Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Human Pharmacology of Nicotine

  • Chapter
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems

Abstract

Nicotine has been consumed in various forms of tobacco and from other plants for many hundreds of years. In the past century, it has been one of the three most widely used drugs, rivaling caffeine and ethanol. More recently, nicotine itself in the form of nicotine-containing chewing gum has become available as a pharmaceutical agent for therapy of tobacco addiction. Nicotine is important in human biology for two reasons. It appears to be the primary reason why people consume tobacco products, and it may contribute to causation of some tobacco-related diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel, E. L., 1980, Smoking during pregnancy: A review of effects on growth and development of ffspring, Human Biol. 52:593–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A. K., and Turner, D. M., 1970, Absorption of nicotine in cigarette and cigar smoke hrough the oral mucosa, Nature 226:1231–1232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A. K., Dollery, C. T., George, C. F., Houseman, T. H., Lewis, P. J., and Turner, D. ., 1975, Absorption and metabolism of nicotine from cigarettes, Br. Med. J. 4:313–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A., Dollery, C., Houseman, T., Kohner, E., Lewis, P. J., and Turner, D., 1978, bsorption of nicotine from small cigars, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 23:143–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronow, W. S., Dendlinger, B. S., and Rokaw, S. N., 1971, Heart rate and carbon monoxide level fter smoking high, low and non-nicotine cigarettes, Ann. Intern. Med. 746:697–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronow, W. S., Cassidy, J., Vangrow, J. S., March, H., Kern, J. C., Goldsmith, J. R., Khemka, M., Pagano, J., and Vawter, M., 1974, Effect of cigarette smoking and breathing carbon onoxide on cardiovascular hemodynamics in anginal patients, Circulation 50:340–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, H., Stepney, R., and Thompson, J. W., 1979, Self-titration by cigarette smokers, Br. Med. 2:357–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashton, H., Marsh, V. R., Millman, J. E., Rawlins, M. D., Telford, R., and Thompson, J. W., 1980, Biphasic dose-related responses of the CNV (contingent negative variation) to I.V. icotine in man, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10:579–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayromlooi, J., Desiderio, D., and Tobias, M., 1981, Effect of nicotine sulfate on the hemodynamics nd acid base balance of chronically instrumented pregnant sheep, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. :205–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargeron, L. M., Ehmke, D., Gonlubol, F., Castellanos, A., Siegel, A., and Bing, R. J., 1957, ffect of cigarette smoking on coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism, Circulation 5:251–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A. H., Rowland, M., and Triggs, E. B., 1965, Significance of smoking in investigations f urinary excretion rates of amines in man, Nature 207:200–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A. H., Gorrod, J. W., and Jenner, P., 1971a, The analysis of nicotine-1’-oxide in urine, in the presence of nicotine and cotinine, and its application to the study of in vivo nicotine etabolism in man, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23:55S-61S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, A. H., Gorrod, J. W., and Jenner, P., 1971b, The effect of smoking on nicotine metabolism in vivo in man, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23:62S-67S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beere, P. A., Glagov, S., and Zarins, C. K., 1984, Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis, Science 226:180–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellet, S., DeGuzman, N. T., Kostis, J. B., Roman, L., and Fleischmann, D., 1972, The effect of inhalation of cigarette smoke on ventricular fibrillation threshold in normal dogs and dogs with acute myocardial infarction, Am. Heart J. 83:67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., 1983, Smoking and gastric inhibition by H2 antagonists (Letter), Lancet 1:584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., and Jacob, P. III, 1984a, Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 35:499–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., and Jacob, P. III, 1984b, Nicotine and carbon monoxide intake from high- and low-yield commercial cigarettes, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36:265–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., and Jacob, P., III, 1985, Nicotine renal excretion rate influences nicotine intake during cigarette smoking, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234:153–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., III, Jones, R. T., and Rosenberg, J., 1982a, Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221:368–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Kuyt, F., and Jacob, P., 1982b, Circadian blood nicotine concentrations during cigarette smoking, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32:758–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Hall, S. M., Herning, R. I., Jacob, P. III, Jones, R. T., and Osman, A-L., 1983a, Smokers of low yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine, N. Engl. J. Med. 309:139–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Kuyt, F., Jacob, P., Jones, R. T., and Osman, A-L., 1983b, Cotinine disposition and effects, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 309:139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Kuyt, F., Jacob, P., III, 1984, Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36:74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., III, Yu, L., and Talcott, R., 1986, Reduced tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide exposure while smoking ultra-low but not low-yield cigarettes, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 256:241–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billimoria, J. D., Pozner, H., Metselaar, B., Best, F. W., and James D. C. O., 1975, Effect of cigarette smoking on lipids, lipoproteins, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and cellular components of human blood, Atherosclerosis 21:61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bisset, G. W., Feldberg, W., Guertzenstein, P. B., and Silva, M. R. E., 1975, Vasopressin release by nicotine: The site of action, Br. J. Pharmacol. 54:463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, F. G., 1980, Cocarcinogenic properties of nicotine in: Banbury Report—A Safe Cigarette? (G. B. Gori and F. G. Bock, eds.), pp. 129–139, Cold Harbor Spring Laboratory.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borzelleca, J. F., 1963, Drug movement from the isolated urinary bladder of the rabbit (abst.), Fed. Proc. 22:661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, E. R., and McKennis, H., Jr., 1962, Studies on the metabolism of (-)-cotinine in the human, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 135:306–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, E. J. S., Wilson, J. A., and Wormsley, K. G., 1983, Smoking impairs therapeutic gastric inhibition, Lancet, 1:95–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandange, S., and Lindblom, L., 1979, The enzyme “aldehyde oxidase” is an iminium oxidase. Reaction with nicotine delta-l-(5’)iminium ion, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 91:991–996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brischetto, C. S., Connor, W. E., Connor, S. L., and Matarazzo, J. D., 1983, Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles of cigarette smokers from randomly selected families: Enhancement of hyperlipidemia and depression of high-density lipoprotein, Am. J. Cardiol. 52:675–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, M. A., Shapcott, D., Berthiaume, Y., Monette, J., Blovin, D., Blanchard, P., and Begin, R., 1984, A study of P50,2,3-diphosphoglycerate, total hemoglobin, hematocrit and type F hemoglobin in fetal blood, Pediatrics 73:22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burn, J. H., Truelove, L. H., and Burn, I., 1945, The antidiuretic action of nicotine and of smoking, Br. Med. J. 1:403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cadnapaphornchai, P., Boykin, J. L., Beri, T., McDonald, K. M., and Schrier, R. W., 1974, Mechanism of effect of nicotine on renal water excretion, Am. J. Physiol. 227:1216–1220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherek, D. R., Lowe, W. C., and Friedman, T. T., 1981, Effects of ammonium chloride on urinary pH and cigarette smoking behavior, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 29:762–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. S. G., Rand, M. J., and Vanov, S., 1965, Comparison of pharmacological activity of nicotine and related alkaloids occurring in cigarette smoke, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 1965:363–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comroe, J. H., 1960, The pharmacological actions of nicotine, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:48–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cryer, P. E., Haymond, M. W., Santiago, J. V., and Shah, S. D., 1976, Norepinephrine and epinephrine release and adrenergic mediation of smoking-associated hemodynamic and metabolic events, N. Engl. J. Med. 295:573–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dingman, J. F., Benirschke, K., and Thorn, G. W., 1957, Studies of neurohypophyseal function in man, Am. J. Med. 23:226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., 1979, Behavioral, electrophysiological, endocrine, and skeletal muscle actions of nicotine and tobacco smoking, in: Electrophysiological Effects of Nicotine (A. Remond and C. Izard, eds.), pp. 133–146, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domino, E. F., and von Baumgarten, A. M., 1969, Tobacco cigarette smoking and patellar reflex depression, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 10:72–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, R. V., McNabb, M. E., McCusker, K. T., and Snow, S. L., 1983, Amount of nicotine and carbon monoxide inhaled by smokers of low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 20:2840–2842.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckstein, J. W., and Horsley, A. W., 1960, Responses of the peripheral veins in man to the intravenous administration of nicotine, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:133–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fagerstrom, K. O., and Gotestam, K. G., 1977, Increase in muscle tonus after tobacco smoking, Addict. Behav. 2:203–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner, J. M., 1933, Nicotine poisoning by absorption through the skin, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 100:1664–1665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feyerabend, C., Higenbottam, T., and Russell, M. A. H., 1982, Nicotine concentrations in urine and saliva of smokers and non-smokers, Br. Med. J. 284:1002–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fix, A. J., Daughton, D., Kass, I., Smith, J. L., Wickiser, A., Golden, C. J., and Wass, A. R., 1983, Urinary alkalinization and smoking cessation, J. Clin. Psychol. 39:617–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, T., Myrsten, A. L., and Pot, B., 1970, Psychophysiological reactions to cigarette smoking, Scand. J. Psychol. 11:237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, J., and Ward, C., 1960, The acute effect of cigarette smoking on the digital circulation in health and disease, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:85–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, G. D., Siegelaub, A. B., and Seltzer, C. C., 1974, Cigarettes, alcohol, coffee and peptic ulcer. N. Engl. J. Med. 209:469–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlbach, S. H., Perry, L. D., Williams, W. A., Freeman, J. I., Langone, J. J., Peta, L. V., and Van Vunakis, H., 1975, Nicotine absorption by workers harvesting green tobacco, Lancet 1:478–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gori, G. B., Benowitz, N. L., and Lynch, C. J., 1986, Mouth and deep airways absorption of nicotine in cigarette smokers, in press, Clin. Pharmacol. Therap.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorrod, J. W., and Hibberd, A. R., 1982, The metabolism of nicotine-delta-r(5’)-iminium ion, in vivo and in vitro, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 7:293–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorrod, J. W., and Jenner, P., 1975, The metabolism of tobacco alkaloids, in: Essays in Toxicology, Vol. 6, pp. 35–78, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorrod, J. W., Jenner, P., Keysell, G. R., and Mikhael, B. R., 1974, Oxidative metabolism of nicotine by cigarette smokers with cancer of the urinary bladder, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:1421–1424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grignani, G., Gamba, G., and Ascari, E., 1977, Cigarette smoking effect on platelet function, Thromb. Haemostasis. 37:422–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gritz, E. R., 1980, Smoking behavior and tobacco abuse, in: Advances in Substance Abuse, Vol. 1 (N. Mello, ed.), pp. 91–158, JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gritz, E. R., Baer-Weiss, V., Benowitz, N. L., Van Vunakis, H., and Jarvik, M. E., 1981, Plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations in habitual smokeless tobacco users, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 30:201–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, N. J., Axelrad, CM., andTilton, K. A., 1983, Validation of self-reported smoking behavior: Biochemical analyses of cotinine and thiocyanate, Am. J. Pubi. Health 73:1204–1207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. I., 1972, Smoking, platelets and thrombosis, Nature 236:450–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henningfield, J. E., 1983, Measurement issues in cigarette smoking research: Basic behavioral and physiological effects and patterns of nicotine self-administration, in Measurement in the Analysis and Treatment of Smoking Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph No. 48 (J. Grabowski and C. Bell, eds.), pp. 27–38, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henningfield, J. E., 1984, Behavioral pharmacology of cigarette smoking, in: Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology, Vol. 4 (T. Thompson, P. B. Dews, and J. E. Barrett, eds.), pp. 131–210, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henningfield, J. E., Miyasato, K., and Jasinski, D. R., 1983, Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 19:887–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, C. P., and Kozlowski, L. T., 1979, Indulgence, excess, and restraint: Perspectives on consummatory behavior in everyday life, J. Drug Issues Spring: 185–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herning, R. I., Jones, R. T., and Bachman, J., 1983a, EEG changes during tobacco withdrawal, Psychophysiology 20:507–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herning, R. I., Jones, R. T., Benowitz, N. L., and Mines, A. H., 1983b, How a cigarette is smoked determines nicotine blood levels, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 33:84–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibberd, A. R., O’Connor, V., and Gorrod, J. W., 1978, Detection of nicotine, nicotine-l’-N-oxide and cotinine in maternal and fetal body fluids, in: Biological Oxidation of Nitrogen (J. W. Gorrod, ed.), pp. 353–361, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P., and Marquardt, H., 1980, Plasma and urine changes after smoking different brands of cigarettes, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27:652–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P., and Wynder, E. L., 1979, Nicotine and cotinine in breast fluid, Cancer Lett. 6:251–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P., Haley, N. J., and Wynder, E. L., 1983, Cigarette smoking: Carboxyhemoglobin, plasma nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate versus self-reported smoking data and cardiovascular disease, J. Chronic Dis. 36:439–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, D., and Adams, J. D., 1981, Carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in snuff and in the saliva of snuff-dippers, Cancer Res. 42:4305–4308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, D., and Brunnemann, K. D., 1983, Endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline in cigarette smokers, Cancer Res., 43:5570–5574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, D., Adams, J. D., and Haley, N. J., 1983, Reported cigarette smoke values: A closer look, Am. J. Pub. Health 73:1050–1053.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunninghake, G. W., and Crystal, R. G., 1983, Cigarette smoking and lung destruction: Accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of cigarette smokers, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:833–838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husain, M. K, Frantz, A. G., Ciarochi, F., and Robinson, A. G., 1975, Nicotine-stimulated release of neurophysin and vasopressin in humans, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41:1113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingenito, A. J., Barrett, J. P., and Procita, L., 1972, Direct central and reflexly mediated effects of nicotine on the peripheral circulation, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 17:375–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irving, D. W., and Yamamoto, T., 1963, Cigarette smoking and cardiac output, Br. Heart J. 25:126–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, P. F., and Rand, M. J., 1972, Cigarette smoking and plasma levels of nicotine, Nature 236:308–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenner, P., Gorrod, J. W., and Beckett, A. H., 1973, The absorption of nicotine-l’-N-oxide and its reduction in the gastrointestinal tract in man, Xenobiotica 3:341–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. T., Farrell, T. R., and Herning, R. I., 1978, Tobacco smoking and nicotine tolerance, in: Self-Administration of Abused Substances, National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series No. 18, (N. A. Krasnegor, ed.), pp. 202–208, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, M., Benowitz, N., and Keil, L., 1986, Antidiuretic and renal hemodynamic actions of intravenous nicotine in man (submitted for publication).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karras, A., and Kane, J. M., 1980, Naloxone reduces cigarette smoking, Life Sci. 27:1541–1545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. E., and Gorrod, J. W., 1978a, The metabolism of nicotine in cigarette smokers during pregnancy, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 2:87–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, A. E., and Gorrod, J. W., 1978b, Age as a factor in the metabolism of nicotine, Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1:51–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, L. W., Ambrose, J., Pichard, A., Holt, J., Gorlin, R., and Teichholz, L. E., 1983, Acute effects of cigarette smoking on coronary vascular dynamics, Circulations (abst.) 68:165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knott, V., and Venables, P., 1977, EEG alpha correlates of nonsmokers, smokers, smoking and smoking deprivation, Psychophysiology 14:150–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konturek, S. J., Dale, J., Jacobson, E. D., and Johnson, L. R., 1972, Mechanisms of nicotine-induced inhibition of pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate in the dog. Gastroenterology 62:425–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korman, M. G., Shaw, R. G., Hansky, J., Schmidt, G. T., and Stern, A. L, 1981, Influence of smoking on healing rate of duodenal ulcer in response to Cimetidine or high-dose antacid, Gastroenterology 80:1451–1453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, L. T., Rickert, W. S., Pope, M. A., Robinson, J. C., and Frecker, R. C., 1982a, Estimating the yield to smokers of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide from the “lowest yield” ventilated filter cigarettes, Br. J. Addict. 77:159–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlowski, L. T., Appel, C.-P., Frecker, R. C., and Khouw, V., 1982b, Nicotine, a prescribable drug available without prescription, Lancet 1:334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langone, J. J., and Van Vunakis, H., 1975, Quantitation of cotinine in sera of smokers, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 10:21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, P. H., 1973, An acute effect of cigarette smoking on platelet function, Circulation 48:619–623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lightman, S., Landgon, N., Todd, K., and Forsling, M., 1982, Naloxone increases the nicotine-stimulated rise of vasopressin secretion in man, Clin. Endocrinol. 16:353–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loffelholz, K., 1970, Autoinhibition of nicotinic release of noradrenaline from postaganglionic sympathetic nerves, Naunyn-Schmied. Arch Pharmacol. Bd. 267:49–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, L. D., 1977, The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus and newborn infant, Am. J. Obst. Gynecol. 129:69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luck, W., and Nau, H., 1984, Exposure of the fetus, neonate, and nursed infant to nicotine and cotinine from maternal smoking, N. Engl. J. Med. 311:672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luck, W., Hansen, R., Steldinger, R., and Nau, H., 1982, Nicotine and cotinine—Two pharmacologically active substances as parameters for the strain on fetuses and babies of mothers who smoke, J. Perinatal Med. 10:107–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maouad, J., Fernandez, F., Barrillon, A., Gerbaux, A., and Gay, J., 1984, Diffuse or segmental narrowing (spasm) of the coronary arteries during smoking demonstrated on angiography, Am. J. Cardio. 53:354–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCusker, K., McNabb, E., and Bone, R., 1982, Plasma nicotine levels in pipe smokers, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 248:577–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, J., and Mehta, P., 1981, Role of blood platelets and prostaglandins in coronary artery disease, Am. J. Cardiol. 48:366–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. C., Schilling, A. F., Logan, D. L., and Johnson, R. L., 1977, Potential hazards of apid smoking as a technic for the modification of smoking behavior, N. Engl. J. Med. 297:590–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, S. N. S., Dinoso, V. P., Clearfield, H. R., and Chey, W. Y., 1977, Simultaneous measurement of basal pancreatic, gastric acid secretion, plasma gastrin, and secretin during smoking, Gastroenterology 73:758–761.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murthy, S. N. S., Dinoso, V. P., Clearfield, H. R., and Chey, W. Y., 1978, Serial pH changes in the duodenal bulb during smoking, Gastroenterology 75:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustard, J. F., and Murphy, E. A., 1963, Effect of smoking on blood coagulation and platelet survival in man, Br. Med. J. 1:846–849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, J. L., Velasco, J. S., and Horton, R., 1983, Cigarette smoking inhibits prostacyclin formation, Lancet 1:1248–1250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, G., Panfilov, V., Sivertsson, R., and Wilhelmsen, L., 1982, Cardiovascular effects of nicotine chewing gum in healthy nonsmokers, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 23.303–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pentecost, B., and Shillingford, J., 1964, The acute effects of smoking on myocardial erformance in patients with coronary arterial disease, Br. Heart J. 26:422–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrakis, N. L., Gruenke, L. D., Beelen, T. C., Castagnoli, N., and Craig, J. C., 1978, Nicotine in breast fluid of nonlactating women, Science 199:303–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piade, J. J., and Hoffmann, D., 1980, Chemical studies on tobacco smoke LXVII. Quantitative determination of alkaloids in tobacco by liquid chromatography, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 3:1505–1515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerleau, O. F., Fertig, J. B., Seyler, L. E., and Jaffe, J., 1983, Neuroendocrine reactivity to nicotine in smokers, Psychopharmacology 81:61–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porsius, A. J., and Van Zwieten, P. A., 1978, The central actions of nicotine on blood pressure and heart rate after administration via the left vertebral artery of anaesthetized cats, Arzneim.-Forsch. 28:1628–1631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pullan, P. T., Clappison, B. H., and Johnston, C. I., 1979, Plasma vasopressin and human neurophysins in physiological and pathological states associated with changes in vasopressin secretion, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49:580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, C. V. R., Khan, R. G., Feit, A., Chowdry, I. H., and El Sherif, N., 1983, Effects of cigarette smoking on coronary hemodynamics in coronary artery disease (abst.), Circulation 68:165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renaud, S., Blache, D., Dumont, E., Thevenon, C., and Wissendanger, T., 1984, Platelet function after cigarette smoking in relation to nicotine and carbon monoxide, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36:389–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnik, R., Brink, G. W., and Wilkes, M., 1979, Catecholamine-mediated reduction in uterine blood flow after nicotine infusion in the pregnant ewe, J. Clin. Invest. 63:1133–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rickert, W. S., and Robinson, J. C., 1981, Estimating the hazards of less hazardous cigarettes. II. Study of cigarette yields of nicotine, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide in relation to levels of cotinine, carboxyhemoglobin, and tiocyanate in smokers, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7:391–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ring, T., Kristensen, S. D., Jensen, P. N., Mounts-Andersen, T., Madsen, H., and Dyerberg, J., 1983, Cigarette smoking shortens the bleeding time, Thromb. Res. 32:531–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, J., Benowitz, N. L., Jacob, P., and Wilson, K. M., 1980, Disposition kinetics and effects of intravenous nicotine, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 28:516–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rottenstein, H., Pierce, G., Russ, E., Felder, D., and Montgomery, H., 1960, Influence of nicotine on the blood flow of resting skeletal muscle and of the digits in normal subjects, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:102–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., Shelton, R. L., Helderman, J. H., Vestal, R. E., and Robertson, G. L., 1979, Influence of the emetic reflex on vasopressin release in man, Kidney Int. 16:729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., Kilgore, A., and Robertson, G. L., 1980, Evidence in man that cigarette smoking induces vasopressin release via an airway-specific mechanism,J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51:170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., 1976, Tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence, in: Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, Vol. 3, (R. J. Gibbins, Y. Israel, H. Kalant, R. E. Popham, W. Schmidt, and R. E. Smart, eds.), pp. 1–48, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., and Feyerabend, C., 1978, Cigarette smoking: A dependence or high-nicotine boli, Drug Metab. Rev. 8:29–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Wilson, C., Patel, U. A., Feyerabend, C., and Cole, P. V., 1975, Plasma nicotine levels after smoking cigarettes with high, medium, and low nicotine yields, Br. Med. J. 2:414–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Sutton, S. R., Feyerabend, C., Cole, P. V., and Saloojee, Y., 1977, Nicotine chewing gum as a substitute for smoking, Br. Med. J. 1:1060–1064.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Jarvis, M., and Feyerabend, C., 1980a, Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentration in smokers, Br. Med. J. 280:972–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Jarvis, M. J., and Feyerabend, C., 1980b, A new age for snuff? Lancet 1:474–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Raw, M., and Jarvis, M. J., 1980c, Clinical use of nicotine chewing gum, Br. Med. J. 280:1599–1602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Jarvis, M. J., Devitt, G., and Feyerabend, C., 1981, Nicotine intake by snuff users, Br. Med. J. 283:814–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. A. H., Sutton, S. R., Iyer, R., Feyerabend, C., and Vesey, C. J., 1982, Long-term switching to low-tar low-nicotine cigarettes, Br. J. Addict. 77:145–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, H., Roman, L., Zavodnick, J., and Kupers, N., 1973, The effect of smoking on serum somatotropin, immunoreactive insulin and blood glucose levels of young adult males, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 184:787–791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasson, I. M., Haley, N. J., Hoffmann, D., Wynder, E. L., Hellberg, D., and Nilsson, S., 1985, Cigarette smoking and neoplasia of the uterine cervix: Smoke constituents in cervical mucus, N. Engl. J. Med. 312:315–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, S., 1978, Pharmacological and psychological determinants of smoking, Ann. Intern. Med. 88:104–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schievelbein, H., 1982, Nicotine. Resorption and fate, Pharmacol. Ther. 18:233–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schievelbein, H., Eberhardt, R., Loschenkohl, K., Rahlfs, V., and Bedall, F. K., 1973, Absorption of nicotine through the oral mucosa. I. Measurement of nicotine concentration in the blood after application of nicotine and total particulate matter, Agents Actions 3/4:254–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sepkovic, D. W., Parker, K., Axelrad, C. M., Haley, N. J., and Wynder, E. L., 1984, Cigarette smoking as a risk for cardiovascular disease. V. Biochemical parameters with increased and decreased nicotine content cigarettes, Addict. Behav. 9:255–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiffman, S. M., Gritz, E. R., Maltese, J., Lee, M. A., Schneider, N. G., and Jarvik, M. E., 1983, Effects of cigarette smoking and oral nicotine on hand tremor, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 33:800–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siess, W., Lorenz, R., Roth, P., and Weber, P. C., 1982, Plasma catecholamines, platelet aggregation and associated thromboxane formation after physical exercise, smoking or norepinephrine infusion, Circulation 66:44–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sladek, C. D., and Joynt, R. J., 1979, Characterization of cholinergic control of vasopressin release by the organ-cultured rat hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system, Endocrinology 104:657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenberg, A., and Husmert, N., 1982, Effect of nicotine on gastric mucosal blood flow and acid secretion, Gut 23:532–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnenfeld, T., and Wennmaim, A., 1980, Inhibition by nicotine of the formation of prostacyclin-like activity in rabbit and human vascular tissue, Br. J. Pharmacol. 71:609–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sophr, U., Hoffmann, K., Steck, W., Harenberg, J., Walter, E., Hengen, N., Augustin, J., Mori, H., Koch, A., Horsch, A., and Weber, E., 1979, Evaluation of smoking-induced effects on sympathetic, hemodynamic and metabolic variables with respect to plasma nicotine and COHb levels, Atherosclerosis 33:271–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinsland, O. S., and Furchgott, R. F., 1975, Desensitization of the adrenergic neurons of the isolated rabbit ear artery to nicotinic agonists, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 193:138–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stubbe, I., Eskilsson, J., and Nilsson-Ehle, P., 1982, High-density lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking, Br. Med. J. 284:1511–1513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su, C., 1982, Actions of nicotine and smoking on circulation, Pharmacol. Ther. 17:129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, K., Horiguchi, T., Comas-Urrutia, A. C., Mueller-Heubach, E., Morishima, H. O., and Adamson, K., 1971, Pharmacologic effects of nicotine upon the fetus and mother in the rhesus monkey, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 111:1092–1101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totti, N., McCusker, K. T., Campbell, E. J., Griffin, G. L., and Senior, R. M., 1984, Nicotine is chemotactic for neutrophils and enhances neutrophil responsiveness to chemotactic peptides, Science 223:169–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Travell, J., 1960, Absorption of nicotine from various sites, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 90:13–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucci, J. R., and Sode, J., 1972, Chronic cigarette smoking: Effect on adrenocortical and sympa-thoadrenomedullary activity in man, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 227:282–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, D. M., Armitage, A. K., Briant, R. H., and Dollery, C. T., 1975, Metabolism of nicotine by the isolated perfused dog lung, Xenobiotica 5:539–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. A. M., Sillett, R. W., and McNicol, M. W., 1977, Effect of cigar smoking on carbox-yhemoglobin and plasma nicotine concentrations in primary pipe and cigar smokers and ex-cigarette smokers, Br. Med. J. 2:1387–1389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ueki, S., Koketsu, K., and Domino, E. F., 1961, Effects of mecamylamine on the Golgi recurrent collateral-Renshaw cell synapse in the spinal cord, Exp. Neurol. 3:141–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulett, J., and Itil, T., 1969, Quantitative electroencephalogram in smoking and smoking deprivation, Science 164:969–970.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Vunakis, H., Langone, J. J., and Milunsky, A., 1974, Nicotine and cotinine in the amniotic fluid of smokers in the second trimester of pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 120:64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. D., 1964, The dynamic quantitation of spasticity with automated integrals of passive motion resistance, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 5:900–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1980, Nicotine inhibits hypoxia- and arachidonate-induced release of prostacyclin- like activity in rabbit hearts, Br. J. Pharmacol. 69:545–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P. W. F., Garrison, R. J., Abbott, R. D., and Castelli, W. P., 1983, Factors associated with lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study, Arteriosclerosis 3:273–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winternitz, W. W., and Quillen, D., 1977, Acute hormonal response to cigarette smoking, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 17:389–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeidenberg, P., Jaffe, J. H., Kanzler, M., Levitt, M. D., Langone, J. J., and Van Vunakis, H., 1977, Nicotine: Cotinine levels in blood during cessation of smoking, Compr. Psychiatry 18:93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Medicine and Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94110, USA

    Neal L. Benowitz

Authors
  1. Neal L. Benowitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Addiction Research Foundation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Howard D. Cappell , Frederick B. Glaser , Yedy Israel , Harold Kalant , Wolfgang Schmidt , Edward M. Sellers  & Reginald C. Smart , , , , ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Benowitz, N.L. (1986). The Human Pharmacology of Nicotine. In: Cappell, H.D., et al. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7743-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7745-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7743-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation