Skip to main content

Descriptive Analysis

  • Chapter
Book cover Sensory Evaluation of Food

Abstract

Descriptive sensory analyses are the most sophisticated tools in the arsenal of the sensory scientist. These techniques allow the sensory scientist to obtain complete sensory descriptions of products, help identify underlying ingredient and process variables, and/or to determine which sensory attributes are important to acceptance. There are several different descriptive analysis methods, and, in general, these reflect very different sensory philosophies and approaches. Usually, descriptive techniques produce objective descriptions of products in terms of the perceived sensory attributes. Depending on the specific technique used, the description can be more or less objective, as well as qualitative or quantitative.

I want to reach that state of condensation of sensations which constitutes a picture.—Henri Matisse

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amerine, M.A., Pangborn, R.M., and Roessler, E.R. 1965. Principles of Sensory Evaluation of Foods. Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N.H. 1970. Functional measurement and psychological judgement. Psychological Review, 77, 153–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, J.T., Heymann, H., and Ellersieck, M.R. 1990. Sensory and chemical analyses of Missouri Seyval blanc wine. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 41, 116–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, G., and Williams, A.A. 1986. The use of Generalized Procrustes technique in sensory analysis. In J.R. Piggott, ed. Statistical Procedures in Food Research. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK. pp. 233–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azanza, F., Juvik, J.A., and Klein, B.P. 1994. Relationships between sensory quality attributes and kernel chemical composition of fresh-frozen sweet corn. Journal of Food Quality, 17, 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, J.H.M., Burlingame, G.A., and Suffett, I.H. 1986. Flavor Profile analysis: taste and odor control of the future. American Water Works Association Journal, 78, 50–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, J.H.M., Brady, B.M., and Suffet, I.H. 1987. Training panelists for the flavor profile analysis method. American Water Works Association Journal, 79, 26–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal, A.D., and Mottram, D.S. 1993. An evaluation of the aroma characteristics of malted barley by free-choice profiling. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 61, 17–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beilken, S.L., Eadie, L.M., Griffiths, I., Jones, P.N., and Harris, P.V. 1991. Assessment of the sensory characteristics of meat patties. Journal of Food Science, 56, 1470–1475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, M.A., Skinner E.Z., and Coleman J.A. 1963. The texture profile method. Journal of Food Science, 28, 404–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burlingame, G.A., Muldowney, J.J., and Maddrey, R.E. 1992. Cucumber flavor in Philadelphia drinking water. American Water Works Association Journal, 84, 92–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buscailhon, S., Berdague, J.L., Bousset, J., Cornet, M., Gandemer, G., Touraille, C., and Monin, G. 1994. Relationships between compositional traits and sensory qualities of French dry-cured ham. Meat Science, 37, 229–243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cairncross, S.E., and Sjöstrom, L.B. 1950. Flavor profiles: a new approach to flavor problems. Food Technology, 4, 308–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caul, J.F. 1957. The profile method of flavor analysis. Advances in Food Research, 7, 1–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, E. IV, Bowers, J.R., and Smith, E.A. 1992. Flavor of cooked, ground turkey patties with added sodium tripolyphosphate as perceived by sensory panels with differing phosphate sensitivity. Journal of Food Science, 57, 521–523.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, E. IV, Bowers, J.R., and Robel, A. 1993. Sensory characteristics of selected species of freshwater fish in retail distribution. Journal of Food Science, 58, 508–512, 561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civille, G.V., and Lyon, B. 1996. ASTM lexicon vocabulary for descriptive analysis. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civille, G.V., and Dus, C.A. 1990. Development of terminology to describe the handfeel properties of paper and fabrics. Journal of Sensory Studies 5, 9–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civille, G.V., and I.H. Liska 1975. Modifications and applications to foods of the General Foods sensory texture profile technique. Journal of Texture Studies, 6, 19–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civille, G.V.,and Lawless, H.T. 1986. The importance of language in describing percep-tions. Journal of Sensory Studies, 1, 217–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen, M., and Lawless, H.T. 1992. Comparison of descriptive terminology sys-tems for sensory evaluation of fluid milk. Journal of Food Science, 57, 596–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, W.G., and G.M. Cox. 1957. Experimental Designs. Wiley. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • De La Presa Owens, C., and Noble, A.C. 1995. Descriptive analysis of three white wine varieties from Penedes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 46, 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRovira, D. 1996. The dynamic flavor profile method. Food Technology, 50, 55–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Einstein, M.A. 1991. Descriptive techniques and their hybridization. In H.T. Lawless and B.P. Klein, eds. Sensory Science Theory and Applications in Foods. Dekker, New York, pp. 317–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, I.L., Sefton, M.A., and Williams, P.J. 1992. A study by sensory descriptive analysis of the effects of oak origin seasoning and heating on the aromas of oak model wine extracts. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 43, 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gains, N., and Thomson, D.M.H. 1990. Sensory profiling of canned lager beers us- ing consumers in their own homes. Food Quality and Preference, 2, 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert J.M., and Heymann, H. 1995. Comparison of four sensory methodologies as alternatives to descriptive analysis for the evaluation of apple essence aroma. The Food Technologist (NZIFST) 24, 4, 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillette, M. 1984. Applications of descriptive analysis. Journal of Food Protection, 47, 403–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordin, H.H. 1987. Intensity variation descriptive methodology: development and application of a new sensory evaluation technique. Journal of Sensory Studies 2, 187–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gower, J.C. 1975. Generalized Procrustes analysis. Psychometrika, 40, 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, J.X., and Cliff, M.A. 1987. Descriptive analysis of Pinot noir wines from Cameros, Napa and Sonoma. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 211–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy, C., Piggott, J.R., and Marie, S. 1989. Consumer free-choice profiling of whiskey. In J.R. Piggott and A. Paterson, eds. Distilled Beverage Flavour: Recent Developments. Horwood/VCH, Chichester, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, J.E., Kendall, D.A., and Smith, N.F. 1983. The missing link: correlation of consumer and professional sensory descriptions. Beverage World, 102, 108–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashim, I.B., Resurrecion, A.V.A., and McWatters, K.H. 1995. Descriptive sensory analysis of irradiated frozen or refrigerated chicken. Journal of Food Science, 60, 664–666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegenbart, S. 1994. Learning and speaking the language of flavor. Food Product Design. August 1994, 33, 34, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heisserer, D.M., and Chambers, E. IV 1993. Determination of sensory flavor attributes of aged natural cheese. Journal of Sensory Studies, 8, 121–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., and Noble, A.C. 1987. Descriptive analysis of commercial cabernet sauvignon wines in California. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., and Noble, A.C. 1994a. A comparison of descriptive analysis of vanilla by two independently trained panels. Journal of Sensory Studies, 9, 21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., and Noble, A.C. 1994b. A comparison of free choice profiling and multidimensional scaling of vanilla samples. Journal of Sensory Studies. 9, 445–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., and Noble, A.C., Hedrick, H.B., Karrasch, M.R., Eggeman, M.K., and Ellersieck, M.R. 1990. Effect of endpoint temperature on sensory and chemical characteristics of fresh pork roasts. Journal of Food Science, 55, 613–617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., Holt, D.L., and Cliff, M.A. 1993. Measurement of flavor by sensory descriptive techniques. In C-T. Ho and C.H. Manley, eds., Flavor Measurement, Chap. 6. Proceedings of the Institute of Food Technologists Basic Symposium, New Orleans, LA, June 19–20, 1993, p. 113–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homa, D., and Cultice, J. 1984. Role of feedback, category size, and stimulus distortion on the acquisition and utilization of ill-defined categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10, 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, J.R., and Heymann, H. 1996. Perceptual maps of carbonated beverages created by traditional and free-choice profiling. Presented at the IFT Annual Meeting, New Orleans, June 22–26, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishii, R., and O’Mahony, M. 1991. Use of multiple standards to define sensory characteristics for descriptive analysis: aspects of concept formation. Journal of Food Science, 56, 838–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jack, F.R., Paterson, A., and Piggott, J.R. 1993. Relationships between rheology and composition of cheddar cheeses and texture as perceived by consumers. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28, 293–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinek, G. 1964. Introduction to and critical review of modern methods of sensory analysis (odor, taste and flavor evaluation) with special emphasis on descriptive analysis (flavor profile method). Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 1, 219–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, P.B., Civille, G.V., and Vercelotti, J.R. 1987. A lexicon of pond-rased catfish flavor descriptors. Journal Sensory Studies, 2, 85–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, P.B., Civille, G.V., and Kelly, C.A. 1990. A technique for the quantitative sensory evaluation of farm-raised catfish. Journal Sensory Studies 4, 189–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, P.B., Civille, G.V.,, Civille, G.V., Vercelotti, J., Sanders, T.H., and Dus, C.A. 1988. Development of a Iexicon for the description of peanut flavor. Journal of Sensory Studies 3, 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen, P.B., Civille, G.V.,, Civille, G.V., Vercelotti, J., Sanders, T.H., and Dus, C.A. 1986. A standardized lexicon of meat WOF descriptors. Journal of Sensory Studies 1, 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, P.N., MacFiie, H.J.H., and Beilken, S.L. 1989. Use of preference mapping to relate consumer preference to the sensory properties of a processed meat product tinned cat food. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 47, 113–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G.A. 1955. The psychology of personal constructs. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krasner, S.W. 1995. The use of reference standards in sensory analysis. Water Science and Technology, 31, 265–272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krasner, S.W., McGuire, M.J., and Ferguson, V.B. 1985. Tastes and odors: the Flavor Profile method. American Water Works Association Journal, 77, 34–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. 1975. Who’s Who in Greek and Roman Methodology. Clarkson N. Potter, New York, p. 200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labuza, T.P., and Schmidl, M.K. 1985. Accelerated shelf-life testing of foods. Food Technology, 39, 57–64, 134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langron, S.P. 1983. The application of Procrustes statistics to sensory profiling. In A.A. Williams and R.K. Atkin, eds. Sensory Quality in Foods and Beverages: Definition, Measurement and Control. Horwood, Chichester, UK, pp. 89–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langstaff, S.A., Guinard, J-X., and Lewis, M.J. 1991. Sensory evaluation of the mouth- feel of beer. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 49, 54–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson-Powers, N.M., and Pangborn, R.M. 1978. Descriptive analysis of the sensory properties of beverages and gelatin containing sucrose and synthetic sweeteners. Journal of Food Science, 43, 11, 47–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, H.T., and Claassen, M.R. 1993. Validity of descriptive and defect-oriented terminology systems for sensory analysis of fluid milk. Journal of Food Science, 58, 108–112, 119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, H.T., and Corrigan, C.J. 1993. Semantics of astringency. In K, Kurihara, N. Suzuki, and H. Ogawa, eds. Olfaction and Taste XI. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste and of the 27th Japanese Symposium on Taste and Smell. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 288–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, H.T.,, Torres, V., and Figueroa, E. 1993. Sensory evaluation of hearts of palm. Journal of Food Science, 58, 134–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, E.J., and Noble, A.C. 1986. Comparison of bitterness of caffeine and quinine by a time-intensity procedure. Chemical Senses 11, 339–345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFie, H.J.H. 1990. Assessment of the sensory properties of food. Nutrition Reviews, 48, 87–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, R.J., and Kirby, S.P. 1988. Sensory measurement of food texture by free choice profiling. Journal of Sensory Studies 3, 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matisse, H., 1908. In J. Bartlett, ed. Familiar Quotations, 14th ed. Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, M.R., Henderson, L.A., Watson, B.T. Jr., and Heatherbell, D. 1987. Sensory panel training and screening for descriptive analysis of the aroma of Pinot noir wine fermented by several strains of malolactic bacteria. Journal of Sensory Studies, 2, 149–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, M.R., Henderson, L.A., Watson, B.T. Jr., and Sawyer, F.M. 1981. Descriptive analysis of whisky sour formulations: magnitude estimation versus a 9-point category scale. Journal of Food Science, 46, 178–181, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEwan, J.A., Colwill, J.S., and Thomson, D.M.H. 1989. The application of two free-choice profiling methods to investigate the sensory characteristics of chocolate. Journal of Sensory Studies, 3, 271–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • McTigue, M.C., Koehler, H.H., and Silbernagel, M.J. 1989. Comparison of four sensory evaluation methods for assessing cooked dry bean flavor. Journal of Food Science, 54, 1278–1283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meilgaard, M., Civile, C.V., and Carr, B.T. 1991. Sensory Evaluation Techniques. CRC, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng, A.K., and Suffet, I.H. 1992. Assessing the quality of flavor profile analysis data. American Water Works Association Journal, 84, 89–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, H.R. 1988. Applied Sensory Analysis of Foods: Vols. I and I I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir, D.D., and Hunter, E.A. 1992. Sensory evaluation of fermented milks: vocabulary development and the relations between sensory properties and composition and between acceptability and sensory properties. Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology, 45, 73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munoz, A.M. 1986. Development and application of texture reference scales. Journal of Sensory Studies, 1, 55–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C., and Shannon, M. 1987. Profiling Zinfandel wine by sensory and chemical analysis. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Mahony, M. 1986. Sensory Evaluation of Food. Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreskovich, D.C., Klein, B.P., and Sutherland, J.W. 1991. Procrustes analysis and its applications to free-choice and other sensory profiling. In H.T. Lawless and B.P. Klein, eds. Sensory Science Theory and Applications in Foods. Dekker, New York, pp. 317–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreskovich, D.C., Klein, B.P., and Sutherland, J.W. 1990. Variances associated with descriptive analysis and free-choice profiling of frankfurters. Presented at IFT Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, June 16–20, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, R.G. 1985. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, J.R. 1986. Statistical Procedures in Food Research. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, J.R., Paterson, A., and Clyne, J. 1993. Prediction of flavour intensity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) drinks from compositional data on fruit concentrates by partial least squares regression. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 28, 629–637.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, J.R. and Watson, M.P. 1992. A comparison of free-choice profiling and the reper-tory grid method in the flavor profiling of cider. Journal of Sensory Studies. 7, 133–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers J.J. 1988. Current practices and application of descriptive methods. In J.R.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, ed. Sensory Analysis of Foods. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prell, P.A., and Sawyer, F.M. 1988. Flavor profiles of 17 species of North Atlantic fish. Journal of Food Science, 53, 1036–1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffensperger, E.L., Peryam, D.R., and Wood, K.R. 1956. Development of a scale for grading toughness-tenderness in beef. Food Technology, 10, 627–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rainey, Barbara. 1986. Importance of reference standards in training panelists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Journal of Sensory Studies, 1, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randall, J.H. 1989. The analysis of sensory data by generalized linear models. Biometrics Journal, 3, 781–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Refsgaard, H.H.F., Brockhoff, P.M., Poll, L., Olsen, C.E., Rasmussen, M., and Skibsted, L.H. 1995. Light-induced sensory and chemical changes in aquavit. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie, 28, 425–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, N.J., and Booth, D.A. 1993. Multiple physical patterns in judgments of the creamy texture of milks and creams. Acta Psychologica, 84, 92–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubico, S.M., and McDaniel, M.R. 1992. Sensory evaluation of acids by free-choice profiling. Chemical Senses, 17, 273–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, M.J., Almeida, M.A., Jantz, C.J., Petrossian, V.D., and Saibu, L.O. 1991. Application of response surface analysis in the formulation of a reduced calorie, shelf stable peanut butter. Presented at IFT Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, June 1–5, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, A., and Lunghi, M.W. 1970. The dyad grid: a modification of repertory grid technique. British Journal of Psychology, 117, 323–327.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlich, R 1989. A SAS/IML program for generalized Procrustes analysis. SEUGI `89. Proceedings of the SAS European Users Group International Conference, Cologne, Germany, May 9–12, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöström, L.B. 1954. The descriptive analysis of flavor. In D. Peryam, F. Pilgrim, and M. Peterson, eds. Food Acceptance Testing Methodology. Quartermaster Food and Container Institute, Chicago, pp. 25–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skibba, E.A, and Heymann, H. 1994. Creaminess perception. Presented at ACHEMS Annual Meeting, Sarasota, FL, April 14, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skibba, E.A, and Heymann, H. 1994. The perception of creaminess. Presented at the IFT Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, June 23–26, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenkamp, J-B.E.M., van Trijp, H.C.M., and ten Berge, M.F. 1994. Perceptual mapping based on idiosyncratic sets of attributes. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skibba, E.A, and van Trijp, H.C.M. 1988. Free choice profiling in cognitive food acceptance research. In D.M.H. Thomson, ed. Food Acceptability. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 363–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, S.S. 1969. On predicting exponents for cross-modality matches. Perception and Psychophysics, 6, 251–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, S.S. and Marks, L.E. 1980. Cross-modality matching functions generated by magnitude estimation. Perception and Psychophysics, 27, 379–389.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, V., Stewart, A., and Fonda, N. 1981. Business Applications of Repertory Grid. McGraw-Hill, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoer, N., and Lawless, H.T. 1993. Comparison of single product scaling and relative-to-reference scaling in sensory evaluation of dairy products. Journal of Sensory Studies, 8, 257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, H., Sidel, J.L., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A., and Singleton, R.C. 1974. Sensory evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis. Food Technology, 28, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, H., Sidel, J.L., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A., and Singleton, R.C. 1993. Sensory Evaluation Practices. 2d ed. Academic, Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, H., Sidel, J.L., Oliver, S., Woolsey, A., and Bloomquist, J. 1980. Quantitative descriptive analysis. Cereal Foods World, 25, 624–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syarief, H., Hamann, D.D., Giesbrecht, F.G., Young, C.T., and Monroe, R.J. 1985. Comparison of mean and consensus scores from flavor and texture profile analyses of selected products. Journal of Food Science, 50, 647–650, 660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesniak, A.S. 1966. Texture measurements. Food Technology, 20, 1292 1295–1296, 1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesniak, A.S. 1975. General Foods texture profile revisited-ten years perspective. Journal of Texture Studies, 6, 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesniak, A.S. 1963. Classification of textural charactersistics. Journal of Food Science, 28, 385–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szczesniak, A.S., Brandt, M.A., and Friedman, H.H. 1963. Development of standard rating scales for mechanical parameters of texture and correlation between the objective and the sensory methods of texture evaluation. Journal of Food Science, 28, 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theerekulkait, C., Barrett, D.M., and McDaniel, M.R. 1995. Sweet corn germ en-zymes affect odor formation. Journal of Food Science, 60, 1034–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, D.M.H., and MacFie, H.J.H. 1983. Is there an alternative to descriptive sensory assessment? In A.A. Williams and R.K. Atkin, eds. Sensory Quality in Foods and Beverages: Its Definition, Measurement and Control. Horwood, Chichester, UK, pp. 96–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuorila, H. 1986. Sensory profiles of milks with varying fat contents. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft and Technologie, 19, 344–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L.M. 1986. Mixed-modality psychophysical scaling: double cross-modality matching for “difficult” continua. Perception and Psychophysics, 39, 407–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whorf, B.L. 1952. Collected papers on metalinguistics. Department of State, Foreign Service Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 27–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A.A., and Arnold, G.M. 1985. A comparison of the aromas of six coffees characterized by conventional profiling, free-choice profiling and similarity scaling. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 36, 204–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A.A., and Arnold, G.M. 1984. A new approach to sensory analysis of foods and beverages. In J. Adda, ed. Progress in Flavour Research. Proceedings of the 4th Weurman Flavour Research Symposium. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 35–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A.A., and Langron, S.P. 1984. The use of free choice profiling for the examination of commercial ports. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 35, 558–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, V. 1995. Effect of geographical origin and extraction method on the sensory characteristics of vanilla essences. M.S. thesis, University of Missouri, Colum-bia, MO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, K. 1994. Attribute discovery and perceptual mapping. M.S. thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zook, K., and Wessman, C. 1977. The selection and use of judges for descriptive panels. Food Technology, 31, 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lawless, H.T., Heymann, H. (1999). Descriptive Analysis. In: Sensory Evaluation of Food. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7843-7_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7843-7_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7845-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7843-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics