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Curt Herbst’s Contributions to the Concept of Embryonic Induction

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A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology

Part of the book series: Developmental Biology ((DEBO,volume 7))

Abstract

A Nobel Prize was awarded to Hans Spemann over 50 years ago (1935) for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development. The citation did not mention induction. During the following year, when he published his book summarizing his work and thought, its title in German was Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie der Entwicklung (Experimental Contributions to a Theory of Development) (1). It was only in the English translation (1938) that the word induction was introduced into the title: Embryonic Development and Induction (2). But it was the concept of induction that was celebrated by the prize.

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Notes and References

  1. Spemann, H., 1936, Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie der Entwickelung, Julius Springer, Berlin.

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  12. Ibid., p. 66.

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  13. Spemann, 1901b, p. 79. “Shortly after I had demonstrated… that the formation of the lens is brought about [ausgelöst] by the eye cup, Herbst also [in 1901] expressed the same opinion independently of me.”

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  14. Printed sources of information about Herbst’s life are rare. His death was close to the time that World War II ended; therefore, the obituary notice that would normally have appeared in Naturwissenschaften was never published. A short, unsigned notice appeared in Sitzungsberichte der Hei del berger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Jahreshefte 1943/55, Heidelberg, 1959, pp. 41–42. Hans Querner prepared a short biographical summary for Neue deutsche Biographie, 1969, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 8:593. Information about his personality has been provided not only by the printed sources specified in the following notes, but also by private correspondence in letters from Viktor Hamburger, once a student of Herbst; from Hans Querner, who, like Herbst, was a professor in Heidelberg; and from Dr. Gottfried Zirnstein of Leipzig, who has access to Herbst’s letters to Driesch written between 1902 and 1924. One of Querner’s personal sources of information was Erich von Holst, who came to Heidelberg in 1946 and who was interested in Herbst; Querner had been von Holst’s assistant. Dr. Marion Kazemi provided photocopies of documents relating to Herbst as a member of the Kaiser Wilhelm Foundation and as a possible candidate for office in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin-Dahlem. I am grateful to them all.

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  21. Hamburger, V., letter to J.M.O. 2/17/87.

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  22. Spemann, H., letter to the President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Foundation, Berlin, April 13, 1918; photocopy provided by Dr. M. Kazemi.

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  25. Aufzeichnung über die Sitzung des Kuratoriums des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Biologie… den 13.März 1919… in der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Aus Akt II 11/3 p. 120c. “Von Herbst und Brauss sei zu sagen, dass sie den Zenith ihres Lebens überschritten hätten.”

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  26. Querner, H., letter to J. M. O., 2/25/85.

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  27. Hamburger, V., letter to J. M. O., 3/11/85.

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  28. Hamburger, V., 1988. The Heritage of Experimental Embryology. Hans Spemann and the Organizer. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, p. 15.

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  29. Hamburger, V., letter to J. M. O., 9/15/88. In 1988 Hamburger may have been thinking of restaurants in railroad stations as they had become by that year. I remember well that even in the 1940s the Savarin Restaurant in Pennsylvania Station was, if not the most elegant dining place in Manhattan, at least sufficiently pleasant to choose unapologetically as an agreeable meeting place for dinner with friends.

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  30. Goldschmidt, 1956, p. 70.

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  31. Zirnstein, G., letter to J. M. O., 3/21/89.

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  32. Zirnstein, G., postcard to J. M. O., 5/15/89.

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  33. Goldschmidt, 1956, p. 70. In 1971 The Mendel Newsletter described the Goldschmidt papers housed in the Bancroft Library at the University of California (Berkeley), stating that nine Herbst items (1907–1939) were included in the collection (p. 2). Photocopies of these, which I have seen, indicate that their content was exclusively scientific, not at all political. Perhaps Goldschmidt destroyed the later letters he received from Herbst. Goldschmidt had emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1936.

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  34. Hamburger, 1988, pp. 15–16.

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  36. Herbst, C., 1892, Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluss der veränderten chemischen Zusammensetzung des umgebenden Mediums auf die Entwicklung der Thiere. I. Theil. Versuche an Seeigeleiern, Zeit. wiss. Zool. 55: 446–528

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  37. Herbst, C., 1893, II. Weiteres über die morphologische Wirkung der Lithiumsälze und ihre theoretische Bedeutung, Mitt. d. zool. Station Neapel 11:136–220. The results of variations on these experiments were described in further publications in this series that appeared in 1896 and again in a new series published in 1901, 1902, and 1904. The references to these articles are very long and are omitted here as the specific content of the publications is not referred to in the text. The 1901 publication was a small monograph; this was Herbst’s Habilitationsschrift, a special presentation required in Germany for acceptance as a university faculty member: Herbst, C., 1901b, Ueber die zur Entwickelung der Seeigeleiern nothwendigen Stoffe, ihre Rolle und ihr Vertretbarkeit. II. Theil. Die Vertretbarkeit der nothwendigen Stoffe durch andere ähnlicher chemischer Natur, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.

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  38. Raikov, B. E., 1968, Karl Ernst von Baer 1792–1876. Sein Leben und sein Werk, Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, pp. 212–213.

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  39. Herbst, 1892, p. 446.

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  40. Herbst, C., 1941, Hans Driesch als experimentellen und theoretischen Biologe, Wilhelm Roux’ Arch. Entwicklungsmech. 141:111–153. Quotation from p. 145. The three short publications by Pouchet and Chabry referred to by Herbst all appeared in 1889, as follows: Pouchet, G. and Chabry L., Sur le développement des larves d’Oursin dans l’eau de mer privée de chaux, Compt. rend. Soc. biol. 41:17–20; De la production des larves monstrueuses d’Oursin, par privation de chaux, Compt. rend. Acad. sci. 108:196–198; L’eau de mer artificielle comme agent tératogénique, J. anat. physiol. 25: 298–307.

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  41. This passage is reprinted, with the permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press, from Oppenheimer, J. M., 1970. Some diverse backgrounds for Curt Herbst’s ideas about embryonic induction, Bull. Hist. Med. 44:241–250. The passage reprinted here is found on pp. 243,244–248. It concludes here with the sentence at the top of p. 73.

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  42. Herbst, C., 1900, Ueber das Auseinandergehen von Furchungs-und Gewebezellen in kalkfreien Medium, Wilhelm Roux’ Arch. Entwicklungsmech. 9:424–436. A recent article on sea urchin morphogenesis refers to Herbst (1900) when stating that hyaline layer (HL) can be dissolved in Cat+-free medium, and points out that “Herbst’s (1900) experiments and later observations indicate[d] that microvilli link the apical surfaces of the blastomeres with HL” (Adelson, D. L. and Humphreys, T., 1988, Sea urchin morphogenesis and cell-hyalin adhesion are perturbed by a monoclonal antibody specific for hyalin, Development 104:391–402; quotation from p. 392). It is correct that Herbst described the layer surrounding the blastomeres as hyalin (the same word in German) and as containing radiating fibers, and his drawings indicate clearly and indisputably that he saw delicate fibers that protruded into the layer; in his text (1900, p. 430) he said that here and there they could be seen to come and go. These observations antedated by decades, however, the use of the word “microvilli” to define cytoplasmic cell protrusions.

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  43. Herbst, C., 1893, II. Weiteres über die morphologische Wirkung der Lithiumsälze und ihre theoretische Bedeutung, Mitt. d. zool. Station Neapel. 11: 143.

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  44. Hamburger, 1988, p. 14.

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  45. Herbst, C., 1894, Ueber die Bedeutung der Reizphysiologie für die kausale Auffassung von Vorgängen in der tierishen Ontogenese. I, Biol. Centralbl. 14:657–666, 689–697, 727–744, 753777, 800–810; Herbst, C., 1895a, Ueber die Bedeutung der Reizphysiologie für die kausale Auffassung…, II, Biol. Centralbl. 15:721–745, 753–772, 792–805, 817–831, 849–855.

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  46. Herbst, 1894, p. 657.

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  47. Loeb, J., 1888, Die Orientierung der Thiere gegen das Licht (Thierischer Heliotropismus), Sitz.-berichte phys.-med. Gesellsch. Würzburg, 1888, p. 1–5, 1888; Die Orientierung der Thiere gegen die Schwerkraft der Erde (Thierischer Geotropismus), Sitz.-berichte phys.-med. Gesellsch. Würzburg., 1888, p. 5–10.

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  48. Herbst, 1894, pp. 690–756.

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  49. Hamburger, 1988, p. 18.

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  50. Herbst, 1941, p. 119.

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  51. Driesch, H., 1896, Die taktische Reizbarkeit von Mesenchymzellen von Echinus tuberculatus, Wilhelm Roux’ Arch. Entwicklungsmech. 3: 362–380.

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  52. Driesch, 1896, p. 1; Herbst, 1893, p. 199. Driesch liked to move things around; in an article published in 1893 (Zur Verlagerung der Blastomeren des Echidineies, Anat. Anzeiger 8:348–357) he described experiments in which he thought he shifted cells by compressing eggs between two glass plates; here he was moving cells for a different reason, and he subsequently recognized, according to Herbst in his obituary notice of Driesch (Wilhelm Roux’ Arch. Entwicklungsmech., 1941, 141:115), that it was not whole cells, but only their nuclei, that were displaced. For further detail see Oppenheimer, J. M., 1970, Hans Driesch and the theory and practice of embryonic transplantation, Bull. Hist. Med. 44: 241–250.

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  53. Herbst, 1895a, p. 792.

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  54. Ibid., p. 722.

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  55. Ibid., pp. 819, 821, 822, 830.

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  56. Ibid., p. 819.

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  57. Ibid., p. 820.

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  58. Herbst, 1894, pp. 664, 728.

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  60. Herbst, 1894, p. 729. Herbst acknowledged the comparison as borrowed from Pfeffer; he referred it to the latter’s 1893 Reizphysiologie der Pflanzen, but without giving chapter and verse.

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  1. Jane M. Oppenheimer

    Present address: , One Independence Place, 6th Street and Locust Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19106-3727, USA

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  1. Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 19010-2899, USA

    Jane M. Oppenheimer

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  1. Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 19081, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, USA

    Scott F. Gilbert

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Oppenheimer, J.M. (1991). Curt Herbst’s Contributions to the Concept of Embryonic Induction. In: Gilbert, S.F. (eds) A Conceptual History of Modern Embryology. Developmental Biology, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6823-0_4

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