Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lipid-Lowering Drugs

  • Chapter
Current Cardiovascular Drugs

  • 135 Accesses

Abstract

The links between coronary artery disease (CAD), diet, and hyperlipidemia (excess serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides) are well established, and the biological factors contributing to hyperi1pidemia are now well understood. The hyperlipoprotelnemias are defined and treated broadly along the lines of the Fredrickson-Levy classification (Table 11-1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Selected Bibliography

  • Adkins JC. Faulds D: Micronised fenofibrate. A review of its pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of dyslipidaemia. Drugs 1997. 54:6I5–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous:Cerivastatin for hypercholesterolemia. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1998, 40:13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Choice of lipid-lowering drugs. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1998, 40: 117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Fenofibrate for hypertriglyceridemia. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1998, 40: 68–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascah KJ. Rock GA, Wells PS: Interaction between fenofibrate and warfarin. Ann Pharmacother 1998, 32: 765–768.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL: Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81 (suppl.): 7B - 12B.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aviram M, Hussein O, Rosenblat M, et al.:Interactions of platelets, macrophages, and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia: antiatherogenic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998, 31: 39–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Betteridgc DJ, Bhatnager D, Bing RF, et al.: Treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. United Kingdom lipid clinics study of pravastatin and cholestyramine. Br Med J 1992, 304:1335–1338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankenhorn DH. Azen SP, Dramsch DM, et al.: Coronary angiographie changes with lovastatin therapy. The Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). An Intern Med 1993. 119:969–976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL. et al.:Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987, 257:3233–3240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradford RH. Shear CL, Chremos AN. et al.: Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. 1. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse event profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholes- terolemia. Arch intern Med 1991, 151:43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brensike JF. Levy RI. Kelsey SF. et al.: Effects of therapy with cholestyraminc on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary intervention Study. Circulation 1984, 69: 313–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown WV: Niacin for lipid disorders. Indications, effectiveness, and safety. Postgrad Med 1995. 98: 185–193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown G, Albers ii. Fisher LD, et al.: Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering theapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Eng! J Med 1990, 323:1289–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown AS, Bakker-Arkcma RG, Yellen L, et al: Treating patients with documented atherosclerosis to National Cholesterol Education Program-recommended low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol goals with atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin. JAm Coll Cardin 1998, 32: 665–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucher HC, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH: Effect of HMGCoA reductase inhibitors on stroke. A meta-analysis of randomized. controlled trials. Arch Intent Med 1998, 128: 89–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byington RP. Furberg CD, Crouse JR 1I1. et al.: Pravastatin, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis in the Carotid Arteries (PLACII). Am J Cardiol 1995.76 (suppl. C1:54C–59C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canner Pl. Berge KG. Wenger NK. et al.: Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. JAm Coll Cardiol 1986, 8:1245–1255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson LA, Hamsten A. Asplund A: Pronounced lowering of serum levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) in hyperlipidaemic subjects treated with nicotinic acid. J Intern Med 1989, 226: 271–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G: Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid Aeta Med Scand 1988, 223:405418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack W.I. Pogoda JM. et al.: Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis: a 4-year follow-up. JAMA 1990, 264:3013–3017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castelli WP. Garrison RJ, Wilson PWF, et al.: Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. JAMA 1986, 256:2835–2838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin NX, Weitzman I, Della-Latta P: in vitro activity of fluvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering agent, and synergy with fluconazole and itraconazole against Candida species and Crvptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997, 41: 850–852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Committee of Principal Investigators: A co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br Heart J 1978, 40: 1069–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Committee of Principal investigators: WHO cooperative trail on primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease with clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol: final mortality follow-up. Lancet 1984, 2: 600–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Consensus Development Conference: Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA 1984.251:1196–12(10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coronary Drug Project Research Group: Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975. 231: 360–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dart A. Jerums G. Nicholson G. et al.: A multicenter, double-blind, one-year study comparing safety and efficacy of atorvastatin versus simvastatin in patients with by lesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1997. 80:39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downs JR, Clearfield M. Weis S, et al.: Primary prevention o acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels. Results of AFCAPSITe CAPS. JAMA 1998. 279:1615–1622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dujovne C, Kwiterovich P, Hunninghake D, Poland M: Comparison of cerivastatin 0.3 mg to pravastatin 20 mg, and cerivastatin 40 mg in 1030 hypercholesterolemic patients (abstract). Pharmacotherapv 1999, 19: 1193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellen RLB, McPherson R: Long-term efficacy and safety of fenofibrate and a statin in the treatment of combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 1998,81 (suppl. 4A):60B–65B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer JA: Economic implications of lipid-lowering trials: current considerations in selecting a statin. Am J Cardiol 1998. 82 (suppl.): 26M - 31M.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figge HL, Figge J. Sonney PF, et al.: Nicotinic acid: a review of its clinical use in the treatment of lipid disorders. Pharmacotherapy 1988. 8:287–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick MH, Elo O. Haapa K, et al.: Helsinki Heart Study: Primary prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1237–1245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick MH, Heinonen OP, Huttunen JK, et al.: Efficacy of gemfibrozil in dyslipidaemic subjects with suspected heart disease. An ancillary study in the Helsinki Heart Study frame population. Ann Med 1993, 25:41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick MH, Syv inne M. Nieminen MS. et al.: Prevention of the angiographie progression of coronary and vein-graft atherosclerosis by gemfibrozil after coronary bypass surgery in men with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Circulation 1997, 96:2137–2143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frishman WH (ed): Medical Management of Lipid Disorders. New York: Futura Publishing Co., 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frishman WH, Rapier RC: Luvastatin: an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor for lowering cholesterol. Med Clinics NAmer 1989, 73: 437–448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frishman WH, Zitnetbaum P: Lipid-lowering drugs. In Frishman WH, Sonnenblick EH (eds): Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics. New York: McGraw Hill; 1997: 399–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furberg CD. Pitt B, Byington RP. Reducation in coronary events during treatment with pravastatin. Am J Cardio 1995.76 (suppl. C):60C–63C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould AL, Rossouw JE, Santanello NC, et al.: Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit: impact of statin trials. Circulation 1998, 97:946–952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grundy SM. Vega GL: Fibric acids: effects on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism. Am J Med 1987, 83 (Suppl 5B): 9–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton JR, Goldberg AC, Kreisberg RA. et al.: Effectiveness of once-nightly dosing of extended-release niacin alone and in combination for hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1998. 82: 737–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanefield M. Deslypere J-P. Ose L, et al.: Efficacy and safety of 300 pg and 4(10 pg cerivastatin once daily in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Int Med Res 1999,27:115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson RP, Solomon CP: Use of cholestyramine in the treatment of digoxin intoxication. Arch Intern Med 1988, 148: 745–746.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herd JA, Ballantyne CM, Farmer JA: Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (Lipoprotein and Coronary Ather- sclerosis Study ILCASI). Am J Cardiol 1997, 80: 278–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hjermann I, Holme I. Velve Byre K. Leren P: Effect of diet and smoking intervention on the incidence of coronary heart disease. Report from the Oslo Study Group of a randomised trial in healthy men. Lancet 1981, ii:1303–1310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holme I: An analysis of randomized trials evaluating the effects of cholesterol reduction on total mortality and CHD incidence. Circulation I990, 82:1916–1924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunninghake D, Bakker-Arkema RG, Wigand JP. et al.: Treating to meet NCEP-recommended LDL cholesterol concentrations with atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, or simvastatin in patients with risk factors for coronary heart disease. J Fam Pract 1998. 47:349–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunninghake D. Dujovne C, Stein E, et al.: The 0.4 mg dose of cerivastatin: comparative safety and efficacy of cerivastatin 0.3 mg versus fluvastatin 40 mg (abstract). Pharmacotherapy 1999. 19:1194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunninghake DB. Peters HI: Effect of fibric acid derivatives on blood lipid and lipoprotein levels. Am J Med 1987, 83 (Suppl 5B): 44–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Illingworth DR. Rapp JH, Phillipson BE. Connor WE: Colestipol plus nicotinic acid in treatment of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Lancet 1981, 1: 296–298.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Israel MK, Sisson EM: Hyperlipidemias. In: Phartncotherapy Self-Assessment Program. 3rd ed. Kansas City, MO: American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacotot B, Benghozi R, Pfister P. Holmes D: Comparison of fluvastatin versus pravastatin treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Ganlio 1995. 76 (suppl.): 54A - 56A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jen SL, Chen JW, Lee WL. Wang SP: Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate or gemfibrozil on scrum lipid profiles in Chinese patients with type lib hyperlipidemia: a single-blind, randomized, and cross-over study. Chin Med J 1997, 59: 217–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeppesen J. Hein HO. Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F: Triglyceride concutration and ischemic heart disease. An eight-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Circulation 1998, 97: 1029–1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jukema JW, Bruschke AVG, van Boven A.J. et al.: Effects of lipid lowering by pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary artery disease in symptomatic men with normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol levels. The Regression Growth Evaluation Stalin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 1995, 91:2528–2540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane JP, Malloy MJ. Tun P, et al.: Normalization of low-density-lipoprotein levels in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with a combined drug regimen. N Eng! J Med 1981, 304:251–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane JP. Malloy Mi. Ports TA, Phillips NR, et al.: Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA 1990, 264:3007–3012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knopp RH. Alagona P. Davidson M, et al.: Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given oncea-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 1998, 47:1097–1104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kong SX. Crawford SY. Gandhi SK, et al.: Efficacy of 3-hydmxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials, Clin Ther 1997, 19:778–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo PT, Kostis JB, Moreyra AE. Hayes JA: Familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia with coronary heart disease. Effect of diet-colestipol-nicotinic acid treatment. Chest 1981, 79: 286–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaRosa J: Review of clinical studies of bile acid sequestrants for lowering plasma lipid levels. Cardiology 1989, 76 (Suppl 11:55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lea AP, McTavish D: Atorvastatin. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of hyperlipidaemias. Drugs 1997, 53: 828–847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984, 251: 351–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Rearch Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trials results. Il. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984. 251: 365–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipid Research Clinics Investigators: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Results of 6 years of post-trial follow-up. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152: 1399–1410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Merl 1998, 339: 1349–1357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MAAS Investigators: Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet 1994, 334: 633–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malloy MJ, Kane JP. Kunitake ST. et al.: Complimentarily of colestipol. niacin, and lovastatin in treatment of severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Ann Intern Med 1987, 107:616–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClellan KJ. Wiseman LR, McTavish D: Cerivastatin. Drugs 1998, 55: 415–420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McKcnney JM, Proctor JD, Harris S, Chinchili VM: A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained-vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholestemlemic patients. JAMA 1994, 271: 672–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muck W: Rational assessment of the interaction profile of cerivastatin supports its low propensity for drug interactions. Drugs 1998, 56 (Suppl 1): 15–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ose L. Luurila O, Eriksson J, et al.: Efficacy and safety of cerivastatin, 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a multinational, randomised, double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin 1999. 15: 228–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne VW, Secter RA. Noback RK: Use of colestipol in a patient with digoxin intoxication. Drug Intel! Clin Pharm 1981, 15:902–903.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt B, Mancini GBJ, Ellis SG, Rosman HS, et al.: PravastatirV limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:1133–1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt B, Waters D. Brown WV, et al.: Aggressive lipid-lowr ing therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary` artery disease. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:70–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels: the long-term intervention with pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1349–1357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Probstfield JL, Margitic SE, Byington RP, et al.: Results of the primary outcome measure and clinical events from the asymptomatic carotid artery progression study. Am J Cardiol 1995, 76 (suppl.):47C–53C.

    Google Scholar 

  • PPP Project Investigators: Design, rationale, and baseline characteristics of the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project: a combined analysis of three large-scale randomized trials: Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID), Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE), and West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Am J Cardiol 1995, 76: 899–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Report from the Committee of Principal Investigators: A cooperative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate. Br Heart J 1978, 40: 1069–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al.: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Eng! J Med 1999, 341:410–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Eng! J Med 1996. 335:1001–1009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salonen R, Nyyssbnen K. Porkkala E, et al.: Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). Circulation 1995, 92:1758–1764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group: Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients w coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994. 344: 1383–1389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz GG, Oliver MF, Ezekowitz MD, et al.: Rationale and design of the myocardial ischemia reduction with a gressive cholesterol lowering (MIRACL) study that evalu-ates atorvastatin in unstable angina pectoris and in non-Qwave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:578–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford 1, et a1.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Eugl J Med 1995, 333: 1301–1307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slater EE. MacDonald JS: Mechanism of action and biological profile of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. A new therapeutic alternative. Drugs 1988, 36: 72–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein EA: Cerivastatin in primary hyperlipidemia: a multicenter analysis of efficacy and safety. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82(413):40J-46.1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein EA: Extending therapy options in treating lipid disorders. A clinical review of cerivastatin, a novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Drugs 1998. 56 (suppl. 1): 25–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein EA, Lane M, Laskarzewski P: Comparison of statins in hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81 (suppl. 4A): 6613–69B.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Expert Panel: Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Arc!: Intern Med 1988, 148: 36–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyroler HA: Total serum cholesterol and ischaemic heart disease risk in clinical trials and observational studies. Am J Prey Med 1985, 1: 18–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Todd PA, Ward A: Gemfibrozil: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use slipidaemia. Drugs 1988. 36: 314–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vega GL. Grundy SM: Mechanisms of primary hypercholes- terolemia in humans. Ant Heart J 1987, 112: 493–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker IF: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: current clinical experience. Drugs 1988, 36 (Suppl 3): 83–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warshafsky S, Frishman WH: Efficacy of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for prevention of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med 1999. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters D, Higginson L. Gladstone!), et al.: Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative ateriography. The Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial. Circulation 1994, 89:959–968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts GE, Lewis B, Brunt JNH. et al.: Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS). Lancet 1992. 339:563–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild SH, Fortmann SP, Marcovina SM: A prospective case-control study of lipoprotein (a) levels and Apo (a) size and risk of coronary heart disease in Stanford Five-city Project participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Bio 1997, 17: 239–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • XIII International Symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism, Florence, Italy, June 2, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

    William H. Frishman M.D. (Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chairman of Medicine, Director of Medicine)

  2. Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

    Angela Cheng-Lai Pharm.D. (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Adult Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine) & Julie Chen Pharm.D., BCPS (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Critical Care, Assistant Professor of Medicine)

Authors
  1. William H. Frishman M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Angela Cheng-Lai Pharm.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Julie Chen Pharm.D., BCPS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

    William H. Frishman M.D. (Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chairman of Medicine, Director of Medicine) (Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Chairman of Medicine, Director of Medicine)

  2. Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

    Angela Cheng-Lai Pharm.D. (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Adult Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine) & Julie Chen Pharm.D., BCPS (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Critical Care, Assistant Professor of Medicine) (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Adult Medicine, Assistant Professor of Medicine) &  (Clinical Pharmacy Manager, Critical Care, Assistant Professor of Medicine)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frishman, W.H., Cheng-Lai, A., Chen, J. (2000). Lipid-Lowering Drugs. In: Frishman, W.H., Cheng-Lai, A., Chen, J. (eds) Current Cardiovascular Drugs. Current Medicine Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6767-7_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6767-7_12

  • Publisher Name: Current Medicine Group, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-57340-135-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6767-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation