Abstract
The historical development of interest in the monoamine innervation of cerebral cortex is highlighted by several key discoveries that have changed our perspectives on cortical function specifically, and brain function in general. The dogma until the early 1960s was that the cortex receives input directly from the thalamus but not from the brain stem. Thus, ascending sensory and nonspecific “activating” neural activity generated in the brain stem was thought to have an obligatory synaptic relay in the thalamus before being sent on to cerebral cortex (Moruzzi and Magoun, 1949; Lorente de Nó, 1949, Scheibel and Scheibel, 1958; Nauta and Kuypers, 1958). In the early 1960s the fluorescence technique for the visualization of monoamines (Falck et al. 1962) led to the discovery that monoamine cell bodies are present in the brain-stem reticular formation and monoamine fibers are present in cerebral cortex (Dahlstrom and Fuxe, 1964; Fuxe, 1965). Anden et al. (1965), therefore, postulated that these brain-stem norepinephrine-and serotonin-containing neurons in the reticular formation give rise to a direct innervation of cerebral cortex. Moore and Heller (1967) were later able to show biochemically that lesions of the medial forebrain bundle, which contains the ascending monoamine fibers, led to a decrease of serotonin and norepinephrine in cortex. However, because such lesions failed to produce visibly degenerating axons in cortex with silver degeneration methods, it was not clear if the decrease of cortical monoamines was merely a result of a transsynaptic effect induced by the lesions.
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References
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Fallon, J.H., Loughlin, S.E. (1932). Monoamine Innervation of Cerebral Cortex and a Theory of the Role of Monoamines in Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia. In: Jones, E.G., Peters, A. (eds) Cerebral Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, vol 6. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6616-8_2
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