Abstract
Although circadian oscillations may be generated at or below the cellular level, their behavioral expression in multicellular animals depends on neural and endocrine processes. This is true in the nontrivial sense that is implied by the fact that neural and endocrine structures have been identified that themselves oscillate, in a few cases independently of the rest of the organism. The nervous and endocrine systems are therefore not simply the output side of a circadian system, the interesting properties of which reside elsewhere, but rather contain the circadian system—its input sensors, its oscillators, and much of its output machinery. It would indeed be surprising if that were not the case. On the other hand, it is no longer necessary to accept that statement as a reasonable assumption. We have good evidence that it is true and can proceed to make it explicit by working out its details (Menaker, Taka-hashi, and Eskin, 1978). More importantly, we can begin to investigate the material basis of circadian organization and to search for general principles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adler, K. Extraocular photoreception in amphibians. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1976, 23, 275–298.
Binkley, S., and Geller, E. B. Pineal N-acetyltransferase in chickens: Rhythm persists in constant darkness. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1975, 99, 67.
Binkley, S., Riebman, J. B., and Reilly, K. G. The pineal gland: A biological clock in vitro. Science, 1978, 202, 1198.
Binkley, S., Hryschethyshyn, M., and Reilly, K. N-acetyltransferase activity responds to environmental lighting in the eye as well as in the pineal gland. Nature, 1979, 281, 479–481.
Bliss, V. L., and Heppner, F. H. Circadian activity rhythm influenced by near zero magnetic field. Nature, 1976, 261, 411–412.
Deguchi, T. A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland. Nature, 1979a, 282, 94–96.
Deguchi, T. Circadian rhythms of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in organ culture of chicken pineal gland. Science, 1979b, 203, 1245.
Enright, J. T. Temperature and the free-running circadian rhythm of the house finch. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 1966, 18, 463–475.
Gaston, S., and Menaker, M. Pineal function: The biological clock in the sparrow? Science, 1968, 160, 1125–1127.
Gwinner, E. Entrainment of a circadian rhythm in birds by species-species song cycles. Experientia, 1966, 22, 765–768.
Hamm, H. E., and Menaker, M. Retinal rhythms in chicks: Circadian variation in melatonin and N-acetyl-transferase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. In press.
Hartwig, H. G., and van Veen, T. Spectral characteristics of visible radiation penetrating into the brain and stimulating extraretinal photoreceptors. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1979, 130, 277–282.
Inouye, S.-I. T., and Kawamura, H. Persistence of circadian rhythmicity in a mammalian hypothalamic “island” containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1979, 76, 5962–5966.
Kasal, C. A., Menaker, M., and Perez-Polo, J. R. Persistence of a circadian rhythm of N-acetyltransferase in the chick pineal in vitro. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts, 1978, 4, 347.
Kasal, C., Menaker, M., and Perez-Polo, R. Circadian clock in culture: N-acetyltransferase activity of chick pineal glands oscillates in vitro. Science, 1979, 203, 656–657.
Kawamura, H., and Inouye, S.-I. T. Circadian rhythm within the hypothalamic island containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Naito International Symposium Abstracts, 1978, 51.
Lindberg, R. G., and Hayden, P. Thermoperiodic entrainment of arousal from torpor in the little pocket mouse, Perognathus longimembris. Chronobiologia, 1974, 1, 356–361.
McMillan, J. P., Elliott, J. A., and Menaker, M. On the role of the eyes and brain photoreceptors in the sparrow: Arrhythmicity in constant light. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1975, 102, 263–268.
Menaker, M. Light perception by extra-retinal receptors in the brain of the sparrow. Proceedings of the 76th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 1968a.
Menaker, M. Extraretinal light perception in the sparrow. I. Entrainment of the biological clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1968b, 59, 414–421.
Menaker, M. Synchronization with the photic environment via extraretinal receptors in the avian brain. In M. Menaker (Ed.), Biochronometry. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1971, pp. 315–332.
Menaker, M., and Eskin, A. Entrainment of circadian rhythms by sound in Passer domesticus. Science, 1966, 154, 1579–1581.
Menaker, M., and Underwood, H. Extratetinal photoreception in birds. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1976, 23, 299–306.
Menaker, M., and Zimmerman, N. Role of the pineal in the circadian DD system of birds. American Zoologist, 1976, 16.
Menaker, M., Roberts, R., Elliott, J., and Underwood, H. Extraretinal light perception in the sparrow. III. The eyes do not participate in photoperiodic photoreception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1970, 67, 320–325.
Menaker, M., Takahashi, J. S., and Eskin, A. The physiology of circadian pacemakers. Annual Reviews of Physiology, 1978, 40, 501–526.
Moore, R. Y., and Eichler, V. B. Central neural mechanisms in diurnal rhythm regulation and neuroendocrine responses to light Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1976, 1, 265–279.
Moore, R. Y., and Klein, D. C. Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity. Brain Research, 1974, 71, 17–33.
Norris, C., and Menaker, M. Manuscript in preparation.
Rusak, B., and Zucker, I. Biological rhythms and animal behavior. Annual Reviews in Psychology, 1975, 26, 137–171.
Rusak, B., and Zucker, I. Neural regulation of circadian rhythms. Physiological Reviews, 1979, 59, 449–526.
Simpson, S. M., and Follett, B. K. The role of the pineal and the anterior hypothalamus in regulating the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in Japanese quail. Proceedings of the XVII International Ornithological Congress. In press.
Takahashi, J. S., and Menaker, M. Physiology of avian circadian pacemakers. Federation Proceedings, 1979, 38, 2583–2588.
Takahashi, J. S., and Menaker, M. Brain mechanisms in avian circadian systems. In M. Suda, O. Kayaishi, and H. Nakagawa (Eds.), Biological Rhythms and Their Central Mechanism. Amsterdam: Elsevier-North-Holland Biomedical Press, 1980, pp. 95–109.
Takahashi, J. S., Hamm, H., and Menaker, M. Circadian rhythms of melatonin release from individual super- C fused chicken pineal glands in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1980, 77, 2319–2322.
Turek, F. W., McMillan, J. P., and Menaker, M. Melatonin: Effects on the circadian locomotor rhythm of sparrows. Science, 1976, 194, 1441–1443.
Underwood, H. Retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors mediate entrainment of the circadian locomotor rhythm in lizards. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1973, 83, 187–222.
Underwood H. Extraretinal light receptors can mediate photoperiodic photoreception in the male lizard Anolis carolinensis. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 1975, 99, 71–78.
Underwood, H. Circadian organization in lizards: the role of the pineal organ. Science, 1977, 195, 587–589.
Underwood, H., and Menaker, M. Extraretinal photoreception in lizards. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 1976, 23, 227–243.
Yokoyama, K., Oksche, A., Darden, T. R., and Farner, D. S. The sites of encephalic photoreception in photoperiodic induction of the growth of the testes in the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotricia leucophrys gambeii. Cell and Tissue Research, 1978, 189, 441–467.
Zimmerman, N. H., and Menaker, M. Neural connections of sparrow pineal: Role in circadian control of activity. Science, 1975, 190, 477–479.
Zimmerman, N. H., and Menaker, M. The pineal: A pacemaker withinthe circadian system of the house sparrow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1979, 76, 999–1003.
Zweig, M., Snyder, S. H., and Axelrod, J. Evidence for a non-retinal pathway of light to the pineal gland of new born rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1966, 56, 515–520.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Menaker, M., Binkley, S. (1981). Neural and Endocrine Control of Circadian Rhythms in the Vertebrates. In: Aschoff, J. (eds) Biological Rhythms. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6552-9_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6552-9_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6554-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6552-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive