluenza viruses grown in these cells. Virology, 38:255–268.
Klenk. H.–D., and Choppin, P.W., 1970, Plasma membrane lipids and parainfluenza virus assembly. Virology, 40:939–947.
Korn, E., 1966, Structure of biological membranes: The unit membrane theory is reevaluated in light of the data now available. Science, 153:1491–1498.
Korn, E.D., 1975, Biochemistry of endocytosis, in “Biochemistry of Cell Walls and Membranes.” (C.F. Fox, ed.) pp. 1–26, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Landis, E.M., and Pappenheimer, J.R., 1963, Exchange of substances through the capillary walls, in “Handbook of Physiology.” (W.F. Hamilton and P. Dow, eds.) Sect. 2, Vol. 2, pp. 961–1034, Am Physiol. Soc, Washington.
Lassen, N.A., and Trap-Jensen, J., 1970, Estimation of the fraction of the enterendothelial slit which must be open in order to account for the observed transcapillary exchange of small hydrophilic molecules in skeletal muscle in man, in “Capillary permeability.” (C. Crone and N.A. Lassen, eds.) pp. 647–653, Academic Press, New York.
Latta, H., 1970, The glomerular capillary wall. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 32:526–544.
Lee, H.-J., Larue, J.N., and Wilson, I.B., 1971, Angiotensinconverting enzyme from guinea pig and hog lung. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 250:549–557.
Lentz, K.E., Skeggs, L.T., Woods, K.R., Kahn, J.R., and Shumway, N.P., 1956, The amino acid composition of hypertensin II and its biochemical relationship to hypertensin I. J. Exp. Med., 104:183–191.
Lucy, J.A., 1970, The fusion of biological membranes. Nature, 227:815–817.
Luft, J.H., 1966, Fine structure of capillary and endocapillary layers as revealed by ruthenium. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 25:1773–1783.
Luft, J.H., 1971, Ruthenium red and violet. I. Chemistry, purification, methods of use for E.M. and mechanism of action. Anat. Rec., 171:347–368.
Lutz, H.U., Liu, S.-C, and Palek, J., 1977, Release of spectrin-free vesicles from human erythrocytes during ATP depletion. I. Characterization of spectrin-free vesicles. J. Cell Biol., 73:548–560.
Mahoney, E.M., Hamill, A.L., Scott, W.A., and Cohn, Z.A., 1977, Response of endocytosis to altered fatty acyl composition of macrophage phospholipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 74:4895–4899.
Majno, G., 1965, Ultrastructure of the vascular membrane, in “Handbook of Physiology.” (W.F. Hamilton and P. Dow, eds.) Vol. 3, pp. 2293–2375, American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C.
Majno, G., and Palade, G.E., 1961, Studies on inflammation. I. The effect of histamine and serotonin on vascular permeability: An electron microscopic study. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 11:571–600.
Marchesi, V.T., and Florey, H.W., 1960, Electron micrographie observations on the emigration of leucocytes. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 45:343–348.
Maul, G.G., 1971, Structure and formation of pores in fenestrated capillaries. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 36:768–782.
Mehrishi, J.N., 1972, Molecular aspects of the mammalian cell surface. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 25:1–68.
Meister, A., 1973, On the enzymology of amino acid transport. Science, 180:33–39.
Michel, R.P., Inoue, S., and Hogg, J.C., 1977, Pulmonary capillary permeability to HRP in dogs: A physiological and morphological study. J. Appl. Physiol., 42:13–21.
Montesano, R., Perrelet, A., Vassalli, P., and Orci, L., 1979, Absence of filipin-sterol complexes from large coated pits on the surface of culture cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76:6391–6395.
Moxon, L.A., Wild, A.E., and Slade, B.S., 1976, Localisation of proteins in coated micropinocytotic vesicles during transport across rabbit yolk sac endoderm. Cell Tissue Res., 171:175–193.
Nes, W., 1974, Role of sterols in membranes. Lipids, 9(8):596–612.
Neufeld, E.F., Lime, T.W., and Shapiro, L.J., 1975, Inherited disorders of lysosomal metabolism. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 44:357–376.
Nicolson, G., 1976, Transmembrane control of the receptors on normal and tumor cells. I. Cytoplasmic influence over cell surface components. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 457:57–108.
Nicolson, G.L., and Painter, R.G., 1973, Anionic sites of human erythrocyte membranes. II. Antispectrin-induced transmembrane aggregation of the binding-sites for positively charged colloidal particles. J. Cell Biol., 59:395–406.
Ody, C, and Junod, A.F., 1977, Converting enzyme activity in endothelial cells isolated from pig pulmonary artery and aorta, Am. J. Physiol., 232:95–98.
Olivecrona, T., Bengtsson, G., Höök, M., and Lindahl, U., 1975, Physiologic implications of the interaction between lipoprotein lipase and some sulfated glycosaminoglycans, in “Lipoprotein Metabolism.” (H. Greten, ed.) pp. 13–19, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Olivecrona, T., Bengtsson, G., Marklund, S.-E., Lindahl, U., and Höök, M., 1977, Heparin-lipoprotein lipase interactions. Fed. Proc., 36(1):60–65.
Orci, L., Carpentier, J.-L., Perrelet, A., Anderson, R.G.W., Goldstein, J.L., and Brown, M.S., 1978, Occurrence of low density lipoprotein receptors within large pits on the surface of human fibroblasts as demonstrated by freeze-etching. Exp. Cell Res., 113:1–13.
Orlowski, M., Sessa, G., and Green, J.P., 1974, γ glutamyl transpeptidase in brain capillaries: Possible site of a blood-brain barrier for amino acids. Science, 184:66–68.
Overton, E., 1895, Über die osmotischen eigenschafter der lebenden pflanzenund tierzelle Vjseher. Naturforsch Ges. Zurich, 40:159–201.
Palade, G.E., 1953, Fine structure of blood capillaries. J. Appl. Physiol. A, 24:1424.
Palade, G.E., 1961, Blood capilaries of the heart and other organs. Circulation, 24:368–384.
Palade, G.E., and Bruns, R.R., 1968, Structural modulations of plasma-lemmal vesicles. J. Cell Biol., 37:633–649.
Papahadjapoulos, D., Poste, G., Schaeffer, B.E., and Vail, W.J., 1974, Membrane fusion and molecular segregation in phospholipid vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 352:10–28.
Pappenheimer. J.R., Renkin, E.M., and Barrero, L.M., 1951, Filtration, diffusion and molecular sieving through peripheral capillary membranes. A contribution to the pore theory of capillary permeability. Am. J. Physiol., 167:13–46.
Parkes, J., and Fox, C.F., 1975, On the role of lysophosphatides in virus-induced cell fusion and lysis. Biochemistry, 14(17):3725–3729.
Pasternak, C.A., and Micklem, K., 1974, The biochemistry of virus-induced cell fusion: Changes in membrane integrity. Biochem. J., 140:405–411.
Pearse, B.M.F., 1975, Coated vesicles from pig brain—purification and biochemical characterization. J. Mol. Biol., 97:93–98.
Penniston, J.T., and Green, D.E., 1968, The conformational basis of energy transformations in membrane systems. IV. Energized states and pinocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 128:339–350.
Pesanti, E.L., and Axline, S.G., 1975, Colchicine effects on lysosomal enzyme-induction and intracellular degradation in cultivated macrophage. J. Exp. Med., 141:1030–1046.
Pinto Da Silva, P., and Branton, D., 1970, Membrane splitting in freeze-etching. Covalently bound ferritin as a membrane marker. J. Cell Biol., 45:598–605.
Pollard, T.D., 1976, Cytoskeletal functions of cytoplasmic contractile proteins, in “Cell Shape and Surface Architecture.” (J.P. Revel, U. Henning, and C.F. Fox, eds.) pp. 269–286, A.R. Liss, New York.
Poste, G., 1971, Membrane fusion reaction: A theory. J. Theor. Biol., 32:165–184.
Poste, C, and Allison, A.C., 1973, Membrane fusion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 300:421–465.
Quinn, P.J., 1976, Membrane permeability and transport, in “The Molecular Biology of Cell Membranes.” pp. 130–172, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Reese, T.E., and Karnovsky, M., 1967, Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. J. Cell Biol., 34:207–217.
Renkin, E., 1964, Transport of large molecules across capillary walls. Physiologist, 7:13–28.
Rhodin, J.H.G., 1962, The diaphragm of capillary endothelial fenestrations. J. Ultrastruct. Res., 6:171–185.
Robertson, J.D., 1957, New observations on the ultrastructure of the membranes of frog peripheral nerve fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3:1043–1047.
Rodewald, R., 1973, Intestinal transport of antibodies in the newborn rat. J. Cell Biol., 58:189–211.
Rodewald, R., 1976, Intestinal transport of peroxidase-conjugated IgG fragments in the neonatal rat, in “Maternofoetal Transmission of Immunoglobulins.” (W.A. Hemmings, ed.) pp. 137–149, Cambridge University Press, London.
Rosenbluth, J., and Wissig, S.L., 1964, The distribution of exogenous ferritin in toad spinal ganglia and the mechanism of its uptake by neurons. J. Cell Biol., 23:307–325.
Roth, T.F., and Porter, K.R., 1964, Yolk protein uptake in the oocyte of the mosquito Aedis aegypti, L., J. Cell Biol., 20:313–332.
Roth, T.F., Cutting, J.A., and Atlas, S.B., 1976, Protein transport—a selective membrane mechanism. J. Supramol. Struct., 4:527–548.
Rothman, J.E., Tsai, D.K., Dawidowicz, E.A., and Lenard, J., 1976, Transbilayer phospholipid asymmetry and its maintenance in membrane of influenza-virus. Biochemistry, 15:2361–2370.
Rubin, B.T., 1977, A theoretical model of the pinocytotic vesicular transport process in endothelial cells. J. Theor. Biol., 64:619–647.
Ryan, J.W., and Smith, U., 1971, A rapid, simple method for isolating pinocytotic vesicles and plasma membrane of lung. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 249:177–180.
Ryan, J.W., Smith, U., and Niemeyer, R.S., 1972, Angiotensin I: Metabolism by plasma membrane of lung. Science, 176:64–66.
Ryan, J.W., Day, A.R., Schultz, D.R., Ryan, U.S., Chung, A., Marlborough, D.I., and Dorer, F.E., 1976a, Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II). I. Preparation of antibody-hemeoctopeptide conjugates. Tissue Cell 8(1):111–124.
Ryan, U.S., Ryan, J.W,, Whitaker, C, and Chiu, A., 1976b, Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme (kininase II). II. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Tissue Cell 8(1):125–145.
Satir, B., Schooley, C, and Satir, P., 1973, Membrane fusion in a model system. J. Cell Biol., 56:153–176.
Schoefl, G.I., 1972, The migration of lymphocytes across the vascular endothelium in lymphoid tissue. A reexamination. J. Exp. Med., 136:568–588.
Schneeberger-Keeley, E.E., and Karnovsky, M.J., 1968, The ultra-structural basis of alveolar-capillary membrane permeability to peroxidase used as a tracer. J. Cell Biol., 37:781–793.
Scow, R.O., B·lanchette-Mackie, E.J., and Smith, L.C., 1976, Role of capillary endothelium in the clearance of chylomicrons. A mode for lipid transport from blood by lateral diffusion in cell membranes. Circ. Res., 39:149–162.
Sedgley, M., and Ford, W.L., 1976, The migration of lymphocytes across specialized vascular endothelium. I. The entry of lymphocytes into the isolated mesenteric lymph-node of the rat. Cell Tissue Kinet., 9:231–243.
Shea, S.M., and Karnovsky, M.J., 1969, Vesicular transport across endothelium: Simulation of a diffusion model. J. Theor. Biol., 24:30–42.
Sheetz, M.P., and Singer, S. J., 1974, Biological membranes as bi-layer couples. A molecular mechanism of drug-erythrocyte interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71(11):4457–4461.
Sheetz, M.P., and Singer, S.J., 1976, Equilibrium and kinetic effects of drugs on the shapes of human erythrocytes. J. Cell Biol., 70:247–251.
Sheetz, M.P., and Singer, S.J., 1977, On the mechanism of ATP-induced shape changes in human erythrocyte membranes. I. The role of the spectrin complex. J. Cell Biol., 73:638–646.
Sheetz, M.P., Painter, R.G., and Singer. S.J., 1976a, The contractile proteins of erythrocyte membranes and shape changes, in “Cell Motility.” (R. Goldman, T. Pollard, and J. Rosenbaum, eds.) pp. 651–664, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor.
Sheetz, M.P., Painter, R.G., and Singer, S.J., 1976b, Biological membranes as bilayer couples. III. Compensatory shape changes induced in membranes. J. Cell Biol., 70:193–203.
Siflinger, A., Parker, K., and Caro, C.G., 1975, Uptake of 125I albumin by the endothelial surface of the isolated dog common carotid artery—effect of certain physical factors and metabolic-inhibitors. Cardiovasc. Res., 9:478–489.
Silverstein, S.C., Steinman, R.M., and Cohn, Z.A., 1977, “Endocytosis” (E.E. Snell, ed.) Annu. Rev. Biochem., 46:669–722, Annual Reviews, Inc., Palo Alto.
Simionescu, N., Simionescu, M., and Palade, G.E., 1972, Permability of intestinal capillaries. Pathway followed by dextrans and glycogens. J. Cell Biol., 53:365–392.
Simionescu, N., Simionescu, M., and Palade, G.E., 1973, Permeability of muscle capillaries to exogenous myoglobin. J. Cell Biol., 57:424–452.
Simionescu, M., Simionescu, N., and Palade, G.E., 1974, Morphometric data on the endothelium of blood capillaries. J. Cell Biol., 60:128–152.
Simionescu, N., Simionescu, M., and Palade, G.E., 1975a, Permeability of muscle capillaries to small hemepeptides. Evidence for the existence of patent transendothelial channels. J. Cell Biol., 64:586–607.
Simionescu, M., Simionescu, N., and Palade, G.E., 1975b, Segmental differentiation of cell junctions in the vascular endothelium. The microvasculature. J. Cell Biol., 67:863–885.
Simionescu, N., Simionescu, M., and Palade, G.E., 1976a, Recent studies on vascular endothelium. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 275:64–75.
Simionescu, M., Simionescu, N., and Palade, G.E., 1976b, The blood vessel wall, hemorhelogy and hemodynamics. Thromb. Res., 8(2):247–256.
Simionescu, N., Simionescu, M., and Palade, G.E., 1976c, Structural functional correlates in the transendothelial exchange of water-soluble macromolecules. Thromb. Res., 8(2):257–269.
Simionescu, M., Simionescu, N., and Palade, G.E., 1976d, Segmental differentiations of cell junctions in the vesicular endothelium. Arteries and veins. J. Cell Biol., 68:705–723.
Singer, S.J., 1971, The molecular organization of biological membranes, in “Structure and Function of Biological Membranes.” (L.I. Rothfield, ed.) pp. 145–222, Academic Press, New York.
Singer, S.J., 1974, The molecular organization of membranes. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 43:805–833.
Singer, S.J., 1977, The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, in “Structure of Biological Membranes.” (S. Abrahamsson and I. Pascher, eds.) pp. 443–461, Plenum Press, New York.
Singer, S.J., and Nicolson, G.L., 1972, The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Cell membranes are viewed as two-dimensional solutions of oriented globular proteins and lipids. Science, 175:720–731.
Skeggs, L.T., Kahn, J.R., and Shumway, N.P., 1956, The preparation and function of the hypertensin-coverting enzyme. J. Exp. Med., 103:295–299.
Skutelsky, E., and Danon, D., 1976, Redistribution of surface anionic sites on the luminal front of blood vessel endothelium after interaction with polycationic ligand. J. Cell Biol., 71:232–241.
Skutelsky, E., Rudich, Z., and Danon, D., 1975, Surface change properties of the luminal front of blood vessel walls: An electron microscopic analysis. Thromb. Res., 7:623–634.
Smith, J.B., Mcintosh, G.H., and Morris, B., 1970b, The traffic of cells through tissues: A study of peripheral lymph in sheep. J. Anat., 107:87–100.
Smith, U., and Ryan, J.W., 1972, Substructural features of pulmonary endothelial caveolae. Tissue Cell, 4(1):49–54.
Smith, U., Ryan, J., and Smith, D., 1973, Freeze-etch studies of the plasma membrane of pulmonary endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol., 56:492–499.
Soffer, R.L., Reza, R., and Caldwell, P.R.B., 1974, Angiotensinconverting enzyme from rabbit pulmonary particles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71:1720–1724.
Sordat, B., Hess, N.W., and Cottier, H., 1971, IgG immunoglobulin in the wall of post-capillary venules: Possible relationship to lymphocyte recirculation. Immunology, 20:115–118.
Sprent, J., 1973, Circulating T and B lymphocytes of the mouse. I. Migratory properties. Cell. Immunol., 7:10–39.
Straehelin, L.A., 1974, Structure and function of intracellular junctions. Int. Rev. Cytol., 39:191–283.
Stamper, H.B., and Woodruff, J.J., 1976, Lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes: In vitro demonstration of the selective affinity of recirculating lymphocytes for high-endothelial venules. J. Exp. Med., 144:828–833.
Stamper, H.B., and Woodruff, J., 1977, An in vitro model of lymphocyte homing. I. Characterization of the interaction between thoracic duct lymphocytes and specialized high-endothelial venules of lymph nodes. J. Immunol., 119(2):772–780.
Steck, T.L., 1974, The organization of proteins in the human red blood cell membrane. A review. J. Cell Biol., 62:1–19.
Stein, O., and Stein, Y., 1972, An electron-microscopic study of the transport of peroxidases in the endothelium of mouse aorta. Zeit, für Zellforsch. und Mikorsk. Anat., 133:211–222.
Steinman, R.M., and Cohn, Z.A., 1972, Interaction of horseradish-peroxidase with mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. J. Cell Biol., 55:186–204.
Steinman, R.M., Silver, J.M., and Cohn, Z.A., 1974, Pinocytosis in fibroblasts. Quantitative studies in vitro. J. Cell Biol., 63:949–969.
Sterret, P., Bradley, I.M., Kitten, G.T., Jansen, H.F., and Holioway, L.S., 1976, Cerebrovasculature permeability changes following experimental cerebral angiography. J. Neurol. Sci., 30:385–403.
Tani, E., Yamagata, S., and Ito, Y., 1977, Freeze-fracture of capillary endothelium in rat brain. Cell Tissue Res., 176:157–165.
Tilney, L.G., and Detmers, P., 1975, Actin in erythrocyte ghosts and its association with spectrin. J. Cell Biol., 66:508–520.
Tsai, K.-H., and Lenard, J., 1975, Asymmetry of influenza-virus membrane bilayer demonstrated with phospholipase-C. Nature (Lond), 253:554–555.
Tsukagoshi, N., and Franklin, R.M., 1974, Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. XIII. Studies on the origin of the viral phospholipids. Virology, 59:408–417.
Van Deenan, L.L.M., de Gier, J., van Golde, L.M.G., Nauta, I.L.D., Renooy, W., Verkleij, A.J., and Zwaal, R.F.A., 1977, Some topological and dynamic aspects of lipids in the erythrocyte membrane, in “Structure of Biological Membranes.” (S. Abrahamsson and I. Pascher, eds.) pp. 107–118, Plenum Press, New York.
Vincent, P.C., and Gunz, F., 1970, Control of lymphocyte level in the blood. Lancet, 2:342–344.
Wagner, R., Rosenberg, M., and Estenson, R., 1971, Endocytosis in Chang liver cells. Quantitation by sucrose-3H uptake and inhibition by cytochalasin. J. Cell Biol., 50:804–817.
Weinbaum, S., and Caro, C., 1976, A macromolecule transport model for the arterial wall and endothelium based on the ultrastructural specialization observed in electron mciroscopic studies. J. Fluid Mechanics, 74:611–640.
Weiss, L., 1969, “The Cell Periphery,” in Int. Rev. Cytol., (G.H. Bourne and J.F. Danielli, eds.), 26:63–105, Academic Press, New York.
Westergaard, E., and Brightman, M.W., 1973, Transport of proteins across normal cerebral arterioles. J. Comp. Neurol., 152:17–44.
Wild, A.E., 1975, Role of the cell surface in selection during transport of proteins from mother to foetus and newly born. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol.], 271:395–410.
Wild, A.E., 1976, Mechanism of protein transport across the rabbit yolk sac endoderm, in “Maternofoetal Transmission of Immunoglobulins” (W.A. Hemmings, ed.) pp. 155–167, Cambridge University Press, London.
Wilkins. M.H.F., Blaurock, A.E., and Engelman, D.M., 1971, Bilayer structure in membranes. Nature [New Biol.], 230:72–76.
Williams, M.C., and Wissig, S.L., 1975, The permeability of muscle capillaries to HRP, J. Cell Biol., 66:531–555.
Williams, M., and Wissig, S., 1978, Permeability of muscle capillaries to microperoxidase. J. Cell Biol., 76:341–359.
Wills, E.J., Davies, P., Allison, A.C., and Haswell, A.D., 1972, Cytochalasin B fails to inhibit pinocytosis by macrophages. Nature [New Biol.], 240:58–60.
Wolff, J., and Merker, H.J., 1966, Ultrastruktur und Bildung von poren in endothel von porosen und geschlossenen Kapillaren. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat., 73:174–191.
Woodruff, J.J., 1974, Role of lymphocyte surface determinants in lymph node homing. Cell. Immunol., 13:378–384.
Woodruff, J., and Gesner, B.M., 1968, Lymphocytes: Circulation altered by trypsin. Science, 161:176–178.
Woodruff, J.J., and Gesner, B.M., 1969, The effect of neuraminidase on the fate of transfused lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 129:551–567.
Woodruff, J.J., and Rasmussen, R.A., 1979, In vitro adherence of lymphocytes to unfixed and fixed high endothelial cells of lymph nodes. J. Immunol., 123:2369–2371.
Yanovsky, A., and Loyter, A., 1972, The mechanisms of cell fusion. I. Energy requirements for virus-induced fusion of ehrlich ascites tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem., 247(12):4021–4028.
Young, J.D., Ellory, J.C., and Wright, P.C., 1975, Evidence against the participation of the γglutamyltransferase-γglutamylcyclo-transferase pathway in amino acid transport by rabbit erythrocytes. Biochem. J., 152:713–715.
Youngdahl-Turner, P., Allen, R.H., and Rosenberg, L.E., 1977, Binding and uptake of transcobalamin 2 by human fibroblasts. Clin. Res., 25:472A.
Zwaal, R.F., Roelofsen, B., and Colley, C.M., 1973, Localization of red cell membrane constituents. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 300:159–182.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, R.G.W. (1981). Cell Surface Membrane Structure and the Function of Endothelial Cells. In: Schwartz, C.J., Werthessen, N.T., Wolf, S. (eds) Structure and Function of the Circulation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7927-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7927-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7929-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7927-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive