Abstract
In the early 1970s, computed tomography was a laboratory curiosity and a speculative industrial venture. Today, with a Nobel prize awarded to Cormack and Hounsfield, computed tomography (CT) is an accepted, almost venerable, technique. In parallel with the rapid clinical assimilation of computed tomographic scanners, there has been serious public concern about the economic implications of their widespread proliferation. This, in turn, has fostered an almost unprecedented effort to assess the clinical role and value of CT. The application of CT to the patient with malignant disease has been extensively investigated. CT has proven to be of major value in this application. In this paper, the role of body CT in the radiotherapeutic management of such patients will be reviewed with regard both to the clinical impact of CT and its influence on technical factors of treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. E. Munzenrider, M. Pilepich, J. B. Rene-Ferrero, I. Tchakarova, and B. L. Carter, Use of body scanner in radiotherapy treatment planning. Cancer 40, 170–179 (1977).
M. Goitein, J. Wittenberg, M. Mendiondo, J. Doucette, C. Friedberg, J. Ferrucci, L. Gunderson, R. Linggod, W. U. Shipley, and H. V. Fineberg, The value of CT scanning in radiation therapy treatment planning: a prospective study, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 1787–1798 (1979).
P. Hobday, N. J. Hodson, J. Husband, R. P. Parker, and J. S. Macdonald, Computed tomography applied to radiotherapy treatment planing: techniques and results. Radiology 133, 477–482 (1979).
D. P. Ragan and C. A. Perez, Efficacy of CT-assisted two-dimensional treatment planning: analysis of 45 patients, Am. I. Roentgenol. 131, 75–79 (1978).
B. A. Schlager, S. O. Asbell, A. Baker, S. G. Mann, and D. M. Sklaroflf, The application of computerized tomography in radiation treatment planning, private communication (1979).
H. L. Abrams and B. J. McNeil, Medical implications of computed tomography (“CAT scanning”), New Eng I. Med. 298, 255–261 (1978).
H. L. Abrams and B. J. McNeil, Medical implications of computed tomography (“CAT scanning”). New Eng I. Med. 298, 310–318 (1978).
S. W. Yu, R. H. Sagerman, G. A. King, C. T. Chung, and T. W. Yu, The value of computed tomography in the management of bladder cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 135–142 (1979).
N. J. Hodson, J. E. Husband, and P. A. Hobday, The role of CT in the management and therapy planning of carcinoma of the bladder, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 78–80 (1981).
R. Howells, J. W. Walsh, T. A. Hazra, M. Amendola, and R. Belgrad, Assistance of computerized tomography in the optimization of the management (diagnostic and therapy) of patients with cervical cancer, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 62–64 (1981).
J. E. Husband, N. J. Hodson, and C. A. Parsons, Use of computed tomography in recurrent rectal tumors. Radiology, 134, 677–682 (1980).
H. E. Brizel, P. A. Livingston, and E. V. Grayson, Radiotherapeutic applications of pelvic computed tomography, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 4, 453–466 (1979).
J. K. T. Lee, R. G. Levitt, R. J. Stanley, and S. S. Sagel, Utility of body computed tomography in the clinical follow-up of abdominal masses, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2, 607–611 (1978).
M. Goitein, The utility of CT in radiation therapy: an estimate of outcome. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 1799–1807, 1979.
M. Goitein, Benefits and cost of computed tomography in radiation therapy, JAMA, 244, 1347–1350 (1980).
R. G. Evens and R. G. Jost, Utilization of body computed tomography units. Radiology 131, 695–698 (1979).
J. R. Stewart, J. A. Hicks, M. L. M. Boone, and L. D. Simpson, Computed tomography in radiation therapy.Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 4, 313–324 (1978).
Committee for Radiation Oncology Studies (CROS), Proposal for a Program in Particle Beam Radiation Therapy in the United States,Cancer Clin. Trials 1, 153–208 (1978).
M. Goitein, Mattress for treatment couch. Radiologic Technology, to be published.
J. J. Battista, W. D. Rider, and J. Van Dyk, Computed tomography for radiotherapy planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 6, 99–108 (1980).
M. R. Sontag and J. R. Cunningham, Clinical application of a CT-based treatment planning system, Comput. Tomogr. 2, 117–130 (1978).
L. L. Gunderson, Radiation Oncology and New Modalities, in Alimentary Tract Radiology, Vol. 111 (A. R. Margulis and H. J. Burhenne, eds., pp. 593–619, C. V. Mosby, St. Louis (1979).
E. C. McCullough, Computed tomography in radiation therapy treatment planning, in Radiology of the Skull and Brain, Vol. 5 (T. H. Newton and G. Potts, eds.), C. V. Mosby, St. Louis (1971).
G. L. Jelden, E. S. Chernak, A. Rodriguez-Antunez, J. R. Haaga, P. S. Lavik, and R. S. Dhaliwal, Further progress in CT scanning and computerized radiation therapy treatment planning. Am. J. Roentgenol. 127, 179–185 (1976).
G. D. Fullerton, W. Sewchand, J. T. Payne, and S. H. Levitt, CT determination of parameters for inhomogeneity corrections in radiation therapy of the esophagus. Radiology 126, 167–171 (1978).
J. J. Battista, J. Van Dyk, and W. D. Rider, CT-aided radiotherapy planning with emphasis on dose calculations in three dimensions, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 147–151 (1981).
M. R. Sontag, J. J. Battista, M. J. Bronskill, and J. R. Cunningham, Implications of computed tomography for inhomogeneity corrections in photon beam dose calculations. Radiology 124, 143–149 (1977).
H. E. Johns and J. R. Cunningham, The Physics of Radiology, 3rd Ed., p. 446, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111. (1969).
M. Goitein, Three dimensional density reconstruction from a series of two dimensional projections, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 101, 509–518 (1972).
R. A. Geise and E. C. McCullough, The use of CT scanners in megavoltage photon beam therapy planning, Radiology 124, 133–141 (1977).
D. Chesler, S. J. Riederer, and N. J. Pele, Noise due to photon counting statistics in computed x-ray tomography, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1, 64–74 (1977).
R. E. Alvarez and A. Macovski, Energy-selective reconstructions in x-ray computerized tomography, Phys. Med. Biol. 21, 733–744 (1976).
P. J. Joseph and R. D. Spital, A method for correcting bone induced artifacts in computed tomography scanners,J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2, 100–108 (1978).
O. Nalcioglu and R. V. Lou, Post-reconstruction method for beam hardening in computerized tomography, Phys. Med. Biol. 24, 330–340 (1979).
P. J. Robinson and L. Kreel, Pulmonary tissue attenuation with computed tomography: comparison of inspiration and expiration scans, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 3, 740–748 (1979).
P. K. Kijewski and B. E. Bjarngard, The use of computed tomography data for radiotherapy dose calculations. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 4, 429–435 (1978).
R. P. Parker, P. A. Hobday, and K. J. Cassell, The direct use of CT numbers in radiotherapy dosage calculations for inhomogeneous media, Phys. Med. Biol. 24, 802–809 (1979).
S. C. Prasad, G. P. Glasgow, and J. A. Purdy, Dosimetric evaluation of a computed tomography treatment system. Radiology 130, 777–781 (1979).
ICRU, Report 24, Determination of Absorbed Dose in a Patient Irradiated by Beams of X or Gamma Rays in Radiotherapy Procedures, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (1976).
E. C. McCullough, Potentials of computed tomography in radiation therapy treatment planning.Radiology 129, 765–768 (1978).
M. R. Sontag and J. R. Cunningham, The equivalent tissue-air ratio method for making absorbed dose calculations in a heterogeneous medium. Radiology 129, 787–794 (1978).
M. R. Sontag and J. R. Cunningham, Corrections to absorbed dose calculations for tissue inhomogeneities, Med. Phys. 4, 431–436 (1977).
S. Webb and R. P. Parker, A Monte Carlo study of the interaction of external beam x-radiation with inhomogeneous media, Phys. Med. Biol. 23, 1043–1059 (1978).
S. Webb and R. A. Fox, The direct use of CT data for inhomogeneity corrections in radiotherapy planning, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Work — 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 98–102 (1981).
D. L. McShan, A. Silverman, D. M. Lanza, L. E. Reinstein, and A. S. Glicksman, A computerized three-dimensional treatment planning system utilizing interactive colour graphics, British Journal of Radiology 52, 478–481 (1979).
G. T. Y. Chen, R. P. Singh, J. R. Castro, J. T. Lyman, and J. M. Quivey, Treatment planning for heavy ion radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 1809–1819 (1979).
M. Goitein, The measurement of tissue heterodensity to guide charged particle radiotherapy, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 3, 27–33 (1977).
M. Goitein, A technique for calculating the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams, Med. Phys. 5, 258–264 (1978).
M. Goitein, G. T. Y. Chen, J. Y. Ting, R. J. Schneider, and J. M. Sisterson, Measurements and calculations of the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams, Med. Phys. 4, 265–273 (1978).
M. Goitein and J. M. Sisterson, The influence of thick inhomogeneities on charged particle beams, Radiat. Res. 74, 217–230 (1978).
M. Goitein, Compensation for inhomogeneities in charged particle radiotherapy using computed tomography, Int. I. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 4, 499–508 (1978).
K. R. Hogstrom, A. R. Smith, S. L. Simon, J. W. Somers, R. G. Lane, I. I. Rosen, C. A. Kelsey, C. F. Von Essen, M. M. Kligerman, P. A. Berardo, and S. M. Zink, Static pion beam treatment planning of deep seated tumors using computerized tomographic scans. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 875–886 (1979).
R. A. Rutherford, B. R. Pulían, and I. Isherwood, Measurement of effective atomic number and electron density using an EMI scanner, Neuroradiology 11, 15–21 (1976).
G. DiChiro, R. A. Brooks, R. M. Kessler, G. S. Johnston, A. E. Jones, J. R. Herdt, and W. T. Sheridan, Tissue signatures with dual-energy computed tomography. Radiology 131, 521–523 (1979).
R. E. Latchaw, J. T. Payne, and L. H. A. Gold, Effective atomic number and electron density as measured with a computed tomography scanner: computation and correlation with brain tumor histology, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2, 199–208 (1978).
R. T. Ritchings, B. R. Pulían, S. B. Lucas, R. A. Fawcitt, J. J. K. Best, I. Isherwood, and A. I. Morris, An analysis of the spatial distribution of attenuation values in computed tomographic scans of liver and spleen, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 3, 36–39 (1979).
G. H. Underwood, R. G. Hooper, S. P. Axelbaum, and D. W. Goodwin, Computed tomographic scanning of the thorax in the staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. New Eng. J. Med. 300, 777–778 (1978).
A. A. Mancuso and W. N. Hanafee, A comparative evaluation of computed tomography and laryngography, Radiology 133, 131–138 (1979).
J. K. T. Lee, R. J. Stanley, S. S. Sagel, and R. G. Levitt, Accuracy of computed tomography in detecting intraabdominal and pelvic adenopathy in lymphoma. Am. I. Roentgenol. 131, 311–315 (1978).
M. Goitein, Computed tomography in planning radiation therapy (editorial). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 445–447 (1979).
P. F. Judy, The line spread function and modulation transfer function of a computed tomographic scanner, Med. Phys. 3, 233–236 (1976).
AAPM Task Force on CT Scanner Phantoms, Report Number 1: Phantoms for Performance Evaluation and Quality Assurance of CT Scanners, AAPM, Chicago, 111. (1977).
G. Cohen and F. A. DiBianca, The use of contrast-detail-dose evaluation of image quality in a computed tomographic scanner, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 3, 189–195 (1979).
R. Tadmor and P. F. J. New, Computed tomography of the orbit with special emphasis on coronal sections. II. Pathological anatomy, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2, 34–44, (1978)
W. D. Foley, T. L. Lawson, and F. Quiroz, Sagittal and coronal image reconstruction: application in pancreatic computed tomography, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 3,111–111 (1979).
W. V. Glenn, M. L. Rhodes, W. M. Altschuler, L. L. Wiltse, C. Kostanek, and Y. M. Kuo, Multiplanar display computerized body tomography applications in the lumbar spine. Spine 4, 262–352 (1979).
R. N. Abel, L. A. Buhler, W. T. Chu, J. M. Slater, I. R. Neilsen, and D. C. Zimmerman, Direct data link between a CT scanner and a radiation treatment planning system, Med. Phys. 6, 452–453 (1979).
R. J. Alfidi, A. R. Antunez, and J. R. Haaga, Computed body tomography and cancer (editorial), Am. J. Roentgenol. 127, 1061 (1976).
D. Boyd, J. Coonrod, J. Dehnert, D. Chu, C. Lim, B. Macdonald, and V. Perez-Mendez, A high pressure xenon proportional chamber for x-ray laminographic reconstruction using fan beam geometry, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 21, 184–187 (1973).
R. M. Harrison and F. T. Farmer, The determination of anatomical cross sections using a radiotherapy simulator,Br. J. Radiol. 51, 448–453 (1978).
S. Webb, S. C. Lillicrap, H. Steere, and R. D. Speller, Application of a radiotherapy simulator for imaging of body cross sections, Br. J. Radiol. 50, 152–153 (1977).
G. A. Thieme, W. R. Hendee, G. S. Ibbott, P. L. Carson, and D. L. Kirsh, Cross-sectional anatomic images by gamma ray transmission scanning, Acta Radiol. 14, 81–112 (1975).
J. M. Galvin, B. E. Bjarngard, and A. Cormack, In vivo determination of attenuation coefficients for radiation therapy, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 47, 27–39 (1975).
M. A. Bagshaw, G. R. Ray, and D. A. Pistenma, External beam radiation therapy of primary carcinoma of the prostate, Cancer 36, 723–729 (1975).
M. T. Kademian, W. L. Caldwell, J. A. Zagzebski, and J. Glassner, Prostate boost field localization with computerized tomographic scanning, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 71–74 (1981).
M. V. Pilepich, C. A. Perez, and S. Prasad, Computed tomography in definitive radiotherapy of prostatic carcinoma. Int. I. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 6, 923–926 (1980).
W. J. Hoogenraad and C. J. G. Bakker, CT scanning in radiation therapy of the prostate, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 65–67 (1981).
F. R. Paquette, A. S. Ahuja, P. L. Carson, L. A. Mack, G. S. Ibbott, and M. L. Johnson, A comparative study of computerized tomography and ultrasound imaging for treatment planning of prostatic carcinoma, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 289–294 (1979).
B. Schlager, S. O. Asbell, A. S. Baker, D. M. Sklaroflf, H. G. Seydel, and B. J. Ostrum, The use of computerized tomography scanning in treatment planning for bladder carcinoma, Int. I. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 5, 99–103 (1979).
N. J. Hodson, J. E. Husband, and J. S. Macdonald, The role of computed tomography in the staging of bladder cancer, Clin. Radiol. 30, 389–395 (1979).
J. E. Husband and N. J. Hodson, Computerized axial tomography for staging and assessing response to treatment, private communication, 1979.
F. E. Seidelmann, N. E. Reisch, W. N. Cohen, J. R. Haaga, P. J. Bryan, and T. R. Havrilla, Computed tomography of the seminal vesicles and seminal vesicle angle, Comput. Axial Tomogr. 1, 281–284 (1977).
F. E. Seidelmann, W. N. Cohen, P. J. Bryan, S. P. Temes, D. Kraus, and G. Schoenrock, Accuracy of CT staging of bladder neoplasms using the gas-filled method: report of twenty-one patients with surgical confirmation, Am. I. Roentgenol. 130, 735–739 (1978).
M. J. Kellett, R. T. D. Oliver, J. E. Husband, C. D. Kelsey, and I. Fry, CT scanning as an adjunct to bimanual examination for staging bladder tumors, Br. I. Urology, 52 (2), 101–106, April 1980.
J. Ammon, W. Frik, J. H. Karstens, H. Rubben, and J. Schoflfers, Total body computed tomography of the urogenital system, Urol. Ausg. A 18, 1–13 (1979).
H. C. Yeh, Ultrasonography and computed tomography of carcinoma of the gall bladder. Radiology 133, 167–173 (1979).
K. R. Lee, E. Levine, R. E. Moflfat, L. R. Bigongiari, and A. S. Hermreck, Computed tomographic staging of malignant gastric neoplasms. Radiology 133, 151–155 (1979).
B. Emami, A. Melo, B. L. Carter, J. E. Munzenrider, and A. J. Piro, Value of computed tomography in radiotherapy of lung cancer, Am. J. Roentgenol. 131, 63–67 (1978).
F. Casamassima, L. Forzini, and L. Cionini, The CT scanner in the study of the mediastinal localization of Hodgkin’s disease, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 37–41 (1981).
R. A. Mintzer, S. R. Malave, H. L. Neiman, L. L. Michaelis, R. M. Vanecko, and J. H. Sanders, Computed vs. conventional tomography in evaluation of primary and secondary pulmonary neoplasms. Radiology 132, 653–659 (1979).
J. E. Munzenrider, I. Tchakarova, M. Castro, and B. Carter, Computerized body tomography in breast cancer. I. Internal mammary nodes and radiation treatment planning. Cancer 43, 137–150 (1979).
J. E. Munzenrider, M. Castro, and I. Tchakarova, Computerized body tomography in breast cancer. III. Internal mammary dosimetiy, private communication.
C. H. J. Chang, J. L. Sibala, S. L. Fritz, S. J. Dwyer III, and A. W. Templeton, Specific value of computed tomographic breast scanner (CT/M) in the diagnosis of breast diseases. Radiology 132, 647–652 (1979).
N. J. Hodson, C. A. Parsons, and P. A. Hobday, The role of CT in the management and therapy planning of tumors of the paranasal sinuses, in Proceedings of the European Association of Radiology Workshop on the Use of Computerized Tomographic Scanners in Radiotherapy in Europe, 28–30 March 1979, Geneva, British Institute of Radiology Special Series, Supplement 15, 29–31 (1981).
J. E. Marks and M. Gado, Serial computed tomography of primary brain tumors following surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy. Radiology 125, 119–125 (1977).
M. A. Mikhael, Radiation necrosis of the brain: correlation between computed tomography, pathology and dose distribution, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2, 71–80 (1978).
R. J. Carella, N. Pay, J. Newall, A. T. Farina, I. I. Kricheff, and J. S. Cooper, Computerized (axial) tomography in the serial study of cerebral tumors treated by radiation (a preliminary report). Cancer 37, 2719–2728 (1976).
A. Mancuso, D. Rice, and W. Hanafee, Computed tomography of the parotid gland during contrast sialography. Radiology 132, 211–213 (1979).
E. M. Miller and D. Norman, The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of neck masses. Radiology 133, 145–149 (1979).
E. Levine, K. R. Lee, F. R. Neff, N. F. Maklad, R. G. Robinson, and D. F. Preston, Comparison of computed tomography and other imaging modalities in the evaluation of musculoskeletal tumors. Radiology 131, 431–437 (1979).
J. K. T. Lee, B. L. McClennan, R. J. Stanley, and S. S. Sagel, Computed tomography in the staging of testicular neoplasms. Radiology 130, 387–390 (1979).
J. E. Husband, M. J. Peckham, J. S. Macdonald, and W. F. Hendry, The role of computed tomography in the management of testicular teratoma, Clin. Radiol. 30,243–252 (1979).
J. E. Husband, A. Barrett, and M. J. Peckham, Evaluation of computed tomography in the management of testicular teratoma, private communication, 1979.
H. C. Redman, E. Glatstein, R. A. Castellino, and W. A. Federal, Computed tomography as an adjunct in the staging of Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, Radiology 124, 381–385 (1977).
M. V. Pilepich, J. B. Rene, J. E. Munzenrider, and B. L. Carter, Contribution of computed tomography to the treatment of lymphomas, Am. J. Roentgenol. 131, 69–73 (1978).
F. S. Alcorn, V. C. Mategrano, J. P. Petasnick, and J. W. Clark, Contributions of computed tomography in the staging and management of malignant lymphoma, Radiology 125, 717–723 (1977).
E. G. Schaner, G. L. Head, J. L. Doppman, and R. C. Young, Computed tomography in the diagnosis, staging and management of abdominal lymphoma, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 1, 176–180 (1977).
R. S. Breiman, R. A. Castellino, G. S. Harell, W. H. Marshall, E. Glatstein, and H. S. Kaplan, CT-pathologic correlations in Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Radiology 126,159–166 (1978).
J. F. Desforges, C. J. Rutherford, and A. Piro, Hodgkin’s disease. New Eng. J. Med. 30,1212–1222 (1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Goitein, M. (1982). Applications of Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning. In: Orton, C.G. (eds) Progress in Medical Radiation Physics. Progress in Medical Radiation Physics, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7691-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7691-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7693-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7691-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive