Skip to main content

Abstract

Numerous case studies of dissociative reactions in the medical literature of the past century provide us with rich clinical descriptions of this intriguing realm of psychopathology. Comparatively few of these studies, however, go beyond descriptions of individual cases to more objective analyses of the phenomena observed. Because analogues for a wide variety of clinical phenomena are to be found in experimental psychology, it may be worthwhile to consider whether basic psychological principles can tell us anything about dissociative reactions. Following a review of the clinical literature in this area, we will turn to a consideration of some well-documented findings of experimental psychology to see if any of these might shed some light on the dissociative reactions met with in clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abeles, M., & Schilder, P. Psychogenic loss of personal identity. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1935, 34, 587–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abse, D. W. Hysterical conversion and dissociative syndromes and the hysterical character. In S. Arieti & E. B. Brody (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry (2nd ed., Vol. 3 ). New York: Basic Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackner, B. Depersonalization. Journal of Mental Science, 1954, 100, 838–872.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar, S., & Brenner, I. Differential diagnosis of fugue-like states. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1979, 40, 381–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, R. B. A new treatment approach for multiple personalities. The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 1974, 17, 15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrosino, S. V. Phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome. New York State Journal of Medicine, 1973, 73, 419–425.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 3rd ed. ). Washington, D.C., Author, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amoss, P. Coast Salish spirit dancing. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azam, E. E. Hypnotisme, double conscience et altération de la personnalité. Paris: J. B. Baillière, 1887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, X. T. LSD, marihuana, yoga, and hypnosis. Chicago: Aldine, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrington, W. P., Liddell, D. W., & Foulds, G. A. A reevaluation of the fugue. Journal of Mental Science, 1956, 102, 280–286.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binet, A. Alterations of personality. London: Chapman & Hall, 1896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjork, R. A. Theoretical implications of directed forgetting. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.), Coding processes in human memory. Washington, D.C.: Winston Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourguignon, E. Religion, altered states of consciousness, and social change. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H. Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 1981, 36, 129–148.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H., Monteiro, K. P., & Gilligan, S. G. Emotional mood as a context for learning and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1978, 17, 573–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett, E. A., & Starker, S. Auditory imagery and hallucinations. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1977, 164, 394–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, J., & Freud, S. Studies on hysteria (J. Strachey, Ed. and trans.). New York: Basic Books, 1957. (Originally published, 1893–1895.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buret, J., & Burelova, O. The use of Leâo’s spreading depression in the study of interhemispheric transfer of memory traces. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1960, 53, 558–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante, J. A., Jordan, A., Vila, M., Gonzalez, A., & Insua, A. State dependent learning in humans. Physiology and Behavior, 1970, 5, 793–796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, N., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (Eds.). Personality, cognition, and social interaction. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell, J. P., & Cattell, J. S. Depersonalization: Psychological and social perspectives. In S. Arieti & E. B. Brody (Eds.), American handbook of psychiatry (2nd ed., Vol. 3 ). New York: Basic Books, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Congdon, M. H., Hain, J., & Stevenson, I. A case of multiple personality illustrating the transition from role-playing. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1961, 132, 497–504.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cory, C. E. A divided self. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1919, 14, 281–291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crapanzano, V. Introduction. In V. Crapanzano & V. Garrison (Eds.), Case studies in spirit possession. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Critchley, E. M. R., & Rossall, C. J. Hallucinations. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1978, 19, 264–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, B., & Reed, J. Multiple personality: A single case study with a 15 year follow-up. Psychological Medicine, 1975, 5, 18–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danesino, A., Daniels, J., & McLaughlin, T. J. Jo-Jo, Josephine, and Joanne: A study of multiple personality by means of the Rorschach test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1979, 43, 300–313.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. H., & Osherson, A. The concurrent treatment of a multiple-personality woman and her son. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1977, 31, 504–515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeVietti, T. L., & Hopfer, T. M. Complete amnesia induced by ECS and complete recovery of memory following reinstatement treatment. Physiology and Behavior, 1974, 12, 599–603.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenberger, H. The discovery of the unconscious. New York: Basic Books, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, W. Mechanisms of directed forgetting. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and forgetting. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelyi, M. H., & Goldberg, B. Let’s not sweep repression under the rug: Toward a cognitive psychology of repression. In J. F. Kihlstrom & F. J. Evans (Eds.), Functional disorders of memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. Amnesic states in war neuroses: The psychogenesis of fugues. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1945, 14, 437–468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. The psychogenesis of fugue states. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1947, 1, 211–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C., & Joseph, E. D. Fugue with awareness of loss of personal identity. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1949, 18, 480–493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleiss, J. L., Gurland, B. J., & Goldberg, K. Independence of depersonalization-derealization. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 110–111.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flournoy, T. From India to the planet Mars (D. B. Vermilye, trans.). New York & London: Harper & Brothers, 1900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, S. I. Persons one and three. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, V. The “Puerto Rican syndrome” in psychiatry and Esperitismo. In V. Crapanzano & V. Garrison (Eds.), Case studies in spirit possession. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaniga, M. S., & LeDoux, J. E. The integrated mind. New York: Plenum Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geleerd, E. R., Hacker, F. J., & Rapaport, D. Contribution to the study of amnesia and allied conditions. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1945, 14, 199–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin, E. Materialen far die Anthropologie. Tübingen: Cotta, 1791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, H. H. Two souls in one body? A case of dual personality. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, D. W., Powell, B., Bremer, D., Hoine, H., & Sterne, J. Alcohol and recall: State-dependent effects in man. Science, 1969, 163, 1358–1360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruenewald, D. Analogues of multiple personality in psychosis. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1978, 26, 1–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. C. W., LeCann, A. F., & Schoolar, J. C. Amo-barbital treatment of multiple personality. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1978, 166, 666–670.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harriman, P. L. The experimental production of some phenomena related to the multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1942, 37, 244–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henney, J. H. Spirit possession belief and trance behavior in a religious group in St. Vincent, British West Indies. (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1968 ). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R. Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. New York: Wiley, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R., & Bower, G. H. Theories of learning ( 4th ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgard, E. R., & Hilgard, J. R. Hypnosis in the relief of pain. Los Altos, Calif.: Walter Kaufmann, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, D. S. Investigations of repression: Differential recall of material experimentally or naturally associated with ego threat. American Psychologist, 1974, 81, 632–653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, P., & Miller, D. The etiology of multiple personality. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1972, 13, 151–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howland, J. S. The use of hypnosis in the treatment of a case of multiple personality. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1975, 161, 138–142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. The principles of psychology (2 vols.). New York: Henry Holt, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janet, P. L’automatisme psychologique. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janet, P. The major symptoms of hysteria (2nd ed.). New York: Hafner, 1965. (Originally published, 1907.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kampman, R. Hypnotically induced multiple personality: An experimental study. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1976, 24, 215–227.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanzer, M. Amnesia: A statistical study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1939–1940, 96, 711–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, D. H. W., & Walter, C. J. S. The relationship between clinical diagnosis and anxiety, assessed by forearm blood flow and other measures. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 611–626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, R. B., Jr. Self-induced depersonalization syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 1326–1328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, J. F. Models of posthypnotic amnesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1977, 296, 284–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kihlstrom, J. F., & Evans, F. J. Memory retrieval processes during posthypnotic amnesia. In J. F. Kihlstrom & F. J. Evans (Eds.), Functional disorders of memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirshner, L. A. Dissociative reactions. An historical review and clinical study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1973, 49, 698–711.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J. Behavioristic approach to multiple personality: A case study. Behavior Therapy, 1973, 4, 137–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, E. The final face of Eve. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larmore, K., Ludwig, A. M., & Cain, R. L. Multiple personality—An objective case study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 131, 35–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lasky, R. The psychoanalytic treatment of a case of multiple personality. Psychoanalytic Review, 1978, 65, 355–380.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, L. S. Depersonalization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 1221–1224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leight, K. A., & Ellis, H. C. Emotional mood states, strategies, and state dependency in memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1981, 20, 251–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J. S., & Wachtel, P. L. Depersonalization: An effort at clarification. The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1978, 38, 291–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D. J. Psychobiology of active and inactive memory. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86, 1054–1083

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, A. M., Brandsma, J. M., Wilbur, C. B., Benfeldt, F., & Jameson, D. H. The objective study of multiple personality. Or, are four heads better than one? Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 298–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Gross, W. On depersonalization. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1935, 15, 103–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayeux, R., Alexander, M. P., Benson, D. F., Brandt, J., & Rosen, J. Poriomania. Neurology, 1979, 29, 1616–1619.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, W. Outline of abnormal psychology. New York: Scribner’s, 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKellar, P. Autonomy, imagery and dissociation. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1977, 1, 93–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKellar, P. Mindsplit: The psychology of multiple personality and the dissociated self. London: J. M. Dent, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menninger, K. A. The human mind ( 3rd ed. ). New York: Knopf, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D. R., & Beattie, M. S. Some properties of substrates of memories. In L. Miller, C. Sandman, & A. Kostin (Eds.), Neuropeptide influences on brain and behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. R., & Springer, A. D. Amnesia, consolidation, and retrieval. Psychological Review, 1973, 80, 69–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Misanin, J. R., Vonheyn, R. E., Bartelt, S. W., Boulden, W. L., & Hinderliter, C. F. The effect of hyperthermia on memory in rats. Physiological Psychology, 1979, 7, 339–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. Introduction to personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchill, S. L. A double consciousness, or a duality of person in the same individual. Medical Repository (New Series), 1817, 3, 185–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, K. J., Salo, M. W., & Nagaswami, S. A case of limbic system dysfunction with hypersexuality and fugue state. Diseases of the Nervous System, 1975, 36, 621–624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. H., & Grant, G. A study of depersonalization in students. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1972, 121, 59–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nebes, R. D. Hemispheric specialization in commissurotomized man. Psychological Bulletin, 1974, 81, 1–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nemiah, J. C. Hysterical neurosis, dissociative type. In A. M. Freedman, H. I. Kaplan, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbood of psychiatry (2nd ed., Vol. 1.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemiah, J. C. Dissociative amnesia: A clinical and theoretical reconsideration. In J. F. Kihlstrom & F. J. Evans (Eds.), Functional disorders of memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, R., Jr., & Kletti, R. Depersonalization in response to life-threatening danger. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1977, 18, 375–384.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oesterreich, T. K. Possession: Demoniacal and other. New York: Richard R. Smith, 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E., Luria, Z., Jeans, R. F., & Smith, S. A. The three faces of Evelyn: A case report. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976, 85, 247–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overton, D. A. State-dependent or “dissociated” learning produced with pentobarbital. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1964, 57, 3–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, D. A. Discriminative control of behavior by drug-states. In G. Thompson & R. Richins (Eds.), Stimulus properties of drugs. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressel, E. Umbanda trance and possession in São Paolo, Brazil. In F. D. Goodman, H. H. Henney, & E. Pressel (Eds.), Trance, healing and hallucination. New York: Wiley, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, M. The development and geneology of the Misses Beauchamp: A preliminary report of a case of multiple personality. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research, 1900–1901, 15, 466–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prince, M. The dissociation of a personality: A biographical study in abnormal psychology. New York: Long-mans, Green, 1906.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quartermain, D. The influence of drugs on learning and memory. In M. R. Rosenzweig & E. L. Bennett (Eds.), Neural mechanisms of learning and memory. Cambridge, Mass.: M.1.T. Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, M. The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1959, 52, 587–595.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sargant, W., & Slater, E. Amnesic syndromes in war. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1941, 34, 757–764.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, A. M. Control of memory by spreading cortical depression: A case for stimulus control. Psychological Review, 1967, 74, 201–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, F. R. Sybil. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1973. Sedman, G. Theories of depersonalization: A re-appraisal. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 117, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shorvon, H. J. The depersonalization syndrome. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1946, 39, 779–792.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sidis, B., & Goodhart, S. P. Multiple personality. An experimental investigation into the nature of human individuality. New York: D. Appleton, 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, R. K. Hallucinations. Scientific American, 1977, 237, 132–140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, R. K., & West, L. J. (Eds.). Hallucinations: Behavior, experience, and theory. New York: Wiley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, N. E. The processing of memories: Forgetting and retention. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel, E. Studies on the psychopathology of compulsive wandering. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1939, 18, 250–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel, E. Further studies on pathological wandering (fugues with the impulse to wander). Journal of Mental Science, 1943, 89, 224–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel, E. Psychogenic loss of memory. In C. W. M. Whitty & O. L. Zangwill (Eds.), Amnesia. London: Butterworths, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoller, R. J. Splitting: A case of female masculinity. New York: Quadrangle, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., & Kinsbourne, M. State-dependent learning and retrieval: Methodological cautions and theoretical considerations. In J. F. Kihlstrom & F. J. Evans (Eds.), Functional disorders of memory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, W. S., & Martin, M. F. Multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1944, 39, 281–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thigpen, C. H., & Cleckley, H. A case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49, 135–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. New York: Academic Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veith, I. Hysteria: The history of a disease. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winer, D. Anger and dissociation: A case study of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1978, 87, 368–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aalpoel, P.J., Lewis, D.J. (1984). Dissociative Disorders. In: Adams, H.E., Sutker, P.B. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6681-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6681-6_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6683-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6681-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics