Abstract
Modern sedative-hypnotic drugs began with the introduction of barbiturates into medical use as hypnotic drugs more than seven decades ago. Many chemical modifications of barbiturates have been made since, with alterations in their pharmacological spectrum of activity as well as their duration of action. Had these agents, or drugs like them, not existed, their more recent discovery might have been heralded as today’s new wonder drugs. Imagine a single class of drugs, members of which can be used as short-acting anesthetics, hypnotics, sedatives or tranquilizers, and anticonvulsants.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allgulander, C., 1978, Dependence on sedative and hypnotic drugs: A comparative clinical and social study, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl. 70:1.
AMA report, 1965, Dependence on barbiturates and other sedative drugs, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 193:673.
Balter, M. B., Levine, J., and Manheimer, D. I., 1974, Cross-national study of the extent of antianxiety/sedative drug use, N. Engl. J. Med. 90:769.
Barraclough, B. M., 1974, Are there safer hypnotics than barbiturates? Lancet 1:57.
Blackwell, B., 1973, Psychotropic drugs in use today, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 25:1637.
Bladin, P. F., 1973, The use of clonazepam as an anticonvulsant—Clinical evaluation, Med. J. Aust. 1:683.
DiMascio, A., Meyer, R. E., and Stiffler, L., 1968, Effects of imipramine on individuals varying in levels of depression, Am. J. Psychiatry 124:55.
Finkle, B. S., McCloskey, K. L., and Goodman, L. S., 1979, Diazepam and drug associated deaths in a United States and Canada Survey, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 42:429.
Fishman, J. (ed.), 1978, The Bases of Addiction, Life Sci. Res. Rep. 8:463, Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin.
Goodman, J. M., Bischel, M. D., Wagers, P. W., and Barbour, B. H., 1976, Barbiturate intoxication: Morbidity and mortality, West. J. Med. 124:179.
Greenblatt, D. J., 1976, Antianxiety agents, in: Drug Effects in Hospitalized Patients (R. R. Miller and D. J. Greenblatt eds.), pp. 193–205, Wiley, New York.
Greenblatt, D. J., Allen, M. D., Noel, B. S. N., and Shader, R. I., 1977, Special article: Acute overdosage with benzodiazepine derivatives, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1:497.
Hollister, L. E., 1978, Clinical Pharmacology of Psychotherapeutic Drugs, pp. 12–49, Churchill-Livingstone, New York.
Hollister, L. E., Motzenbecker, F. P., and Degan, R. O., 1961, Withdrawal reactions from chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Psychopharmacologia, 2:63.
Hollister, L. E., Bennett, J. L., Kimbell, Jr., I., Savage, C., and Overall, J. E., 1963, Diazepam in newly admitted schizophrenics, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 4:746.
Isbell, H., Altschul, S., Kornetsky, C. H., Eisenman, A. J., Flanary, H. G., and Fraser, H. F., 1950, Chronic barbiturate intoxication, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 64:1.
Isbell, H., and Chruschiel, T. L., 1970, Dependence liability of “Non-Narcotic” Drugs, Bull. W.H.O. Suppl. 43:111.
Kalant, H., Le Blanc, A. E., and Gibbins, R. J., 1971, Tolerance to, and dependence on, some non-opiate psychotropic drugs, Pharmacol. Rev. 3:135.
Lasagna, L., 1977, The role of benzodiazepines in nonpsychiatric medical practice, Am. J. Psychiatry 134:656.
Lewis, J. R., and Steindler, E. M., 1973, Editorial: Methaqualone, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 24:1521.
Lundy, J. S., and Osterberg, A. E., 1929, Review of the literature on the derivatives of barbituric acid, Mayo Clin. Proc. 4:386.
Marks, J., 1978, The Benzodiazepines: Use, Misuse, Abuse, p. 111, MTP Press. Lancaster, England.
Mellinger, G. D., Balter, M. D., Manheimer, D. I., Cisin, I. H., and Parry, H. J., 1978, Psychic distress, life crisis and use of psychotherapeutic medications, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35:1045.
Sarwer-Foner, G. J., 1960, Recognition and management of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions and “paradoxical” behavioral reactions in psychiatry, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 83:312.
Seevers, M. H., 1973, Psychologic dependence defined in terms of individual and social risk, in: Bayer Symposium IV, Psychic Dependence, pp. 25–30, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Shader, R. I., and DiMascio, A., 1970, Psychotropic Drug Side Effects, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
Shelton, J., and Hollister, L. E., 1967, Stimulated abuse of tybamate in man: Failure to demonstrate withdrawal reactions, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 199:338.
Tobin, J. M., and Lewis, N. D. C., 1960, New Psychotherapeutic agent, chlordiazepoxide, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 174:1242.
Vale, J. A., Rees, A. J., Widdop, B., and Goulding, R., 1975, Use of charcoal hemoperfusion in the management of severely poisoned patients, Br. Med. J. 1:5.
Van Dyke, C., and Byck, R., 1977, Cocaine 1884–1974, in: Cocaine and Other Stimulants (E. H. Ellinwood Jr., and M. M. Kilbey, eds.), pp. 1–30, Plenum Press, New York.
Whitlock, F. A., 1975, Suicide in Brisbane, 1956 to 1973: The drug-death epidemic, Med. J. Aust. 1:737.
Zuker, H. S., 1972, Strange behavior with oxazepam, N.Y. State J. Med. 72:974.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hollister, L.E. (1981). Sedative-Hypnotics. In: Israel, Y., Glaser, F.B., Kalant, H., Popham, R.E., Schmidt, W., Smart, R.G. (eds) Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7740-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7740-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7742-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7740-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive