Abstract
There is relatively little information on the effects of psychoactive drugs on neuroendocrine function in humans or animals of either sex. In this brief narrative, those data that are available are reviewed. As is evident, in some areas there are few or no data on the effects of psychoactive drugs on neuroendocrine function in the female, providing little basis for a review of male—female differences in neuroendocrine responses to psychoactive drugs. Nevertheless, it is hoped a state-of-the-art analysis of the male will provide a firm basis for badly needed future studies of the female.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahluwalia, B., Williams, J., and Verma, P., 1974, In vitro testosterone biosynthesis in the human fetal testis, II, Stimulation by cyclic AMP and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), Endocrinology 95: 1411–1415.
Aron, E., Flanzy, M., Combescot, C., Puisas, J., Demaret, J., Reynouard-Brandt, F., and Igert, C., 1975, L’alcool est-il dans le vin l’élément qui perturbe, chez la ratte, le cycle vaginal, Bull. Acad. Nat. Mid. ( Paris ) 149: 112–120.
Augustine, J. R., 1%7, Laboratory studies in acute alcoholics, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 96: 1367–1370.
Ayalon, D., Nir, I., Cardova, T., Bauminger, S., Puder, M., Naor, Z., Kashi, R., Zor, U., Hare11 A., and Lindner, H. R., 1977, Acute effects of 0’-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis in the rat, Neuroendocrinology 23: 31–42.
Azizi, F., Vagenakis, A. G., Longcope, C., Ingbar, S. H., and Braverman, L. E., 1973, Decreased serum testosterone concentration in male heroin and methadone addicts, Steroids 22: 467–472.
Badr, F. M., and Bartke, A., 1974, Effect of ethyl alcohol on plasma testosterone levels in mice, Steroids 23: 921–928.
Baker, H. W., Burger, H. G., de Kretser, D. M., Dulmanis, A., Hartson, B., O’Connor, S., Paulsen, C. A., Purcell, N., Rennie, G. C., Seah, C. S., Taft, H. P., and Wang, C., 1976, A study of the endocrine manifestations of hepatic cirrhosis, Q. J. Med. 45: 145–178.
Bakke, J. L., Lawrence, N. L., and Robinson, S., 1974, The effect of morphine on pituitary—thyroid function in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 25: 402–406.
Barraclough, C. A., and Sawyer, C. H., 1955, Inhibition of the release of the pituitary ovulatory hormone in the rat by morphine, Endocrinology 57: 329–337.
Barry, H., III, Perhach, J. L., and Kubena, R. K., 1970, Ae-Tetrahydrocannabinol activation of pituitary-adrenal function, Pharmacologist 12: 258.
Barry, H., III, Kubena, R. K., and Perhach, J. L., Jr., 1973, Pituitary—adrenal activation and related responses to delta-l-tetrahydrocannabinoI, Prog. Brain Res. 39: 323–330.
Bartke, A., Steele, R. E., Musto, N., and Caldwell, B. V., 1973, Fluctuations in plasma testosterone levels in adult male rats and mice, Endocrinology 92: 1223–1228.
Bastomsky, C. H., Dent, R. R., and Tolis, G., 1977, Elevated serum concentrations of thyroxine-binding globulin and caeruloplasmin in methadone-maintained patients, Clin. Biochem. 10: 124–126.
Bellet, S., Roman, L., DeCastro, O. A. P., and Herrera, M., 1970a, Effect of acute ethanol intake on plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroid levels, Metabolism 19: 664–667.
Bellet, S., Yoshimine, N., DeCastro, O. A. P., Roman, L., Parmar, S. S., and Sandberg, H., 1970b, Effects of alcohol ingestion on growth hormone levels: Their relation to 11hydroxycorticoid levels and serum FFA, Metabolism 20: 762–769.
Benowitz, N. L., Jones, R. T., and Lerner, C. B., 1976, Depression of growth hormone and cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia after prolonged oral delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol administration in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42: 938–941.
Besch, N. F., Smith, C. G., Besch, P. K., and Kaufman, R. H., 1977, The effect of marihuana (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 128: 635–642.
Besser, G. M., Butler, P. W. P., Landon, J., and Rees, L., 1969, Influence of amphetamines on plasma corticosteroid and growth hormone levels in man, Br. Med. J. 4: 528–530.
Bisset, G. W., and Walker, J. M., 1957, The effect of nicotine, hexamethonium and ethanol on the secretion of antidiuretics and oxytocic hormones of the rat, Br. J. Pharmacol. 12: 461–467.
Biswas, B., and Ghosh, J. J., 1975, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and lysergic acid diethylamide: Comparative changes in the supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory activities in rat hypothalamus, Anat. Anz. 138: 324–331.
Blake, C. A., 1975, Effects of “stress” on pulsatile luteinizing hormone release in ovarectomized rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 148: 813–815.
Bleecker, M., Ford, D. H., and Rhines, R. K., 1969, A comparison of 131-tri-iodothyronine accumulation and degradation in ethanol-treated and control rats, Life Sci. 8: 267275.
Bloom, F., Battenberg, E., Rossier, J., Ling, N., Leppaluoto, J., Vargo, T. M., and Guillemin, R., 1977, Endorphins are located in the intermediate and anterior lobes of the pituitary gland, not in the neurohypophysis, Life Sci. 20: 43–47.
Borrell, J., Llorens, I., and Borrell, S., 1974, Study of the effects of morphine on adrenal corticosteroids, ascorbic acid and catecholamines in unanaesthetized and anaesthetized cats, Hormone Res. 5: 351–358.
Brambilla, F., Sacchetti, E., and Brunetta, M., 1977, Pituitary-gonadal function in heroin addicts, Neuropsychobiology 3: 160–166.
Bromley, B. L., and Zimmermann, E., 1976, Divergent release of prolactin and corticos- terone following A9-tetrahydrocannabinol injection in male rats, Fed. Proc. 35: 220.
Bromley, B. L., Gordon, J. H., and Zimmermann, E., 1977a, A9-Tetrahydrocannabinol block of 5-hydroxytryptamine stimulated release of prolactin in male rats, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 3: 287.
Bromley, B., Gordon, J. H., and Zimmermann, E., 1977b, A9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of ether and perphenazine-induced release of prolactin in male rats, Fed. Proc. 36: 1026.
Bruni, J. F., Van Vugt, D., Marshall, S., and Meites, J., 1977, Effects of naloxone, morphine and methionine enkephalin on serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and growth hormone, Life Sci. 21: 461–466.
Burstein, S., Hunter, S. A., Shoupe, T. S., and Taylor, P., 1978, Cannabinoid inhibition of testosterone synthesis by mouse Leydig cells, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 19: 557–560.
Burton, G., and Kaplan, H. M., 1968, Sexual behavior and adjustment of married alcoholics, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol. 29: 603–609.
Chakravarty, I., Sheth, A. R., and Ghosh, J. J., 1975, Effect of acute A9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment on serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin levels in adult female rats, Fertil. Steril. 76: 947–948.
Chopra, I. J., lhlchinsky, D., and Greenway, F. L., 1973, Estrogen-androgen imbalance in hepatic cirrhosis, Ann. Intern. Med. 79: 198–203.
Cicero, T. J., 1977, An in vivo assay for the analysis of the biological potency and structure-activity relationships of narcotics: Serum testosterone depletion in the male rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 202: 670–675.
Cicero, T. J., and Badger, T. M., 1977a, A comparative analysis of the effects of narcotics, alcohol and the barbiturates on the hypothalamic—pituitary—gonadal axis, in: Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal: Studies in Alcohol Dependence ( M. M. Gross, ed.), pp. 95–115, Plenum, New York.
Cicero, T. J., and Badger, T. M., 1977b, Effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic—pituitarygonadal axis in the male rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201: 427–433.
Cicero, T. J., Meyer, E. R., Bell, R. D., and Wiest, W. G., 1974, Effects of morphine on the secondary sex organs and plasma testosterone levels of rats, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 7: 17–24.
Cicero, T. J., Bell, R. D., Wiest, W. G., Allison, J. H., Polakoski, K., and Robins, E., 1975a, Function of the male sex organs in heroin and methadone users, N. Engl. J. Med. 292: 882–887.
Cicero, T. J., Meyer, E. R., Wiest, W. G., Olney, J. W., and Bell, R. D., 1975b, Effects of chronic morphine administration on the reproductive system of the male rat, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 192: 542–548.
Cicero, T. J., Meyer, E. R., Bell, R. D., Koch, G. A., 1976a, Effects of morphine and methadone on serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels and on the secondary sex organs of the male rat, Endocrinology 98: 367–372.
Cicero, T. J., Wilcox, C. E., Bell, R. D., and Meyer, E. R., 1976b, Acute reductions in serum testosterone levels by narcotics in the male rat: Stereospecificity, blockade by naloxone and tolerance, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 198: 340–346.
Cicero, T. J., Badger, T. M., Wilcox, C. E., Bell, R. D., and Meyer, E. R., 1977a, Morphine decreases luteinizing hormone by an action on the hypothalamic—pituitary axis, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 203: 548–555.
Cicero, T. J., Bell, R. D., Meyer, E. R., and Schweitzer, J., 1977b, Narcotics and the hypothalamic—pituitary—gonadal axis: Acute effects on luteinizing hormone, testosterone and androgen-dependent systems, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201: 76–83.
Cicero, T. J., Bernstein, D., and Badger, T. M., 1978, Acute effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic—pituitary aspect of the hypothalamic—pituitary—gonadal axis, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Stud. 2: 249–254.
Cicero, T. J., Meyer, E. R., and Bell, R. D., 1979, Effects of ethanol on the hypothalamic —pituitary—luteinizing hormone axis and testicular steroidogenesis,J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 208: 210–215.
Clemens, J. A., and Sawyer, B. D., 1974, Evidence that methadone stimulates prolactin release by dopamine receptor blockade, Endocr. Res. Commun. 1: 373–378.
Cobo, E., and Quintero, C. A., 1969, Milk-ejecting and anti-diuretic activities under neurohypophyseal inhibition with alcohol and water overload, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 105: 877–887.
Cocchi, D., Santagostino, A., Gil-Ad, I., Ferri, S., and Muller, E. E., 1977, Leu-enkephalinstimulated growth hormone and prolactin release in the rat: Comparison with the effect of morphine, Life Sci. 20: 2041–2045.
Collu, R., 1976, Endocrine effects of chronic intraventricular administration of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol to prepuberal and adult male rats, Life Sci. 18: 223–230.
Collu, R., Leboeuf, F., Letarte, J., and Ducharme, J. R., 1974, Endocrine effects of chronic administration of O9-tetrahydrocannabinol to prepuberal male rats, Pediatric Res. 8: 94.
Collu, R., Letarte, J., Leboeuf, F., and Ducharme, J. R., 1975a, Endocrine effects of chronic administration of psychoactive drugs to prepuberal male rats, I, As-tetrahydrocannabinol, Life Sci. 16: 533–542.
Collu, R., Letarte, J., Leboeuf, F., and Ducharme, J. R., 1975b, Endocrine effects of chronic administration of psychoactive drugs to prepuberal male rats, II, LSD, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53: 1023–1026.
Coppage, W. S., Jr., and Cooner, A. E., 1965, Testosterone in human plasma, N. Engl. J. Med. 273: 902–907.
Coyotupa, J., Parlow, A. F., and Kovacic, N., 1973, Serum testosterone and dihydrotes- tosterone levels following orchiectomy in the adult rat, Endocrinology 92: 1579–1581.
Cranston, E. M., 1958, Effect of tranquilizers and other agents on sexual cycle of mice, Proc. Soc. Exp. Med. Biol. 98: 320–322.
Cushman, P., Jr., 1972a, Growth hormone in narcotic addiction, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35: 352–358.
Cushman, P., 1972b, Sexual behavior in heroin addiction and methadone maintenance, N.Y. State J. Med. 72: 1261–1265.
Cushman, P., 1973, Plasma testosterone in narcotic addiction, Am. J. Med. 55:452–458. Cushman, P., and Dole, V. P., 1973, Detoxification of rehabilitated methadone maintained patients, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 226: 747–752.
Cushman, P., Jr., and ‘Creek, M. J., 1974, Methadone-maintained patients. Effect of methadone on plasma testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin, N.Y. State J. Med. 74: 1970–1973.
Czaja, C., and Kalant, H., 1961, The effect of acute alcoholic intoxication on adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol in the rat, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 39: 327–334.
Daley, J. D., Branda, L. A., Rosenfeld, J., and Younglai, E. V., 1974, Increase of serum prolactin in male rats by (-)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, J. Endocrinol. 63: 415–416.
Dalterio, S., Bartke, A., and Burstein, S., 1977, Cannabinoids inhibit testosterone secretion by mouse testes in vitro, Science 196: 1472–1473.
Davidson, J. M., 1969, Feedback control of gonadotropin secretion, in: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology ( W. F. Ganong and L. Martini, eds.), pp. 343–388, Oxford University Press, New York.
deWied, D., and deJong, W., 1974, Drug effects and hypothalamic-anterior pituitary function, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. 14: 389–412.
deWied, D., van Ree, J. M., and deJong, W., 1974, Narcotic analgesics and the neuroendocrine control of anterior pituitary function, in: Narcotics and the Hypothalamus ( E. Zimmermann and R. George, eds.), pp. 251–264, Raven, New York.
Distiller, L. A., Sagel, J., Dubowitz, B., Kay, G., Carr, P. J., Katz, M., and Kew, M. C., 1976, Pituitary-gonadal function in men with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, Horm. Metab. Res. 8: 461–465.
Dixit, V. P., Sharma, V. N., and Lohiya, N. K., 1974, The effect of chronically administered cannabis extract on the testicular function of mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 26: 111–114.
Dixit, V. P., Arya, M., and Lohiya, N. K., 1975, The effect of chronically administered cannabis extract on the female genital tract of mice and rats, Endokrinologie 66: 365–368.
Dixit, V. P., Gupta, C. L., and Agrawal, M., 1977, Testicular degeneration and necrosis induced by chronic administration of cannabis extract in dogs, Endokrinologie 69: 299–305.
Doering, C. H., Kraemer, H. C., Brodie, K. H., and Hamburg, D. A., 1975, A cycle of plasma testosterone in the human male, J. Clin. Encocrinol. Metab. 40: 492–500.
Dotson, L. E., Robertson, L. S., and Tuchfeld, B., 1975, Plasma alcohol, smoking, hormone concentrations, and self-reported aggression, J. Stud. Alcohol 36: 578–586.
DuFau, M. L., Watanabe, K., and Catt, K. J., 1973, Stimulation of cyclic AMP production by the rat testis during incubation with hCG in vitro, Endocrinology 92: 6–11.
Duke, H. N., Pickford, M., and Watt, J. A., 1951, Antidiuretic action of morphine: Its site and mode of action in hypothalamus of dog, Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 36: 149–158.
Dunn, J. D., Armiura, A., and Scheving, L. E., 1972, Effect of stress on circadian periodicity in serum LH and prolactin concentration, Endocrinology 90: 29–33.
Dupont, A., Cusan, L., Garon, M., Labrie, F., and Li, C. H., 1977a, ß-endorphin stimulation of growth hormone release in vivo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 358–359.
Dupont, A., Cusan, L., Labrie, F., Coy, D. H., and Li, C. H., 1977b, Stimulation of prolactin release in the rat by intraventricular injection of ß-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75: 76–82.
Earl, J. M., Gaunt, K., Earll, L., and Djuh, Y. Y., 1976, Effect of ethyl alcohol on ionic calcium and prolactin in man, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 47: 808–810.
Eggleton, M. G., 1942, Diuretic action of alcohol in man, J. Physiol. 101: 172–191.
Eisenman, A. J., Fraser, H. F., and Brooks, J. W., 1961, Urinary excretion and plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids during a cycle of addiction to morphine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 132: 226–231.
Eisenman, A. J., Sloan, J. W., Martin, W. R., Jasinski, D. R., and Brooks, J. W., 1969, Catecholamine and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion during a cycle of morphine dependence in man, J. Psychiatr. Res. 7: 19–28.
Ellingboe, J., Mendelson, J. H., Holbrook, P. G., Valentine, N., and Kuehnle, J., 1978, Naltrexone effects on luteinizing hormone ( LH) secretion and mood states implicate endogenous opioid mechanisms in regulation of the hypothalamic -pituitary-gonadal axis, Fed. Proc. 37: 275.
Ellis, F. W., 1962, Effect of ethanol on plasma corticosterone concentration in rats, Fed. Proc. 21: 339.
Ellis, F. W., 1965, Adrenal cortical function in experimental alcoholism in dogs, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 120: 740–744.
Ellis, F. W., 1966, Effect of ethanol on plasma corticosterone levels, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 153: 121–127.
Eskay, R., Majchrowicz, E., Goldman, M., and Ryback, R., 1978, Effect of chronic ethanol administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, Fed. Proc. 37: 478.
Euker, J. S., Meites, J., and Riegle, G. D., 1975, Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats, Endocrinology 96: 85–92.
Fabre, L. F., Jr., Pasco, P. J., Liegel, J. M., and Farmer, R. W., 1973, Abnormal testosterone excretion in men alcoholics, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 34: 57–63.
Fahim, M. S., Dement, G., Hall, D. G., and Fahim, Z., 1970, Induced alterations in the hepatic metabolism of androgens in the rat, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 107: 10851091.
Farmer, R. W., and Fabre, L. F., Jr., 1975, Some endocrine aspects of alcoholism, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 56: 277–289.
Ferland, L., Labrie, F., Coy, D. H., Armiura, A., and Schally, A. V., 1976, Inhibition by six somatostatin analogs of plasma growth-hormone levels stimulated by thiomylal and morphine in the rat, Mol. Cell. Endocrino!. 4: 79–88.
French, E. D., Garcia, J. F., and George, R., 1974, Intracerebral morphine and naloxone effects on growth hormone and cortisol in naive and morphine dependent cats, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 17: 159.
Fuchs, A. R., 1966, The inhibitory effects of ethanol on the release of oxytocin during parturition in the rabbit, J. Endocrinol. 35: 125–134.
Fuchs, A. R., 1969, Ethanol and the inhibition of oxytocin release in lactating rats, Acta Endocrinol. ( Copenhagen ) 62: 546–554.
Fuchs, A. R., and Wagner, G., 1963, Effect of alcohol on release of oxytocin, Nature 198: 92–94.
Fuchs, F., Fuchs, A. R., Poblete, V. F., and Risk, A., 1967, Effects of alcohol on threatened premature labor, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 99: 627–637.
Galvâo-Teles, A., Anderson, D. C., Burke, G. W., Marshall, J. C., Corker, C. S., Brown, R. L and Clark, M. L., 1973, Biologically active androgens and oestradiol in men with chronic liver disease, Lancet 1: 173–177.
Gaulden, E. C., Littlefield, D. C., Putoff, O. E., and Seivert, A. L., 1964, Menstrual abnormalities associated with heroin addiction, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 90: 155–160.
George, R., 1971, Hypothalamus: Anterior pituitary gland, in: Narcotic Drugs Biochemical Pharmacology ( D. H. Clouet, ed.), pp. 283–299, Plenum, New York.
George, R., 1973, Effects of narcotic analgesics on hypothalamo -pituitary-thyroid function, Prog. Brain Res. 39: 339–345.
George, R., and Kokka, N., 1976, The effects of narcotics on growth hormone, ACTH and TSH secretion, in: Tissue Responses to Addictive Drugs ( D. H. Ford and D. H. Clouet, eds.), pp. 527–540, Spectrum, New York.
Giarman, N. J., and Condouris, G. A., 1954, The antidiuretic action of morphine and some of it analogs, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 97: 28–33.
Goldberg, M., 1960, The occurrence and treatment of hypothyroidism among alcoholics, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 20: 609–621.
Goldberg, M., 1962, Thyroid function in chronic alcoholsim, Lancet ií: 764–769.
Gordon, G. G., and Southren, A. L., 1977, Metabolic effects of alcohol on the endocrine system, in: Metabolic Aspects of Alcoholism ( C. S. Lieber, ed.), pp. 249–302, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Gordon, G. G., Olivo, J., Rafil, F., and Southren, A. L., 1975, Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40: 1018–1026.
Gordon, G. G., Altman, K., and Southren, A. L., 1976, Effect of alcohol (ethanol) administration on sex hormone metabolism in normal men, N. Engl. J. Med. 295: 793–797.
Gordon, J. H., Bromley, B. L., Gorski, R. A., and Zimmermann, E., 1978, Effects of O9- tetrahydrocannabinol on TSH secretion, Proc. Endocrine Society 60: 675.
Green, J. R., Mowat, N. A., Fisher, R. A., and Anderson, D. C., 1976, Plasma oestrogens in men with chronic liver disease, Gut 17: 426–430.
Guidotti, A., and Grandison, L., 1978, Participation of hypothalamic endorphins in the control of prolactin release, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 18: 191–198.
Guillemin, R., Vargo, T., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C., Vale, W., and
Bloom, F, 1977, /3-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland, Science 197: 1367–1369.
Halaris, A. E., Freedman, D. X., and Fang, V. S., 1975, Plasma corticoids and brain tryptophan after acute and tolerance dosage of LSD, Life Sci. 17: 1467–1472.
Haldar, J., and Sawyer, W. H., 1978, Inhibition of oxytocin release by morphine and its analogs, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 157: 476–480.
Harmon, J., and Aliapoulios, M. A., 1972, Gynecomastia in marihuana users (letter), N. Engl. J. Med. 287: 936.
Harmon, J. W., Locke, D., Aliapoulios, M. A., and Macindoe, J. H., 1976, Interference with testicular development by A°-tetrahydrocannabinol, Surg. Forum 27: 350–352.
Hellman, L., Fukushima, D. K., Roffwarg, H., and Fishman, J., 1975, Changes in estradiol and cortisol production rates in men under the influence of narcotics, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41: 1014–1019.
Heston, W. D. W., Erwin, V. G., Anderson, S. M., and Robbins, H., 1974, A comparison of the effects of alcohol on mice selectively bred for differences in ethanol sleep-time, Life Sci. 14: 365–370.
Hilbom, M. E., 1971, Thyroid state and voluntary alcohol consumption of albino rats, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29: 95–105.
Hohlweg, W., Knappe, G., and Doerner, G., 1961, Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluss von Morphin auf die gonadotrope und thyreotrope Hypophysenfunktion, Endokrinologie 40: 152–159.
Howland, B. E., Beaton, D. B., and Jack, M. I., 1974, Changes in serum levels of gonadotropins and testosterone in the male rat in response to fasting, surgery and ether, Experientia 30: 1223–1225.
Huttunen, M. O., Härkönen, M., Niskanen, P., Leino, T., and Ylikahri, R., 1976, Plasma testosterone concentrations in alcoholics, J. Stud. Alcohol 37: 1165–1177.
Inturrisi, C. E., and Fujimoto, J. M., 1968, Studies on the antidiuretic action of morphine in the rat, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2: 301–307.
Israel, Y., Videla, L., MacDonald, A., and Bernstein, J., 1973, Metabolic alterations produced in the liver by chronic ethanol administration: Comparison between the effects produced by ethanol and by thyroid hormones, Biochem. J. 134: 523–529.
Jenkins, J. S., and Connolly, J., 1968, Adrenocortical response to ethanol in man, Br. Med. J. 2: 804–805.
Johnson, J. G., and Rosecrans, J. A., 1978, Blockade of the preovulatory LH surge by methadone in rats, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 19: 435–444.
Kakihana, R., 1977, Endocrine and autonomic studies in mice selectively bred for different sensitivity to ethanol, in: Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal, Vol. 3a, Biological Aspects of Ethanol ( M. M. Gross, ed.), pp. 83–95, Plenum, New York.
Kalant, H., 1975, Direct effects of ethanol on the nervous system, Fed. Proc. 34: 1930–1941.
Kalant, H., Sereny, G., and Charlebois, R., 1962, Evaluation of triiodothyronine in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication, N. Engl. J. Med. 262: 1–14.
Kalant, H., Hawkins, R. D., and Czaja, C., 1963, Effect of acute alcohol intoxication on steroid output of rat adrenals in vitro, Am. J. Physiol. 204: 849–855.
Kent, J. R., Scaramuzzi, R. J., Lauwers, W., Parlow, A. F., Hill, M., Penardi, R., and Hilliard, J., 1973, Plasma testosterone, estradiol and gonadotrophins in hepatic insufficiency, Gastroenterology 64: 111–115.
Kissin, B., Schenker, V., and Schenker, A. C., 1960, The acute effects of alcohol ingestion on plasma and urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids in alcoholic subjects, Am. J. Med. Sci. 239: 690–705.
Kleeman, C. R., 1972, Water metabolism, in: Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism ( M. H. Maxwell and C. R. Kleeman, eds.), pp. 243–257, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kleeman, C. R., and Maxwell, M. H., 1972, Regulation of body water, in: Clinical Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism ( M. H. Maxwell and C. R. Kleeman, eds.), pp. 115–158, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kokka, N., and Garcia, J. F., 1974, Effects of A9-THC on growth hormone and ACTH secretion in rats, Life Sci. 15: 329–338.
Kokka, N., and George, R., 1974, Effects of narcotic analgesics, anesthetics, and hypothalamic lesions on growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic secretion in rats, in: Narcotics and the Hypothalamus ( E. Zimmermann and R. George, eds.), pp. 137–157, Raven, New York.
Kokka, N., and Masuoka, D. T., 1976, Effects of amphetamine and apomorphine on ACTH and growth hormone secretion, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 19: 209–211.
Kokka, N., Garcia, J. F., and Elliott, H. W., 1973, Effects of acute and chronic administration of narcotic analgesics on growth hormone and corticotrophin ( ACTH) secretion in rats, Prog. Brain Res. 39: 347–360.
Kolodny, R. C., Masters, W. H., Kolodner, R. M., and Toro, G., 1974, Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use, N. Engl. J. Med. 290: 872–874.
Kolodny, R. C., Lessin, P., Toro, G., Masters, W. H., and Cohen, S., 1976, Depression of plasm testosterone with acute marihuana administration, in: The Pharmacology of Marihuana ( M. C. Braude and S. Szara, eds.), pp. 217–225, Raven, New York.
Kolodny, R. C., Bauman, J., Biggs, M. A., Webster, S. K., and Dornbush, R. L., 1977, Endocrine and sexual effects of female chronic marijuana use, paper presented at the meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Bloomington, hid.
Kozlowski, S., Szczepanska, E., and Zielinski, A., 1967, The hypothalamo-hypophyseal antidiuretic system in physical exercises, Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 75: 218–228.
Kramer, J., and Ben-David, M., 1974, Suppression of prolactin secretion by acute administration of A9-THC in rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147: 482–484.
Krieger, D. T., Liotta, A., and Li, C. H., 1977, Human plasma immunoreactive ßlipotropin: Correlation with basal and stimulated plasma ACTH concentrations, Life Sci. 21: 1771–1778.
Kubena, R. K., Perhach, J. L., and Barry, H., 1971, Corticosterone elevation mediated centrally by A1-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 14: 89–92.
Lacerda, L. de, Kowarski, A., Johanson, A. J., Athanasiou, R., and Migeon, C. J., 1973, Integrated concentration and circadian variation of plasma testosterone in normal men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36: 366–371.
Lal, H., Brown, W., Drawbaugh, R., Hynes, M., and Brown, G., 1977, Enhanced prolactin inhibition following chronic treatment with haloperidol and morphine, Life Sci. 20: 101–105.
Langer, G., Heinze, G., Reim, B., and Matussek, N., 1975, Growth hormone response to d-amphetamine in normal controls and in depressive patients, Neurosci. Lett. 1: 185–189.
Lemere, F., and Smith, J. W., 1973, Alcohol-induced sexual impotence, Am. J. Psychiatry 130: 212–213.
Leppiiluoto, J., Rapeli, M., Vans, R., and Ranta, T., 1975, Secretion of anterior pituitary hormones in man: Effects of ethyl alcohol, Acta Physiol. Scand. 95: 400–406.
Lester, R., and Van Thiel, D. H., 1977, Gonadal function in chronic alcoholic men, in: Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal, Vol. 3, Biological Aspects of Ethanol ( M. M. Gross, ed.), pp. 399–413, Plenum, New York.
Levine, J., 1955, The sexual adjustment of alcoholics, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 16: 675–680.
Lien, E. L., Fenichel, R. L., Garsky, V., Sarantakis, D., and Grant, N. H., 1976, Enkephalin-stimulated prolactin release, Life Sci. 19: 837–840.
Ling, G. M., Thomas, J. A., Usher, D. R., and Singhal, R. L., 1973, Effects of chronically administered i’-tetrahydrocannabinol on adrenal and gonadal activity of male rats, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 7: 1–5.
List, A., Nazar, B., Nyquist, S., and Harclerode, J., 1977, The effects of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the metabolism of gonadal steroids in the rat, Drug Metab. Dispos. 5: 268–272.
Lloyd, C. W., and Williams, R. H., 1948, Endocrine changes associated with Laennec’s cirrhosis of the liver, Am. J. Med. 4: 315–330.
Lomax, P., 1970, The effect of marihuana on pituitary-thyroid activity in the rat, Agents Actions 1: 252–257.
Lomax, P., and George, R., 1966, Thyroid activity following administration of morphine in rats with hypothalamic lesions, Brain Res. 2: 361–367.
Lomax, P., Kokka, N., and George, R., 1970, Thyroid activity following intracerebral injection of morphine in the rat, Neuroendocrinology 6: 146–152.
Loosen, P. T., and Prange, A. J., Jr., 1977, Alcohol and anterior-pituitary secretion (letter), Lancet 2: 985.
Lotti, V. J., Kokka, N., and George, R., 1969, Pituitary-adrenal activation following intrahypothalamic microinjection of morphine, Neuroendocrinology 4: 326–332.
Luukkainen, T., Vaistö, L., and Jarvinen, P. A., 1967, The effect of oral intake of ethyl alcohol on the activity of pregnant human uterus, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 46: 486–493.
Mains, R. E., Eipper, B. A., and Ling, N., 1977, Common precursor to corticotropins and endorphins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3014–3018.
Marantz, R., Sachar, E. J., Weitzman, E., and Sassin, J., 1976, Cortisol and GH responses to d-and 1-amphetamine in monkeys, Endocrinology 99: 459–465.
Marks, B. H., 1973, 01-tetrahydrocannabinol and luteinizing hormone secretion, in: Drug Effects on Neuroendocrine Regulation, Progress in Brain Research (E. Zimmermann, ed.), pp. 331–338, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Marks, V., and Wright, J. W., 1977, Endocrinological and metabolic effects of alcohol, Proc. R. Soc. Med. 70: 337–344.
Marquis, C., Marchetti, J., Burlet, C., and Boulangé, M., 1975, Sécrétion urinaire et hormone antidiurétique chez des rats soumis à une administration répétée d’éthanol, C. R. Séances Soc. Biol. 169: 154–161.
Martin, B. R., Dewey, W. L., Chau-Pham, T., and Prange, A. J., Jr., 1977, Interactions of thyrotropin releasing hormone and morphine sulfate in rodents, Life Sci. 20: 715–722.
Martin, J. B., Audet, J., and Saunders, A., 1975, Effects of somatostatin and hypothalamic ventromedial lesions on GH release induced by morphine, Endocrinology 96: 839–847.
Martin, W. R., Jasinski, D. R., Haertzen, C. A., Kay, D. C., Jones, B. E., Mansky, P. A., and Carpenter, R. W., 1973, Methadone—A reevaluation, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28: 286–295.
McClearn, G. E., 1973, The genetic aspects of alcoholism, in: Alcoholism: Progress in Research and Treatment ( P. G. Bourne and R. Fox, eds.), pp. 337–358, Academic, New York.
McDonald, R. K., Evans, F. T., Weise, V. K., and Patrick, R. W., 1959, Effect of morphine and nalorphine on plasma hydrocortisone levels in man, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 125: 241–247.
Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K., 1974, Alcohol, aggression and androgens, Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 52: 225–247.
Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K., 1975, Plasma testosterone levels during chronic heroin use and protracted abstinence: A study of Hong Kong addicts, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 17: 529–533.
Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K., 1976, Behavioral and biochemical interrelations in alcoholism, Annu. Rev. Med. 27: 321–333.
Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K., 1977, Co-variance of neuroendocrine function and behavior: A potential technique for assessing drug abuse liability, in: Predicting Dependence Liability of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs ( T. Thompson and K. R. Unna, eds.), pp. 291–302, University Park Press, Baltimore.
Mendelson, J. H., and Stein, S., 1966, Serum cortisol levels in alcoholic and nonalcoholic subjects during experimentally induced ethanol intoxication, Psychosom. Med. 28: 616–626.
Mendelson, J. H., Ogata, M., and Mello, N. K., 1971, Adrenal function and alcoholism, I, Serum cortisol, Psychosom. Med. 33: 145–157.
Mendelson, J. H., Kuehnle, J., Ellingboe, J., and Babor, T. F., 1974, Plasma testosterone levels before, during and after chronic marihuana smoking, N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 1051–1055.
Mendelson, J. H., Mendelson, J. E., and Patch, V. D., 1975a, Plasma testosterone levels in heroin addiction and during methadone maintenance, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 192: 211–217.
Mendelson, J. H., Meyer, R. E., Ellingboe, J., Mirin, S. M., and McDougle, M., 1975b, Effects of heroin and methadone on plasma cortisol and testosterone, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 195: 296–302.
Mendelson, J. H., Inturrisi, C. E., Renault, P., and Senay, E. C., 1976, Effects of acetylmethadol on plasma testosterone, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 19: 371–374.
Mendelson, J. H., Mello, N. K., and Ellingboe, J., 1977, Effects of acute alcohol intake on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal human males, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 202: 676–682.
Mendelson, J. H., Ellingboe, J., Kuehnle, J. C., and Mello, N. K., 1978, Effects of chronic marihuana use on integrated plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 207: 611–617.
Meran, A., Barak, A., and Plaves, M., 1973, Effects of i 12’-tetrahydrocannabinol on copulation in the male rat, Psychopharmacologia 28: 243–246.
Merry, J., and Marks, V., 1969, Plasma-hydroxycortisone response to ethanol in chronic alcoholics, Lancet 1: 921–923.
Merry, J., and Marks, V., 1972, The effect of alcohol, barbiturate, and diazepam on hypothalamic/pituitary/adrenal function in chronic alcoholics, Lancet 2: 990–991.
Miller, M., 1975, Inhibition of ADH release in the rat by narcotic antagonists, Neuroendocrinology 19: 241–251.
Mintz, J., O’Hare, K., O’Brien, C. P., and Goldschmidt, J., 1974, Sexual problems of heroin addicts, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31: 700–703.
Mirin, S. M., Mendelson, J. H., Ellingboe, J., and Meyer, R. E., 1976, Acute effects of heroin and naltrexone on testosterone and gonadotropin secretion: A pilot study, Psychoneuroendocrinology 1: 359–369.
Morita, Y., Koyama, K., and Nakao, T., 1974, Proceedings: Influence of morphine on ACTH secretion in the rat, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 24 (Suppl.): 126.
Mowat, N. A., Edwards, C. R. W., Fisher, R., McNeilly, A. S., Green, J. R. B., and Dawson, A M., 1976, Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in men with cirrhosis of the liver, Gut 17: 345–350.
Moyle, W. R., and Ramachandran, J., 1973, Effect of LH on steroidogenesis and cyclic-AMP accumulation in rat Leydig cell preparations and mouse tumor Leydig cells, Endocrinology 93: 127–134.
Muraki, T., and Tokunaga, Y., 1977, Inhibitory effect of morphine on serum gonadotropins and prolactin on proestrous rats, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 27: 461–462.
Muraki, T., Tokunaga, Y., and Makino, T., 1977, Effects of morphine and naloxone on serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels and on hypothalamic content of LH-RF in proestrous rats, Endocrinol Jpn. 24: 313–315.
Murdock, H. R., 1967, Thyroidal effect of alcohol, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 28: 419–423.
Nazar, B., Kairys, D. J., Fowler, R., and Harclerode, J., 1977, Effects of 09-tetrahydro- cannabinol on serum thyroxine concentrations in the rat, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29: 778–779.
Nir, I., Ayalon, D., Tsafriri, A., Cordova, T., and Lindner, H. R., 1973, Letter: Suppression of the cyclic surge of luteinizing hormone secretion and of ovulation in the rat by delta- 1-tetrahydrocannabinol, Nature 234: 470–471.
Noble, E. P., 1971, Ethanol and adrenocortical stimulation in inbred mouse strains, in: Recent Advances in Studies of Alcoholism ( N. K. Mello and J. H. Mendelson, eds.), pp. 77–106, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Nomura, S., Pittman, C. S., Chambers, J. B., Jr., Buck, M. W., and Shimizu, T., 1975, Reduced peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, J. Clin. Invest. 56: 643–652.
Nutt, J. G., and Jasinski, D. R., 1974, Diuretic action of the narcotic antagonist oxilorphan, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 15: 361–367.
Okey, A. B., and Bondy, G. P., 1977, Letter: Is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol estrogenic? Science 195: 904–906.
Okey, A. B., and Truant, G. S., 1975, Cannabis demasculinizes rats but is not estrogenic, Life Sci. 17: 1113–1118.
Packman, P. M., and Rothchild, J. A., 1976, Morphine inhibition of ovulation: Reversal by naloxone, Endocrinology 99: 7–10.
Pang, C. N., and Zimmermann, E., 1975, Effects of morphine on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone ( THS) and prolactin in ovariectomized rats, Anat. Rec. 181: 444.
Pang, C. N., Zimmermann, E., and Sawyer, C. H., 1974, Effects of morphine on the proestrous surge of luteinizing hormone in the rat, Anat. Rec. 178: 434–435.
Pang, C. N., Zimmermann, E., and Sawyer, C. H., 1977, Morphine inhibition of the preovulatory surges of plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the rat, Endocrinology 101: 1726–1743.
Parkes, J. D., Debono, A. G., Jenner, P., and Walters, J., 1977, Amphetamines, growth hormone and narcolepsy, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 4: 343–349.
Patel, D. G., Singh, S. P., Kabir, M., and Premachandra, B. N., 1978, Effects of chronic ethanol on thyroid function in rats, Fed. Proc. 37: 519.
Pelletier, G., Leclerc, R., Labrie, F., Côté, J., Chrétien, M., and Lis, M., 1977, Immunohistochemical localization of ß-lipotropic hormone in the pituitary gland, Endocrinology 100: 770.
Pentikäinen, P. J., Pentikäinen, L. A., Azarnoff, D. L., and Dugovne, C. A., 1975, Plasma levels and excretion of estrogens in urine in chronic liver disease, Gastroenterology 69: 20–27.
Perman, E. S., 1960, Observations on the effect of ethanol on the urinary excretion of histamine, 5 -hydroxyindole acetic acid, catecholamines and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in man, Acta Physio. Scand. 51: 62–67.
Persky, H., O’Brien, C. P., Fine, E., Howard, W. J., Khan, M. A., and Beck, R. W., 1977, The effect of alcohol and smoking on testosterone function and aggression in chronic alcoholics, Am. J. Psychiatry 134: 621–625.
Pertwee, R. G., 1974, Tolerance to the effect of A’-tetrahydrocannabinol on corticosterone levels in mouse plasma produced by repeated administration of cannabis extract or A’tetrahydrocannabinol, Br. J. Pharmacol. 51: 391–397.
Pohorecky, L. A., Newman, B., Sun, J., and Bailey, W. E., 1978, Acute and chronic ethanol and serotonin metabolism in rat brain, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 204: 424–432.
Priem, H. A., Shanley, B. C., and Malan, C., 1976, Effect of alcohol administration on plasma growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, Metabolism 25: 397–403.
Prieto, R., Varela, A., and Mardones, J., 1958, Influence of oral administration of thyroid powder on the voluntary alcohol intake by rats, Acta Physiol. Lat. Am. 8: 203.
Räihä, N., 1960, Effect of ethanol on cytological changes induced by salt load in nucleus supraopticus of rat, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103: 387–389.
Ramakrishanan, S., Prasanna, C. V., and Balasubramanian, A., 1976, Effect of alcohol intake on rat hepatic enzymes and thyroid function, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 13: 49–51.
Ratcliffe, F., 1972, The effect of chronic ethanol administration on the growth of rats, Arch. Intern. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 197: 19–30.
Ravitz, A. J., and Moore, K. E., 1977, Effects of amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine on serum prolactin concentrations in the male rat, Life Sci. 21: 267–272.
Rawitch, A. B., Schultz, G. S., Ebner, K. E., and Vardaris, R. M., 1977, Competition of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol with estrogen in rat uterine estrogen receptor binding, Science 197: 1189–1191.
Rees, L., Butler, P. W. P., Gosling, C., and Besser, G. M., 1970, Adrenergic blockade and the corticosteroid and growth hormone responses to methylamphetamine, Nature 228: 565–566.
Rennels, E. G., 1961, Effect of morphine on pituitary cytology and gonadotrophic levels in the rat, Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 19: 646–657.
Richter, C. P., 1956, Loss of appetite for alcohol and alcoholic beverages produced in rats by treatment with thyroid preparations, Endocrinology 59: 472–478.
Richter, C. P., 1957, Production and control of alcoholic cravings in rats, in: Neurophar- macology ( H. A. Abramson, ed.), pp. 39–146, Josiah Macy Foundation, Princeton.
Riesco, J., Costamaillere, L., and Litvak, J., 1974, Growth hormone secretion in chronic alcoholics: Lack of response to L-dopa and glucagon, Rev. Med. (Chile) 102: 443–446.
Rivier, C., Vale, W., Ling, N., Brown, M., and Guillemin, R., 1977, Stimulation in vivo of the secretion of prolactin and growth hormone by 0-endorphin, Endocrinology 100: 238–241.
Rosenkrantz, H., and Braude, M. C., 1976, Comparative chronic toxicities of Q9-THC administered orally or by inhalation in rats, in: The Pharmacology of Marihuana ( M. C. Braude and S. Szara, eds.), pp. 571–584, Raven, New York.
Rowe, P. H., Racey, P. A., Shenton, J. C., Ellwood, M., and Lehane, J., 1974, Proceedings: Effects of acute administration of alcohol and barbiturates on plasma luteinizing hormone and testosterone in man, J. Endocrinol. 63: 50–51.
Rubin, E., Lieber, C. S., Altman, K., Gordon, G. G., and Southren, A. L., 1976, Prolonged ethanol consumption increases testosterone metabolism in the liver, Science 191: 563564.
Santagostino, A., Cocchi, D., Giagnoni, G., Gori, E., Muller, E., and Ferri, S., 1978, Some relationships between endorphins and pituitary hormones, Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 18: 175–181.
Santen, F. J., Sofsky, J., Bilk, N., and Lippert, R., 1975, Mechanism of action of narcotics in the production of menstrual dysfunction in women, Fertil. Steril. 26: 538–548.
Sassin, J. F., Frantz, A. G., Weitzman, E. D., and Kapen, S., 1972, Human prolactin: 24- hour pattern with increased release during sleep, Science 177: 1205–1207.
Satterfield, J. H., and Guze, S. B., 1961, Treatment of alcoholic patients with triiodothy- ronine, Dis. Nerv. Syst. 22: 227–231.
Sawyer, C. H., Critchlow, B. V., and Barraclough, C. A., 1955, Mechanism of blockade of pituitary activation in the rat by morphine, atropine and barbiturates, Endocrinology 57: 345–354.
Schneiden, H., and Blackmore, E. K., 1955, The effect of nalorphine on the antidiuretic action of morphine in rats and mice, Br. J. Pharmacol. 10: 45–50.
Schreiber, V., Zbusek, V., and Zbuzkovâ-Kmentovâ, V., 1968, Effect of codeine on thyroid function in the rat, Physiol. Bohemoslov. 17: 253–258.
Selzer, M. L., and Van Houten, N. H., 1964, Normal thyroid function in chronic alcoholism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 24: 380–382.
Shaar, C. J., Frederickson, R. C. A., Dininger, N. B., and Jackson, L., 1977, Enkephalin analogues and naloxone modulate the release of growth hormone and prolactinEvidence for regulation by an endogenous opioid peptide in brain, Life Sci. 21: 853–860.
Shenkman, L., Massie, B., Mitsuma, T., and Hollander, C. S., 1972, Effects of chronic methadone administration on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35: 169–170.
Simionescu, L., Oprescu, M., Protici, M., and Dimitriu, V., 1977, The hormonal pattern in alcoholic disease, I. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) and testosterone, Endocrinologie 15: 45–49.
Simon, M. L., George, R., and Garcia, J., 1975, Acute morphine effects on regional brain amines, growth hormone and corticosterone, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 34: 27–38.
Sloan, J. W., 1971, Corticosteroid hormones, in: Narcotic Drugs, Biochemical Pharma- cology ( D. H. Clouet, ed.), pp. 262–282, Plenum, New York.
Smith, C. G., Moore, C. E., Besch, N. F., and Besch, P. K., 1976, Effects of delta-9tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC) on the secretion of male sex hormone in the Rhesus Monkey, Pharmacologist 18: 248.
Smith, E. R., and Davidson, M. J., 1974, Location of feedback receptors: Effects of intracranially implanted steroids on plasma LH and LRF responses, Endocrinology 95: 1566–1573.
Smith, G. P., Russ, R. D., Stokes, P., Duckett, G. E., and Root, A. W., 1977, Plasma GH response to d-and /-amphetamine in monkeys, Horm. Metab. Res. 4: 339–340.
Solomon, J., and Cocchia, M. A., 1977, Is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol estrogenic? Science 195: 905–906.
Solomon, J., and Shattuck, D. X., 1974, Letter: Marijuana and sex, N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 309.
Solomon, J., Cocchia, M. A., Gray, R., Shattuck, D., and Vossmer, A., 1976, Uterotrophic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in ovariectomized rats, Science 192: 559–561.
Solomon, J., Cocchia, M. A., and DiMartino, R., 1977, Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocan- nabinol on uterine and vaginal cytology of ovariectomized rats, Science 195: 875–877.
Southren, A. L., and Gordon, G. G., 1976, Effects of alcohol and alcoholic cirrhosis on sex hormone metabolism, Fertil. Steril. 27: 202.
Stoffer, S. S., 1968, A gynecologic study of drug addicts, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 101: 779–783.
Stokes, P. E., 1973, Adrenocortical activation in alcoholics during chronic drinking, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 215: 77–83.
Strauss, M. B., Rosenbaum, J. D., and Nelson, W. P., III, 1950, The effect of alcohol on the renal excretion of water and electrolyte, J. Clin. Invest. 29: 1053–1058.
Suzuki, T., Higashi, R., Hirose, T., Iheda, H., and Tamura, K., 1972, Adrenal 17hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in the dog in response to ethanol, Acta Endocrinol. 70: 736–740.
Symons, A. M., and Marks, V., 1975, The effects of alcohol on weight gain and the hypothalamic -pituitary-gonadotropin axis in the maturing male rat, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24: 955–958.
Symons, A. M., Teale, J. D., and Marks, V., 1976, Proceedings: Effect of A9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system in the maturing male rat, J. Endocrinol. 68: 43–44.
Sze, P. Y., Yanai, J., and Ginsburg, B. E., 1974, Adrenal glucocorticoids as a required factor in the development of ethanol withdrawal seizures in mice, Brain Res. 80: 155–159.
Thomas, J. A., and Dombrosky, J. T., 1975, Effect of methadone on the male reproductive system, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 215: 215–221.
Thomas, J. A., Shahid-Salles, K. S., and Donovan, M. P., 1977, Effects of narcotics on the reproductive system, Adv. Sex Horm. Res. 3: 169–195.
Thompson, G. R., Mason, M. M., Rosenkrantz, H., and Braude, M. C., 1973, Chronic oral toxicity of cannabinoids in rats, Appl. Pharmacol. 25: 373–390.
Thorner, M. O., Kirk, C. R., and MacLeod, R. M., 1978, Alcohol stimulation of prolactin release from perfused isolated rat pituitary cells, Fed. Proc. 37: 637.
Tokunaga, Y., Muraki, T., and Hosoya, E., 1977, Effects of repeated morphine administration on copulation and on the hypothalamic —pituitary—gonadal axis of male rats, Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 27: 65–70.
Tolis, G., Hickey, J., and Guyda, H., 1975, Effects of morphine on serum growth hormone, cortisol, prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41: 797–800.
Toro, G., Kolodny, R. C., Jacobs, L. S., Masters, W. H., and Daughaday, W. H., 1973, Failure of alcohol to alter pituitary and target organ hormone levels, Clin. Res. 21: 505.
Thrkington, R. W., 1972, Serum prolactin levels in patients with gynecomastia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34: 62–66.
Van Thiel, D. H., and Lester, R., 1974, Editorial: Sex and alcohol, N. Engl. J. Med. 291: 251–253.
Van Thiel, D. H., and Lester, R., 1976a, Alcoholism: Its effect on hypothalamic —pituitary—gonadal function, Gastroenterology 71: 318–327.
Van Thiel, D. H., and Lester, R., 1976b, Editorial: Sex and alcohol: A second peek, N. Engl. J. Med. 295: 835–836.
Van Thiel, D. H., Gavaler, J., and Lester, R., 1974a, Ethanol inhibition of vitamin A metabolism in the testes: Possible mechanism for sterility in alcoholics, Science 186: 941–942.
Van Thiel, D. H., Lester, R., and Sherins, R. J., 1974b, Hypogonadism in alcoholic liver disease: Evidence for a double defect, Gastroenterology 67: 1188–1199.
Van Thiel, D. H., Gavaler, J. S., Lester, R., and Goodman, M. D., 1975a, Alcohol-induced testicular atrophy: An experimental model for hypogonadism occurring in chronic alcoholic men, Gastroenterology 69: 326–332.
Van Thiel, D. H., Gavaler, J. S., Lester, R., Loriaux, D. L., and Braunstein, G. D., 1975b, Plasma estrone, prolactin, neurophysin, and sex steroid-binding globulin in chronic alcoholic men, Metabolism 24: 1015–1019.
Van Thiel, D. H., Gavaler, J. S., and Lester, R., 1977, Ethanol: A gonadal toxin in the female Drug Alcohol Depend. 2: 373–380.
Vyas, D. K., and Singh, R., 1976, Effect of cannabis and opium on the testis of the pigeon Columba livia Gmelin, Indian J. Exp. Biol. 14: 22–25.
Wagner, G., and Fuchs, A. R., 1968, Effect of ethanol on uterine activity during suckling in post-partum women, Acta Endocrinol. 58: 133–141.
Wallgren, H., and Barry, H., 1971, Actions of Alcohol, Elsevier, New York.
Watson, S. J., Barchas, J. D., and Li, C. H., 1977, ß-Lipotropin: Localization of cells and axons in rat brain by immunocytochemistry, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5155–5158.
Weitzman, E. D., Fukushima, D., Nogeire, C., Roffwarg, H., Gallagher, T. F., and Hellman, L., 1971, Twenty-four hour pattern of the episodic secretion of cortisol in normal subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 33: 14–22.
West, C. D., Mahajan, D. K., Chavré, V. J., Nabors, C. J., and Tyler, F. H., 1973, Simultaneous measurement of multiple plasma steroids by radioimmunoassay demonstrating episodic secretion, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 36: 1230–1236.
Wright, J., Merry, J., Fry, D., and Marks, V., 1975, Pituitary function in chronic alcoholism, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 59: 253–255.
Wright, J. W., Fry, D. E., Merry, J., and Marks, V., 1976, Abnormal hypothalamic —pituitary—gonadal function in chronic alcoholics, Br. J. Addict. 71: 211–215.
Yen, S. S. C., Ehara, Y., and Siler, T. M., 1974, Augmentation of prolactin secretion by estrogen in hypogonadal women, J. Clin. Invest. 53: 652–655.
Ylikahri, R., Huttunen, M., Härkönen, M., and Adlercreutz, H., 1974a, Letter: Hangover and testosterone, Br. Med. J. 2: 445.
Ylikahri, R., Huttunen, M., Härkönen, M., Seuderling, U., Onikki, S, Karonen, S. L., and Adlercreutz, H., 1974b, Low plasma testosterone values in men during hangover, J. Steroid Biochem. 5: 655–658.
Ylikahri, R. H., Huttunen, M. O., and Härkönen, M., 1976, Letter: Effect of alcohol on anterior-pituitary secretion of trophic hormones, Lancet 1: 1353.
Zanoboni, A., and Zanoboni-Muciacci, W., 1975, Gynaecomastia in alcoholic cirrhosis, Lancet 2: 876.
Zimmermann, E., and Pang, C. N., 1976, Acute effects of opiate administration on pituitary gonadotropin and prolactin release, in: Tissue Responses to Addictive Drugs ( D. H. Ford and D. H. Clouet, eds.), pp. 517–526, Spectrum, New York.
Zimmermann, E., Sonderegger, T., and Bromley, B., 1977, Development and adult pituitary—adrenal function in female rats injected with morphine during different postnatal periods, Life Sci. 20: 639–646.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cicero, T.J. (1980). Sex Differences in the Effects of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Drugs on Endocrine Function Clinical and Experimental Evidence. In: Kalant, O.J. (eds) Alcohol and Drug Problems in Women. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7737-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7737-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7739-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7737-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive