Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Methods and Mechanisms in Electroorganic Chemistry

  • Chapter
Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry

  • 240 Accesses

Abstract

Electroorganic chemistry, or the effecting of chemical changes in organic systems through the agency of an electric current, dates from about the time of Faraday’s discovery of hydrocarbon formation during the electrolysis of aqueous acetate solutions.1 This anodic decarboxylation reaction was later investigated for its synthetic possibilities by Kolbe2 and others3; it is interesting to note that, after one and one-third centuries, it is still being actively investigated, both for the original (synthetic) purpose,4 and with a view to obtaining information about the mechanism of this reaction, and of electrochemical reactions in general.5 From this initial decarboxylation and radical dimerization reaction, the bounds of electroorganic chemistry have spread to include a wide range of different reaction types, ranging from complete oxidation to CO2 of organic substrates like alkanes,6 alcohols,7 acids,8–10 or even cellulose,11 to anodic or cathodic substitution reactions, e.g., acetoxylation12 or halide reduction,13 to anodic or cathodic addition, e.g., methoxylation,14 or reduction of unsaturated linkages,15 to hydrodimerization,16 and to formation of organometallic compounds,17 etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. M. Faraday, Pogg. Ann. 33 (1834) 438.

    Google Scholar 

  2. H. Kolbe, Ann. 69 (1849) 257.

    Google Scholar 

  3. B. C. L. Weedon, Advan. Org. Chem. 1 (1960) 1;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. C. L. Weedon, Quart. Rev. 6 (1952) 300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. F. Beck, Chem. Ing. Tech. 42 (1970) 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. K. Vijh and B. E. Conway, Chem. Rev. 67 (1967) 623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. G. Aranowitz and R. J. Flannery, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. T. O. Pavela, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fennicae, Ser. A, Chem. 59 (1954) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  9. B. J. Piersma and E. Gileadi, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 4, Butterworth, London, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. W. Johnson, H. Wroblowa, and J. O’M. Bockris, Electrochim. Acta 9 (1964) 639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. D. F. A. Koch and R. Woods, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 2101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. O’M. Bockris, B. J. Piersma, and E. Gileadi, Electrochim. Acta 9 (1964) 1329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. L. Eberson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 4669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. F. L. Lambert, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 4184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Sasaki, H. Urata, K. Uneyama, and S. Nagaura, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. V. Pomilio, Z. Electrochem. 21 (1915) 444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. M. M. Baizer, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 3487, 3885;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. M. Baizer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 215;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. M. Baizer, Tetrahedron Letters 1963, 973.

    Google Scholar 

  20. A. Kirrmann and M. Kleine-Peter, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1957, 894.

    Google Scholar 

  21. N. L. Weinberg and H. R. Weinberg, Chem. Rev. 68 (1968) 449.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. B. E. Conway, Principles and Approaches in the Study of Electroorganic Reactions, Chapter 1, Electroorganic Chemistry, Ed. by N. Weinberg, in Weissberger Series on Physical Methods in Organic Chemistry, Interscience, New York (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  23. F. D. Popp and H. P. Schultz, Chem. Rev. 62 (1962) 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. Fleischmann and D. Pletcher, RIC Rev. 2 (1969) 87;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. Fleischmann and D. Pletcher, Platinum Metals Rev. 13 (1969) 46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47 (1951) 1332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. B. E. Conway and E. Gileadi, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58 (1962) 2493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. O’M. Bockris and A. M. Azzam, Trans. Faraday Soc. 48 (1952) 145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ref. 8, p. 125.

    Google Scholar 

  30. B. E. Conway and A. K. Vijh, Z. anal. Chem. 224 (1967) 160.

    Google Scholar 

  31. G. F. A. Kortum and J. O’M. Bockris, Textbook of Electrochemistry, Elsevier, London, 1951, p. 405.

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. M. Baizer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. H. Lund, Acta Chem. Scand. 23 (1969) 563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. A. I. Vogel, Practical Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Longmans, London, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Organic Syntheses, Collective, Vol. II, Ed. by A. H. Blatt, Wiley, New York, 1943, p. 574.

    Google Scholar 

  36. P. E. Iversen, J. Chem. Education 48 (1971) 136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. F. Haber, Z. Elektrochem. 4 (1898) 506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. R. Parsons, Trans. Faraday Soc. 47 (1951) 1332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. N. Frumkin, Zh. Fiz. Khim. 5 (1934) 240.

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. N. Frumkin, Z. Physik 35 (1926) 792;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. R. S. Hansen, R. E. Minturn, and D. A. Hickson, J. Phys. Chem. 60 (1956) 1185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A. Hickling, Trans. Faraday Soc. 38 (1942) 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. E. Harrar, F. B. Stephens, and R. E. Pechacek, Anal. Chem. 34 (1962) 1036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Operational amplifiers symposium, Anal. Chem. 35 (1963) 1770.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. D. Goolsby and D. T. Sawyer, Anal. Chem. 39 (1967) 411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. A. J. Bard and K. S. V. Santhanam, Electroanal Chem. 4 (1970) 295.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Princeton Applied Research Corp., Princeton, N.J.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Beckman Instruments Inc., Scientific and Process Instruments Div., Fullerton, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  49. P. R. Wells, Chem. Rev. 63 (1963) 171;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. P. R. Wells, Linear Free Energy Relationships, Academic Press, London, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  51. A. Streitwieser, Molecular Orbital Theory for Organic Chemists, Wiley, New York, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ref. 26, pp. 173, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. Zuman, Prog. Phys. Organic Chem. 5 (1967) 81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. B. E. Conway and E. Gileadi, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58 (1962) 2493.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. P. Delahay and I. Tractenberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 2355;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. W. H. Reinmuth, Advances Anal. Chem. Instr. 1 (1960) 241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. O’M. Bockris and H. Wroblowa, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 428.

    Google Scholar 

  58. E. Gileadi and B. E. Conway, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. III, Butterworth, London, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 29 (1971) 87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. R. Benesch and R. E. Benesch, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73 (1951) 3391.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. J. J. Lingane, C. G. Swain, and M. Fields, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65 (1943) 1348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. O. Zuman, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. R. P. Bell, The Proton in Chemistry, Methuen, London, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  64. L. Holleck and R. Schindler, Z. Elektrochem. 60 (1956) 1138, 1142.

    Google Scholar 

  65. A. O. Aten and G. J. Hoijtink, Advances in Polarography, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961, p. 777.

    Google Scholar 

  66. V. S. Bagotskii and Y. B. Vasil’ev, Electrochim. Acta 11 (1966) 1439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. L. Eberson, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 1473.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. I. M. Kolthoff and J. J. Lingane, Polarography, Interscience, New York, 1941, p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  69. H. A. Laitinen and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Phys. Chem. 45 (1941) 1079.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. H. Sonner, B. Miller, and R. E. Visco, Anal. Chem. 41 (1969) 1498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. V. G. Levich, Physicochemical Hydrodynamics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962;

    Google Scholar 

  72. V. G. Levich, Acta Physicochim. USSR 17 (1942) 257;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. V. G. Levich, 19 (1944) 117, 133.

    Google Scholar 

  74. A. C. Riddiford, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Engng. 4 (1966) 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. B. E. Conway, E. J. Rudd, and L. G. M. Gordon, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. E. J. Rudd and B. E. Conway, Trans. Faraday Soc. 67 (1971) 440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. J. Heyrovsky and J. Kuta, Principles of Polarography, Academic Press, New York, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  78. I. M. Kolthoffand J. J. Lingane, Polarography, Interscience, New York, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  79. L. Meites, Polarographic Techniques, Wiley, New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  80. G. W. C. Milner, The Principles and Applications of Polarography and Other Electroanalytical Processes, Longmans Green, New York, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  81. P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff, Progress in Polarography, Interscience, New York, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  82. P. Delahay, New Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, Interscience, New York, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  83. I. M. Kolthoffand P. J. Elving, Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Interscience, New York, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  84. A. Weissberger, Techniques of Organic Chemistry: Physical Methods, Vol. 1, Part 4, Interscience, New York, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  85. R. N. Adams, Electrochemistry at Solid Electrodes, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  86. J. L. Huntington and D. G. Davis, Chem. Instr. 2 (1969) 83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. J. O’M. Boekris, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Butterworth, London and Washington, 1954, p. 180.

    Google Scholar 

  88. B. E. Conway, Theory and Principles of Electrode Processes, The Ronald Press Co., New York, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  89. J. O’M. Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Macdonald, London, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  90. K. J. Vetter, Electrochemical Kinetics, Academic Press, New York, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  91. M. Spiro, Electrochim. Acta 9 (1964) 1531.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. B. E. Conway and M. Dzieciuch, Canad. J. Chem. 41 (1963) 21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. B. E. Conway and A. K. Vijh, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 3639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. A. A. Humffray and L. F. G. Williams, Chem. Comm. 1965, 616.

    Google Scholar 

  95. A. A. Humffray and L. F. G. Williams, Electrochim. Acta, 17 (1972) 401, 409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. U. Eisner and E. Gileadi, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 28 (1970)81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. J. A. Harrison and Z. A. Khan, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 28 (1970) 131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. H. Gerischer and A. Mauerer, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 25 (1970)421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. J. O’M. Bockris and E. C. Potter, J. Chem. Phys. 20 (1952) 614.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. A. Damjanovic, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 5, Plenum Press, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  101. G. A. Ward and C. M. Wright, J. Electroanal. Chem. 8 (1964) 302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ref. 46, p. 175.

    Google Scholar 

  103. H. T. S. Britton, Hydrogen Ions, 4th Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1955, p. 360.

    Google Scholar 

  104. J. O’M. Boekris, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 1, Butterworth, London, 1954, p. 187.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Ref. 65, Chapters 9, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  106. R. Brdicka, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 12 (1947) 212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. H. Strehlow, in Technique of Organic Chemistry, Ed. by A. Weissberger, Vol. 8, Part 2, Interscience, New York, 1963, p. 799.

    Google Scholar 

  108. H. W. Nurnberg, Disc. Faraday Soc. 39 (1965) 136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. K. Vesely and R. Brdicka, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 12 (1947) 313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. J. Koutecky, Chem. zvesti 8 (1954) 693.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. C. C. Perrin, Prog. Phys. Organic Chem. 3 (1965) 165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. T. Yokoyama and M. Enyo, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1971) 1921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Ref. 65, Chapter 17.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Ref. 69, p. 79.

    Google Scholar 

  115. J. Kuta and I. Smoler, Progress in Polarography, Ed. by P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff, Vol. 1, Interscience, New York, 1962, p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  116. J. Heyrovsky, Chem. listy 40 (1946) 222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. W. Kemula and Z. Kublik, Roczniki Chem. 32 (1958) 941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. J. Volke, Chem. zvesti 14 (1960) 807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ref. 65, Chapter 21.

    Google Scholar 

  120. S. Wawzonek, Talanta 12 (1965) 1232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. B. Breyer and H. H. Bauer, Alternating Current Polarography and Tensammetry, Interscience, New York, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Ref. 65, Chapter 22.

    Google Scholar 

  123. G. Manning, V. D. Parker, and R. N. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 4584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. D. H. Geske and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1057.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. L. Meites and S. A. Moros, Anal. Chem. 31 (1959) 23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. A. J. Bard and K. S. V. Santhanam, Electroanal. Chem. 4 (1970) 215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. D. Ilkovic, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 6 (1934) 498;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. D. Ilkovic, J. Chim. Phys. 35 (1938) 129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. S. Bogan, L. Meites, E. Peters, and J. M. Sturtevant, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73 (1951) 1584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. E. D. Harris and A. J. Lindsey, Nature 162 (1948) 413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. A. A. Humffray, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  132. D. A. MacInnes, The Principles of Electrochemistry, Reinhold, New York, 1939, pp. 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  133. J. J. Lingane and S. L. Jones, Anal. Chem. 22 (1950) 1220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. See Ref. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  135. D. H. Geske, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1062.

    Google Scholar 

  136. A. J. Bard and S. V. Tatwawadi, J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 2676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. F. G. Cottrell, Z. physik. Chem. 42 (1902) 385.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Ref. 69, p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  139. G. S. Alberts and I. Shain, Anal. Chem. 35 (1963) 1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. K. B. Oldham and R. A. Osteryoung, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11 (1966) 397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. W. M. Schwarz and I. Shain, J. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. D. M. Kern, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 2473;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. D. M. Kern, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (1954) 1011.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. P. Delahay, C. C. Mattax, and T. Berzins, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (1954) 5319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. W. K. Snead and A. E. Remiek, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 6121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. J. Koutecky, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 20 (1955) 116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. T. R. Rosebrugh and W. L. Miller, J. Phys. Chem. 14 (1910) 816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. A. C. Testa and W. H. Reinmuth, Anal. Chem. 32 (1960) 1578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. R. S. Nicholson and I. Shain, Anal. Chem. 36 (1964) 706;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. R. S. Nicholson and I. Shain, Anal. Chem. 37 (1965) 178;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. D. S. Polcyn and I. Shain, Anal. Chem. 38 (1966) 370, 376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. J. M. Saveant and E. Vianello, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 629, 1545.

    Google Scholar 

  153. B. E. Conway, E. Gileadi, and H. A. Kozlowska, J. Electrochem. Soc. 112 (1965) 341.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. R. Woods, J. Phys. Chem. 75 (1971) 354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. E. T. Seo, R. F. Nelson, J. M. Fritsch, L. S. Marcoux, D. W. Leedy, and R. N. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 3498.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. G. J. Janz and D. J. G. Ives, Reference Electrodes, Academic Press, New York, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Ref. 44, p. 251.

    Google Scholar 

  158. B. E. Conway, Progr. Reaction Kinetics 4 (1967) 399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. V. D. Parker, Acta Chem. Scand. 24 (1970) 2768.

    Google Scholar 

  160. H. A. Kozlowska and B. E. Conway, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 109.

    Google Scholar 

  161. S. Gilman, Electroanal. Chem. 2 (1967) Chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  162. S. B. Brummer and K. Cahill, J. Electroanal. Chem. 16 (1968) 207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. W. H. Reinmuth, Anal. Chem. 33 (1961) 322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. A. C. Testa and W. H. Reinmuth, Anal. Chem. 33 (1961) 1320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. R. W. Murray and C. N. Reilley, J. Electroanal. Chem. 3 (1962) 64, 182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Ref. 69, p. 187.

    Google Scholar 

  167. W. H. Reinmuth, Anal. Chem. 32 (1960) 1514.

    Google Scholar 

  168. T. Berzins and P. Delahay, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75 (1953) 4205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. D. H. Geske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81 (1959) 4145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. A. C. Testa and W. H. Reinmuth, Anal. Chem. 33 (1961) 1324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. P. Delahay, J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 2204;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. P. Delahay and A. Aramata, J. Phys. Chem. 66 (1962) 2208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. K. B. Oldham and J. Spanier, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 26 (1970)331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Ref. 69, p. 52.

    Google Scholar 

  175. S. D. James, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 1129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. B. E. Conway and P. L. Bourgault, Trans. Faraday Soc. 58 (1962) 593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. J. E. B. Randies, Disc. Faraday Soc. 1 (1947) 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  178. R. de Leeuwe, M. Sluyters-Rebach, and J. H. Sluyters, Electrochim. Acta 14 (1969) 1183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. M. Sluyters-Rebach and J. H. Sluyters, Electroanal. Chem. 4 (1970) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  180. C. L. Wilson and J. H. Lippincott, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78 (1950) 4290;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. C. L. Wilson and J. H. Lippincott, J. Electrochem. Soc. 103 (1956) 672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. M. Fleischmann, J. R. Mansfield, and W. F. K. Wynne-Jones, J. Electroanal. Chem. 10 (1965) 522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. A. T. Hubbard and F. C. Anson, Electroanal. Chem. 4 (1970) 129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. C. R. Christensen and F. C. Anson, Anal. Chem. 36 (1964) 495.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. D. M. Oglesby, J. D. Johnson, and C. N. Reilley, Anal. Chem. 38 (1966) 385.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. J. E. Dubois, P. Alcais, and G. Barbier, J. Electroanal. Chem. 8 (1964) 359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. J. Janata and H. B. Mark, Electroanal. Chem. 3 (1969) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. W. Gruber and H. Renner, Monatsh. 81 (1950) 751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. P. J. Elving, I. Rosenthal, J. R. Hayes, and A. J. Martin, Anal. Chem. 33 (1961) 330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. G. Dryhurst and P. J. Elving, Talanta 16 (1969) 885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  191. R. Zahradnik and C. Parkanyi, Talanta 12 (1965) 1289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. J. Tirouflet and E. Laviron, Talanta 12 (1965) 1107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. V. Yu. Filinovskii, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 635.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. B. Czochralska, Chem. Physics Letters 1 (1967) 239;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Z. R. Grabowski, B. Czochralska, A. Vincenz-Chodkowska, and M. S. Balasiewicz, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. H. E. Stapelfeldt and S. P. Perone, Anal. Chem. 40 (1968) 815.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. D. H. Geske and A. M. Maki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (1960) 2671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. T. Kuwana, R. K. Darlington, and P. W. Leedy, Anal. Chem. 36 (1964) 2023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. W. N. Hansen, R. A. Osteryoung, and T. Kuwana, Anal. Chem. 38 (1966) 1810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. D. R. Tallant and D. H. Evans, Anal. Chem. 41 (1969) 835.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. P. E. Stewart and W. A. Bonner, Anal. Chem. 22 (1950) 793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein, and R. C. Petersen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (1970) 6003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. M. Finkelstein, R. C. Petersen, and S. D. Ross, Electrochim. Acta 10 (1965) 465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. R. E. Smith, H. B. Urbach, J. H. Harrison, and N. L. Hatfield, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 1250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. V. F. Stenin, V. E. Kazarinov, and B. I. Podlovchenko, Electrokhimiya 5 (1969) 442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Yu. M. Volkovich, Y. B. Vasil’ev, and V. S. Bagotskii, Electrokhimiya 5 (1969) 1462.

    Google Scholar 

  207. M. W. Breiter, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. T. Biegler, J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 1571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. S. B. Brummer and A. C. Makrides, J. Phys. Chem. 68 (1964) 1448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. M. W. Breiter, J. Electroanal. Chem. 14 (1967) 407.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. S. B. Brummer and M. J. Turner, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 3902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. E. Gileadi, B. T. Rubin, and J. O’M. Bockris, J. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 3335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. B. E. Conway and A. K. Vijh, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 3637.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. K. W. Bowers, R. W. Giese, J. Grimshaw, H. O. House, N. H. Kolodny, K. Kronberger, and D. K. Roe, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (1970) 2783.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. A. J. Bard and J. Phelps, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electro chem. 25 (1970) App. 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  216. C. K. Mann, Electroanal. Chem. 3 (1969) 57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. C. K. Mann and K. K. Barnes, Electrochemical Reactions in Nonaqueous Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  218. M. E. Peover, Electroanal. Chem. 2 (1967) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. A. N. Dey and B. P. Sullivan, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. J. L. Jones, S. Adsish, R. M. Smith, and J. H. Karnes, Anal. Chim. Acta 49 (1970)487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. J. Courtot-Coupez and M. L’Her, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1970, 1631.

    Google Scholar 

  222. J. Courtot-Coupez and M. Le Demezet, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1967, 4744.

    Google Scholar 

  223. E. Kirowa-Eisner and E. Gileadi, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 25 (1970)481.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. V. E. Mironov, I. M. Batyaev, and N. L. Bel’kova, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. M. Breant, M. Bazouin, C. Buisson, M. Dupin and J. Lebattu, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1968, 5065.

    Google Scholar 

  226. J. Courtot-Coupez and M. Le Demezet, Bull. Chim. Soc. France 1969, 1033.

    Google Scholar 

  227. J. Perichou and R. Buvet, Bull. Chim. Soc. France 1968, 1279, 1282.

    Google Scholar 

  228. G. Capobianco, G. Farnia, and F. Torzo, Ric. Sci. 38 (1968) 842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. F. Rallo and G. Ceccaroni, Ric. Sci. 38 (1968) 1067.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. E. Tommila and J. Belinskii, Suomen Kemistilehti 42B (1969) 185.

    Google Scholar 

  231. J. F. Coetzee, J. M. Simon, and R. J. Bertozzi, Anal. Chem. 41 (1969) 766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. B. L. Funt and D. G. Gray, Canad. J. Chem. 46 (1968) 1337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. J. N. Butler, Adv. Electrochem. Electrochem. Engng. 7 (1970) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein, and R. C. Petersen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 4088.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. H. Schmidt and J. Noack, Z. anorg. allgem. Chem. 296 (1958) 262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein, and R. C. Petersen, J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 781.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. G. Atherton, M. Fleischmann, and F. Goodridge, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1468.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. R. N. Adams, Accounts of Chem. Res. 2 (1969) 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. H. W. Sternberg, R. E. Markby, I. Wender, and D. M. Mohilner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 4191;

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. H. W. Sternberg, R. E. Markby, I. Wender, and D. M. Mohilner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. B. E. Conway and D. J. MacKinnon, J. Phys. Chem. 74 (1969) 3663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. S. H. Langer and S. Yurchak, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. G. J. Hoijtink, Rec. Trav. Chim. 77 (1958) 555.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. S. Wawzonek and D. Wearring, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81 (1959) 2067.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. M. M. Baizer and J. D. Anderson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. M. M. Baizer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. M. M. Baizer and J. D. Anderson, J. Org. Chem. 30 (1965) 3138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. A. P. Tomilov, E. V. Kryukova, V. A. Klimov, and I. N. Brago, Elecktrokhimiya 3 (1967) 1501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. A. P. Tomilov and B. L. Klynev, Zh. Obsch. Khim. 39 (1969) 470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. T. Nonaka and K. Sugino, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1961) 615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  251. C. P. Andrieux and J. M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 26 (1970) 223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. S. M. Makarochkina and A. P. Tomilov, Zh. Obsch. Khim. 40 (1970) 676.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. T. Asahara, M. Seno, and T. Arai, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 42 (1969) 1316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. M. M. Baizer and J. P. Petrovich, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 1023.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. L. G. Feoktistov, A. P. Tomilov, and I. G. Sevast’yanova, Soviet Electrochem. 1 (1965) 1165.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Wawzonek, R. C. Duty, and J. H. Wagenknecht, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. S. Wawzonek, R. Berkey, E. W. Blaha, and M. E. Runner, J. Electrochem. Soc. 102 (1955) 235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. T. Kitagawa, T. P. Layloff, and R. N. Adams, Anal. Chem. 35 (1963) 1086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. T. Fujinaga, Y. Deguchi, and K. Umemoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 37 (1964) 822.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. J. G. Lawless and M. D. Hawley, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. G. Klopmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 44 (1961) 1908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  262. A. Streitwieser, Jr. and C. Perrin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (1964) 4938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. J. Grimshaw and J. S. Ramsey, J. Chem. Soc. B 1968, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  264. J. G. Lawless, D. E. Bartak, and M. D. Hawley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 7121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. A. K. Hoffmann, W. G. Hodgson, D. L. Maride, and W. H. Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (1964) 631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. S. Wawzonek and A. Gunderson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 107 (1960) 537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. K. Umemoto, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 40 (1967) 1058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. M. J. Allen, W. G. Pieson, and J. A. Siragusa, J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 2081.

    Google Scholar 

  269. O. R. Brown and J. A. Harrison, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 21 (1969) 387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. L. S. Marcoux, J. M. Fritsch, and R. N. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 5766.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. J. Phelps, K. S. V. Santhanam, and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 1752.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. M. E. Peover and B. S. White, J. Electroanal. Chem. 13 (1967) 93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. D. M. Hercules, Science 145 (1964) 808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. G. J. Hoijtink, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 4.

    Google Scholar 

  275. J. Bader and T. Kuwana, J. Electroanal. Chem. 10 (1965) 104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. S. W. Feldberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. A. Zweig, A. H. Maurer, and B. G. Roberts, J. Org. Chem. 32 (1967) 1332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  278. S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein, and R. C. Petersen, J. Org. Chem. 86 (1964) 4139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. F. D. Mango and W. H. Bonner, J. Org. Chem. 29 (1964) 1367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. M. Leung, J. Herz, and H. W. Salzberg, J. Org. Chem. 30 (1965) 310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. H. W. Salzberg and M. Leung, J. Org. Chem. 30 (1965) 2873.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. J. P. Millington, J. Chem. Soc. B 1969, 982.

    Google Scholar 

  283. V. D. Parker and B. E. Burgert, Tetrahedron Letters 1965, 4065;

    Google Scholar 

  284. V. D. Parker and B. E. Burgert, Tetrahedron Letters 1968, 2415, 3341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. L. Eberson and K. Nyberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 1656;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  286. L. Eberson and K. Nyberg, Tetrahedron Letters 1966, 2389.

    Google Scholar 

  287. L. Eberson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 4669.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. S. Arita, Y. Takahashi, and K. Takeshita, Kogyo Kagaku Zasshill (1969) 2289;

    Google Scholar 

  289. S. Arita, Y. Takahashi, and K. Takeshita, Chem. Abstr. 72, 1938 926.

    Google Scholar 

  290. L. Eberson, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. K. Koyana, T. Susuki, S. Tsutsumi, Tetrahedron Letters 1965, 627; 1966, 2501;

    Google Scholar 

  292. K. Koyana, T. Susuki, S. Tsutsumi, Tetrahedron 23 (1966) 2675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  293. S. Andreades and E. W. Zahnow, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 4181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. K. Yoshida and T. Freno, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 42 (1969) 2411; Chem. Comm. 1970, 711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. N. Clauson-Klass, F. Limborg, and K. Glens, Acta Chem. Scand. 6 (1952) 531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  296. A. J. Baggaley and R. Brettle, J. Chem. Soc. C 1968, 969.

    Google Scholar 

  297. S. D. Ross, M. Finkelstein, and J. J. Uebel, J. Org. Chem. 34 (1969) 1018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. N. L. Weinberg and E. A. Brown, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 4054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. K. Yoshida and T. Fueno, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 42 (1969) 2411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. G. Cauquis and G. Pierre, Compt. Rend. C266 (1968) 883.

    Google Scholar 

  301. A. A. Humffray, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  302. Ref. 44, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  303. A. E. Coleman, H. H. Richtol, and D. A. Aikens, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 18(1968) 165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. K. Nyberg, Chem. Comm. 1969, 774.

    Google Scholar 

  305. V. D. Parker and L. Eberson, Tetrahedron Letters 33 (1969) 2839, 2843.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  306. R. Hand and R. F. Nelson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 1353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. R. F. Nelson and R. N. Adams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (1968) 3925.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. A. Zweig, J. E. Lancaster, M. T. Neglia, and W. H. Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (1964)4130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. B. M. Latta and R. W. Taft, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 5172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. G. Cauquis, M. Genies, H. Lemaire, A. Rassat, and J. P. Ravet, J. Chem. Phys. 47 (1967) 4642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. P. Martinet, J. Simonet, and J. Tendu, Compt. Rend. Ser. C. 286 (1969) 2329.

    Google Scholar 

  312. A. Zweig, W. G. Hodgson, and W. H. Jura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (1964) 4124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. F. W. Steuber and K. Dimroth, Ber. 99 (1966) 258.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. F. J. Vermillion and I. A. Pearl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1964) 1392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. L. F. Fieser, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52 (1930) 5204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. N. S. Hush, J. Chem. Soc. 1953, 2375.

    Google Scholar 

  317. T. Fueno, T. Lee, and H. Eyring, J. Phys. Chem. 63 (1959) 1940.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. K. Sasaki and W. J. Newby, J. Electroanal. Chem. 20 (1969) 137.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. K. Kuwata and D. H. Geske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56 (1964) 2101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  320. L. Eberson and K. Nyberg, Acta Chem. Scand. 18 (1964) 1567.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. P. S. Skell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  322. J. A. Van Zorge, J. Strating, and H. Wynberg, Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas 89 (1970)781.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  323. W. J. Koehl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (1964) 4686.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. P. S. Skell and P. H. Reichenbacher, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (1968) 2309.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. J. T. Keating and P. S. Skell, J. Org. Chem. 34 (1969) 1479.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. S. D. Ross and M. Finkelstein, J. Org. Chem. 34 (1969) 2923.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. D. L. Muck and E. R. Wilson, J. Electrochem. Soc. 111 (1970) 1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  328. L. L. Miller and A. K. Hoffmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 593.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. E. R. Atkinson, H. H. Warren, P. I. Abell, and R. E. Wing, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 72 (1950) 915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. J. K. Kochi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77 (1955) 3208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. R. M. Elofson, Canad. J. Chem. 36 (1958) 1207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. L. Holleck and D. Marquarding, Naturwiss. 49 (1962) 468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  333. S. G. Mairanovskii and A. D. Filanova-Krasnova, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Khim. 1967, 1673.

    Google Scholar 

  334. A. B. Ershler, G. A. Tedoradze, M. Fakhimi, and K. P. Butin, Soviet Electrochem. 2 (1966) 295.

    Google Scholar 

  335. A. Kirrman and M. Kleine-Peter, Bull Soc. Chim. France 1957, 894.

    Google Scholar 

  336. N. S. Hush and K. B. Oldham, J. Electroanal. Chem. 6 (1963) 34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. L. B. Rogers and A. N. Diefenderfer, J. Electrochem. Soc. 114 (1967) 942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. L. G. Feoktistov and S. I. Zhdanov, Electrochim. Acta 10 (1965) 647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  339. J. P. Petrovich and M. M. Baizer, Electrochim. Acta 12 (1967) 1249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. H. E. Ulery, J. Electrochem. Soc. 116 (1969) 1201.

    Google Scholar 

  341. R. Galli and F. Olivani, J. Electroanal. Chem. 25 (1970) 331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. S. Winstein and F. H. Senbold, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 2916.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. H. Breederveld and E. C. Kooyman, Rec. Trav. Chim. 76 (1957) 297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. W. Von Miller, Z. Elektrochem. 4 (1897) 55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  345. A. G. Kornienko, A. V. Uvarov, L. A. Mirkind, and M. Ya. Fioshin, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 1140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. W. B. Smith and H. Gilde, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (1960) 659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. A. Kunugi, T. Shimizu, and S. Nagaura, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 43 (1970) 1298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. O. Stern, Z. Elektrochem. 30 (1924) 508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. M. A. V. Devanathan and B. V. K. S. R. A. Tilak, Chem. Rev. 65 (1965) 635.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. E. Gileadi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 11 (1966) 137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. K. Sasaki, Denki Kagaku Oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kogaku 37 (1969) 80, 148;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. K. Sasaki, Chem. Abst. 71, 35365.

    Google Scholar 

  353. R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 7 (1964) 136;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 8 (1964) 93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. A. P. Tomilov, L. A. Fedorova, V. A. Klimov, and G. A. Tedoradze, Elektrokhimiya 4 (1968) 1264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. J. Kuta, Record Chem. Progr. 29 (1968) 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  357. R. Parsons, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 40;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  358. R. Parsons, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. D. Gilroy and B. E. Conway, J. Phys. Chem. 69 (1965) 1259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. W. Nunberg, J. Electroanal. Chem. 21 (1969) 99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  361. Avrutskaya and M. Ya. Fioshin, Elektrokhimiya 2 (1966) 920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Gileadi and B. E. Conway, J. Chem. Phys. 39 (1963) 3420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. T. Kuhn, H. Wroblowa, and J. O’M. Bockris, Trans. Faraday Soc. 63 (1967) 1458.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. P. J. Elving and B. Pullman, in Advances in Chemical Physics Ed. by I. Prigogine, Interscience, New York, 1961, Vol. 3, p. 1.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  365. M. Von Stackelberg and W. Stracke, Z. Elektrochem. 53 (1949) 118.

    Google Scholar 

  366. R. Koopmann, Ber. Bursenges 72 (1968) 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. B. MacDougall, B. E. Conway, and H. A. Kozlowska, J. Electroanal. Chem. 32 (1971) App. 15; J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans., in press (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  368. H. Lund, Talanta 12 (1965) 1065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. P. J. Elving and J. T. Leone, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1957) 1546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. A. M. Wilson and N. L. Allinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 1999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. H. Lund, Acta Chem. Scand. 13 (1959) 192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. J. H. Stocker and R. M. Jenevein, Chem. Comm. 1968, 934.

    Google Scholar 

  373. J. P. Coleman, H. G. Gilde, J. P. Utley, and B. C. L. Weedon, Chem. Comm. 1970, 738.

    Google Scholar 

  374. A. J. Fry, A. L. Mitnick, and R. G. Reed, J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 1232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. P. H. Rieger, I. Bernai, W. H. Reinmuth, and G. K. Fraenkel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 55 (1963) 683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  376. J. Volke and J. Holubek, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 28 (1963) 1597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. J. Volke and A. M. Kardos, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 33 (1968) 2560.

    Google Scholar 

  378. B. Lamm and B. Sammelson, Acta Chem. Scand. 23 (1969) 691.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. P. E. Iversen, Tetrahedron Letters 1971, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  380. L. L. Miller, E. P. Kujawa, and C. B. Campbell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (1970) 2821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. V. D. Parker and L. Eberson, Chem. Comm. 1969, 973.

    Google Scholar 

  382. G. Cauquis, G. Fauvelot, and J. Rigaudy, Bull. Soc. Chim. France 1968, 4928.

    Google Scholar 

  383. M. Heyrovsky, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 28 (1963) 26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. C. Wagner, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Z. Takehara, Electrochim. Acta 15 (1970) 999.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. K. J. Vetter, Z. Elektrochem. 56 (1952) 797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. T. C. Franklin, M. Matto, T. Itoh, and D. H. McLelland, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 27 (1970) 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. L V. Kudryashov and V. L. Kochetkov, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 43 (1969) 728.

    Google Scholar 

  389. L. N. Ivanovskaya, I. V. Kudryashov, and S. A. Kilesnikova, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. K. Sugino and T. Nonaka, Electrochim. Acta 13 (1968) 613.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. M. M. Baizer, J. P. Petrovich, and D. A. Tyssee, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. H. Lund, Acta Chem. Scand. 13 (1959) 249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. T. Shono and M. Mitani, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (1968) 2728.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. T. Shono and M. Mitani, Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 687.

    Google Scholar 

  395. V. D. Parker and L. Eberson, Chem. Comm. 1969, 340.

    Google Scholar 

  396. V. D. Parker, Chem. Comm. 1969, 848.

    Google Scholar 

  397. J. M. Fritsch and H. Weingarten, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90 (1968) 793.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  398. W. Jugelt and F. Pragst, Angew. Chem. 80 (1968) 280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  399. T. Osa, A. Yildiz, and T. Kuwana, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 3994.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  400. 370a J. P. Coleman, J. H. P. Utley, and B. C. L. Weedon, Chem. Comm. (Chem. Soc. London) 1971, 438.

    Google Scholar 

  401. V. D. Parker, Chem. Comm. 1969, 610.

    Google Scholar 

  402. A. Ronlan and V. D. Parker, Chem. Comm. 1970, 1567.

    Google Scholar 

  403. P. Radlick, R. Klem, S. Spurlock, J. J. Sims, E. E. van Tamelen, and T. Whitesides, Tetrahedron Letters 1968, 5117.

    Google Scholar 

  404. M. R. Rifi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 4442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  405. T. J. Curphey, C. W. Amelotti, T. P. Layloff, R. L. McCartney, and J. A. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 2817.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  406. J. D. Anderson and M. M. Baizer, Tetrahedron Letters 1966, 511.

    Google Scholar 

  407. J. D. Anderson, M. M. Baizer, and J. P. Petrovich, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 3890.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  408. J. P. Petrovich, J. D. Anderson, and M. M. Baizer, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 3897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  409. R. E. Dessy and S. A. Kandil, J. Org. Chem. 30 (1965) 3857.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  410. V. Bellavita, N. Fedi, and N. Cagnoli, Ric. Sci. 25 (1955) 504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  411. K. Gleu and K. Pfannstiel, J. Pr. Chem. 146 (1936) 129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  412. B. Sakurai, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 7 (1932) 127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  413. S. Wawzonek and J. H. Wagenknecht, J. Electrochem. Soc. 110 (1963) 420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  414. S. Wawzonek and R. C. Duty, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (1961) 1135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  415. E. K. Spicer and H. G. Gilde, Chem. Comm. 1967, 373.

    Google Scholar 

  416. A. F. Vellturo and G. W. Griffin, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 2241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  417. N. L. Weinberg and E. A. Brown, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 4058.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  418. N. N. Melnikov and E. M. Cherkasova, Zh. Obsch. Khim. 14 (1944) 13.

    Google Scholar 

  419. M. M. Baizer, J. L. Chruma, and P. A. Berger, J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 3569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  420. H. Lund, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  421. N. J. Leonard, S. Swann, and J. Figueras, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 4620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  422. V. D. Parker, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 5380.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  423. J. G. Traynham and J. S. Dehn, J. Org. Chem. 31 (1966) 2241.

    Google Scholar 

  424. E. Ott and K. Kramer, Ber. 68 (1935) 1655.

    Google Scholar 

  425. E. L. Eliel and J. P. Freeman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74 (1952) 923.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  426. R. E. Erickson and C. M. Fischer, J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 1605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  427. R. Annino, R. E. Erickson, J. Michalovic, and B. McKay, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88 (1966) 4424.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  428. J. L. Webb, C. K. Mann, and H. M. Walborsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 (1970) 2042.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  429. A. J. Fry and R. H. Moore, J. Org. Chem. 33 (1968) 1283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  430. R. E. Erickson, G. Annino, M. D. Scanlon, and G. Zon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 1767.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  431. H. W. Sternberg, R. E. Markby, I. Wender, and D. M. Mohilner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  432. A. J. Fry and M. A. Mitnick, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (1969) 6207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  433. R. N. Gourley, J. Grimshaw, and P. G. Millar, J. Chem. Soc. (C) 1970, 2318; Chem. Comm. 1967, 1278.

    Google Scholar 

  434. S. G. Mairanovskii, J. Electroanal. Chem. 6 (1963) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  435. L. Horner and D. Degner, Tetrahedron Letters 1968, 5889.

    Google Scholar 

  436. J. P. Coleman, R. J. Kobylecki, and J. H. P. Utley, Chem. Comm. 1971, 104.

    Google Scholar 

  437. A. J. Fry and J. H. Newberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 6374.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  438. R. Dietz, M. E. Peover, and B. E. Larcombe, Disc. Faraday Soc. 45 (1968) 161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  439. J. A. Stocker and R. M. Jenevein, J. Org. Chem. 34 (1969) 2810.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  440. V. J. Puglisi, G. L. Clapper, and D. H. Evans, Anal. Chem. 41 (1969) 279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  441. H. Lund, Acta Chem. Scand. 11 (1957) 283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  442. J. Weimann and M. L. Bouguerra, Compt. Rend. 265 (1967) 751.

    Google Scholar 

  443. S. Wawzonek, A. R. Zignan, and G. R. Hansen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 117 (1970) 1351.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  444. L. Horner and D. H. Skaletz, Tetrahedron Letters 1970, 1103.

    Google Scholar 

  445. S. G. Mairanovskii and L. D. Bergel’son, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. 34 (1960) 112.

    Google Scholar 

  446. W. H. Jura and R. J. Gaul, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80 (1958) 5402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  447. L. G. Feoktistov and I. G. Markova, J. Gen. Chem. USSR. 1970, 964.

    Google Scholar 

  448. L. G. Feoktistov and I. G. Markova, Elektrokhimiya 5 (1969) 1095.

    Google Scholar 

  449. J. M. Bobbitt, K. H. Weissgraber, A. S. Steinfeld, and S. G. Weiss, J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 2884.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  450. T. Shono, I. Nishiguchi, S. Yamane, and R. Oda, Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  451. T. Dickinson and P. J. Ovenden, Chem. in Brit. 5 (1969) 260.

    Google Scholar 

  452. V. D. Bezuglyi, V. A. Ekel, M. Ya. Fioshin, E. K. Nechiporenko, and R. F. Ramakaeva, Elektrokhimiya 6 (1970) 1778.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, University of Melbourne, Australia

    A. A. Humffray

Authors
  1. A. A. Humffray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physical Sciences, The Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    J. O’M. Bockris

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    B. E. Conway

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1972 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Humffray, A.A. (1972). Methods and Mechanisms in Electroorganic Chemistry. In: Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E. (eds) Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7440-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7440-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7442-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7440-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation